Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurycy_Saski

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe

Maurice de Saxe (German: Moritz Graf von Sachsen) (28 October 1696 X 20 November 1750) was a German in French service who was Marshal and later also Marshal General of France.

Childhood

Maurice was born at Goslar, an illegitimate son of August the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and the Countess Maria Aurora of Königsmarck. He was the first of eight extramarital children whom August acknowledged, although as many as 354 are claimed by sources, including Wilhelmine of Bayreuth, to have existed.

In 1698, the Countess sent him to his father in Warsaw. August had been elected King of Poland in the previous year, but the unsettled condition of the country obliged Maurice to spend the greater part of his youth outside its borders. This separation from his father made him independent and had an important effect on his future career.

Military career

At the age of twelve, Maurice served in the army of Prince Eugene of Savoy, at the sieges of Tournai and Mons and at the Battle of Malplaquet. A proposal at the end of the campaign to send him to a Jesuit college in Brussels was dropped due to the protests of his mother.

Upon his return to the camp of the Allies at the beginning of 1710, Maurice displayed a courage so impetuous that Prince Eugene admonished him to not confuse rashness with valour.

He next served under Peter the Great against the Swedes. In 1711, August formally recognized him and Maurice was granted the rank of Count. He then accompanied his father to Pomerania, and in 1712 he took part in the siege of Stralsund. At the age of 17 in 1713 he commanded his own regiment.

In manhood, Maurice bore a strong resemblance to his father, both physically and in character. His grasp was so powerful that he could bend a horseshoe with his hand, and even at the end of his life, his energy and endurance werescarcely affected by the illnesses his many excesses had caused.

On 12 March 1714, a marriage was arranged between him and one of the richest of his father's subjects, Countess Johanna Viktoria Tugendreich von Loeben, but he dissipated her fortune so rapidly that he was soon heavily in debt. The next year (21 January 1715), Johanna gave birth to a son, called August Adolf after his grandfather; the child only lived a few hours. Since Maurice had also given her more serious grounds of complaint against him, he consentedto an annulment of the marriage in 21 March 1721.

After serving in a campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1717, he went to Paris to study mathematics, and in 1720 obtained a commission as maréchal de camp. In 1725, he entered negotiations for election as Duke of Courland, at the insistence of the Duchess Anna Ivanovna, who offered him her hand. He was chosen Duke in 1726, but declined marriage with the duchess. He soon found it impossible to resist her opposition to his claims, but with the assistance of £30,000 lent him by the French actress Adrienne Lecouvreur, he raised a force by which he maintained his authority till 1727, when he withdrew and took up residence in Paris.

At the outbreak of the War of the Polish Succession, Saxe served under Marshal the Duke of Berwick, and for a brilliant exploit at the Siege of Philippsburg he was named lieutenant-general. In the War of the Austrian Succession he took command of an army division sent to invade Austria in 1741, and on 19 November 1741, surprised Prague during the night, and seized it before the garrison was aware of the presence of an enemy, a coup de main which made him famous throughout Europe; he thus repeated the exploit of 1648 of his maternal great-grandfather, Hans Christoff von Königsmarck. After capturing the fortress of Eger (Cheb) on 19 April 1742, he received a leave of absence, and went to Russia to push his claims for the Duchy of Courland, but returned to his command after getting nowhere.

Saxe's exploits were the sole redeeming feature in an unsuccessful campaign, and on 26 March 1743, his merits were rewarded by promotion to Marshal of France. He had been given only 50-60,000 men to defend against an enemy army twice as large. From this time on, he became one of the great generals of the age. In 1744, he was chosen to command the 10,000 men of the French Invasion of Britain on behalf of the Old Pretender, which assembled at Dunkirk but did not proceed more than a few miles out of harbour before being wrecked by disastrous storms. After its termination, he received an independent command in the Netherlands, and by skilful manoeuvering succeeded in continually harassing the superior forces of the enemy without risking a decisive battle.

In the following year, Saxe with 65,000 men besieged Tournai and inflicted a severe defeat on the army of the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy, an encounter determined entirely by his constancy and cool leadership. During the battle, he was unable to sit on horseback due to edema, and was carried about in a wicker chariot.

In recognition of his brilliant achievement, King Louis XV of France conferred on him the Château de Chambord for life, and in April 1746, he was naturalised as a French subject. Until the end of the war, he continued to command in the Netherlands, always with success. Besides Fontenoy he added Rocoux (1746) and Lawfeldt or Val (1747) to the list of French victories. He led the French force which captured Brussels and it was under his orders that Marshal Löwendahl captured Bergen op Zoom. He himself won the last success of the war in capturing Maastricht in 1748. In 1747 the title once held by Turenne and Villars, "Marshal General of the King's camps and armies", was revived for him. But on 20 November 1750 he died at the Château de Chambord "of a putrid fever".

During the last years of his life, Maurice had an affair with a French lady, Marie Rinteau de Verrières, who at that time was only eighteen years old. In 1748 she gave birth to a daughter, the last of Maurice's several illegitimate children. She was called Maria Aurora (in French: Marie Aurore) after her grandmother. During the first year of her life, she bore the surname de la Riviere, until her father, shortly before his own death, recognized her as hisdaughter and gave her the surname von Sachsen or de Saxe. By her second marriage with Claude Dupin de Franceuil, Marie Aurore married in 1764 Antoine, comte d'Horne (1735X1765), an illegitimate son of Louis XV of France by an unknown mother. By second marriage she was the grandmother of Amandine Lucile Aurore Dupin, who later became famous as the writer George Sand, and died on 25 December 1821.

Writings

Saxe wrote a remarkable work on the art of war, Mes Rêveries, which though described by Carlyle as "a strange military farrago, dictated, as I should think, under opium", is in fact a classic. Published posthumously in 1757, it was described by Lord Montgomery, more than two centuries later, as in fact "a remarkable work on the art of war." Saxe's Lettres et mémoires choisis appeared in 1794. His letters to his sister, the Princess of Holstein, preserved at Strasbourg, were destroyed by the bombardment of that place in 1870. Thirty copies had, however, been printed from the original.

Many previous errors in former biographies were corrected and additional information supplied in Carl von Weber's Moritz Graf von Sachsen, Marschall von Frankreich, nach archivalischen Quellen [Moritz Count of Saxony, Marshal of France, after archival sources] (Leipzig, 1863), in Saint-René Taillandier's Maurice de Saxe, étude historique d'après les documents des archives de Dresde [Maurice de Saxe, historical study according to the documents from the archives of Dresden] (1865) and in C.F. Vitzthum's Maurice de Saxe (Leipzig, 1861).

A biography in English is Jon Manchip White's Marshal of France: The Life and Times of Maurice, Comte de Saxe [1696-1750] (Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, 1962). See also the military histories of the period, especially Carlyle's Frederick the Great.

Maurice giftet seg med Johanna Victoria Tugendreich von Loeben 12 Mar 1714. Johanna ble født cirka 1699; døde cirka 1747. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

1. August Adolf Graf von Sachsen ble født 21 Jan 1715; døde 21 Jan 1715.

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Marie Geneviève Rinteau de Verrières. Marie ble født cirka 1730; døde cirka 1775. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

1. Marie-Aurore Dupin de Francueil ble født cirka 1748; døde cirka 1821.

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece
*August der Starke/August the Strong
*August Mocny


==Links:==

*[http://thepeerage.com/p11152.htm#i111511 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4461 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong Wikipedia]
*'''Elector of Saxony:''' Reign 27 April 1694 X 1 February 1733
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/John-George-IV-Elector-of-Saxony/6000000001469968240 John George IV] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Auguste-III/5318646737330089414 Frederick Augustus II]
*'''King of Poland:''' Reign 15 September 1697X1706 Coronation: 15 September 1697 Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/John-III-Sobieski-King-of-Poland/6000000002842160255 John III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Stanis%C5%82aw-Leszczy%C5%84ski-king-of-Poland/6000000000845147888 StanisXaw I]
*'''King of Poland:''' Reign 1709 X 1 February 1733
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Stanis%C5%82aw-Leszczy%C5%84ski-king-of-Poland/6000000000845147888 StanisXaw I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Stanis%C5%82aw-Leszczy%C5%84ski-king-of-Poland/6000000000845147888 StanisXaw I]

Friedrich giftet seg med Marie Aurora von Königsmarck. Marie ble født 28 Apr 1662 , Stade, Bremen-Verden, Tyskland; døde 16 Feb 1728, Quedlingburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Tyskland. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Tysk adelsdam, älskarinna åt kurfursten August den starke (senare kung August II av Polen).

{geni:about_me} http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_von_K%C3%B6nigsmarck

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Kurfurste i Sachen 1680-91

{geni:about_me} *Johann Georg Prinz von Sachsen.
*Member of the House of Wettin.
*Kurfurst von Sachsen in 1680.

==Links:==

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10180.htm#i101799 The peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4181 Geneall]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_III,_Elector_of_Saxony English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_III._(Sachsen)_ Deutsch]
*'''Elector of Saxony:''' Reign: 22 August 1680 X 12 September 1691
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Johann-Georg-II-von-Sachen/6000000006727749316 John George II] '''Successor: '''[http://www.geni.com/people/John-George-IV-Elector-of-Saxony/6000000001469968240 John George IV]

Johann giftet seg med Anna Sophie Oldenburg, Kurfürstin zu Sachsen 9 Okt 1666, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark. Anna (datter av Frederik III af Danmark og Norge, von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Sophie Amalie von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Dronning til Danmark og Norge) ble født 1 Sep 1647 , Flensburg, Schleswig, Danmark; døde 1 Jul 1717, Prettin, Sachsen, Deutschland(HRR); ble begravet , Freiberger Dom. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Kurfürstin von Sachsen

{geni:about_me} '''Links'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10350.htm#i103495 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4184 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anna_Sophie_of_Denmark Wikipedia]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Konge af Danmark 1648-70, Konge, Dansk kung 1648-

{geni:about_me} *By the grace of God King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Ditmarsken, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. (Af Guds Nåde Konge af Danmark og Norge, de Venders og Gothers, hertug udi Slesvig, Holsten, Stormarn og Ditmarsken, greve udi Oldenburg og Delmenhorst.)

==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10228.htm#i102272 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=3803 Geneall]
*[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king41.htm Kings of Denmark]
*[http://danskekonger.dk/kongerne/frederik-3 Danske Konger] In danish
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik3 Burial] In danish
*[http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/frederik-3-1609-1670/ Danmarkshistorien] In Danish
*'''King of Denmark and Norway:''' Reign 28. Feberary 1648 - 9 Feberary 1670
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4104731 Christian IV] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4104893 Christian V]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_3 Dansk ] [http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_III_av_Danmark-Noreg Norsk ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_III_av_Danmark Svenska]

OF DENMARK

Frederik giftet seg med Sophie Amalie von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Dronning til Danmark og Norge 10 Jan 1643, Glückstadt, Schleswig, Danmark. Sophie (datter av Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Herzog, Fürst zu Calenberg og Anne Eleonore Hessen, Herzogin zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Für) ble født 24 Apr 1628 , Herzberg, Braunschweig, Deutschland(HRR); døde 20 Feb 1685, Sofie Amalienborg; ble begravet 27 Mar 1685, Roskilde Domkirke. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen Consort of Denmark & Norway, Queen Consort of Denmark and Norway, ..of Brunswick-Lüneburg

{geni:about_me} Sophie Amalie Princess(Prinzessin) von Braunschweig-Lüneburg.

Her married name became Oldenburg Princess of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

Queen(Dronning) of Denmark and Norway from 1648

'''Links:'''

[http://thepeerage.com/p10228.htm#i102273 The Peerage]

[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3975 Geneall]

[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=dronningsophieamalie Burial] In Danish

'''Wikipedia:'''
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Amalie_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg English]
[http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Amalie Dansk]
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Amalie_von_Braunschweig-Calenberg Deutsch]

"OF LUNEBURG"

Sophie Amalie blev dronning af Danmark i 1648. Hun var datter af hertug Georg af Braunschweig-LXneburg og blev i 1643 gift med den senere Frederik 3. Sammen fik de bl.a. Christian 5.


I den f°rste del af Frederiks regeringsperiode og igen under s°nnen Christian 5. fra 1670 havde Sophie Amalie en vis indflydelse pX de politiske beslutninger. Hun tog aktivt del i opg°ret i begyndelsen af 1650XÇÖerne med Corfitz Ulfeldt og Leonora Christina, som var en ydmygende trussel mod kongeparrets position. Sophie Amalie var formodentlig medvirkende til beslutningen om enevµldens indf°relse. Det skete, mens kongeparrets popularitet var pX sit h°jeste efter den svenske belejring af K°benhavn 1658-60.


Sophie Amalie elskede jagt, og hun var trods rigets dXrlige °konomi midtpunkt for et overdXdigt hofliv med eksklusive luksusgenstande og store fester, som kastede glans over kongemagten. I 1669-73 opf°rtes slottet Sophie Amalienborg, hvor Amalienborg nu ligger; her opholdt hun sig oftest, da hun var blevet enke.