Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess of England, (It wasn't this 2 year old that had James III; No, Sir.)

Notater:

{geni:occupation} 19 June 1566 X 24 July 1567:, King of Great Britain / 2nd Lord Ardmannoch / 2nd Duke of Albany, King of England and Scotland, King: Scotland (1567 - 1603); England & Scotland (1603 - 1625), King of Scotland, King of England, and King of Ireland

{geni:about_me} *James Charles Stuart
*Duke of Rothesay on 19 June 1566.
*Prince of Scotland on 19 June 1566.
*2nd Earl of Ross [S., 1565] on 10 February 1567.
*2nd Lord Ardmannoch [S., 1565] on 10 February 1567.
*2nd Duke of Albany [S., 1565] on 10 February 1567.
*King James VI of Scotland on 24 July 1567.
*Crowned King of Scotland on 29 July 1567 at Church of the Holy Rood, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland.
*King James I of Great Britain on 24 March 1603.
*Crowned King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith on 25 July 1603 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England.
*Knights of the Order of the Garter (375) - 1590

'''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10137.htm#i101370 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=3400 Geneall]
*'''King of Scots:''' Reign 24. July 1567 X 27. March 1625, Coronation 29. July 1567
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003234018546 Mary] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4498828 Charles I]
*'''Regents as long as James was a minor:'''
#[http://www.geni.com/people/James-Stewart/6000000004212441312 James Stewart, Earl of Moray]
#[http://www.geni.com/people/Matthew-Stewart-4th-Earl-of-Lennox/6000000003858695567 Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox]
#[http://www.geni.com/people/John-Erskine/6000000006444081647 John Erskine, Earl of Mar]
#[http://www.geni.com/people/James-Douglas/6000000003615466134 James Douglas, Earl of Morton]
*'''King of England and Ireland:''' Reign 24. March 1603 X 27. March 1625, Coronation 25. July 1603
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4476035 Elizabeth I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4498828 Charles I]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England English]

James I (of England) (1566-1625), king of England (1603-25) and, as James
VI, king of Scotland (1567-1625).

Born on June 19, 1566, in Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, James was the only
son of Mary, queen of Scots, and her second husband, Lord Darnley. On the
abdication of his mother in 1567, he was proclaimed king of Scotland. A
succession of regents ruled the kingdom until 1576, when James became
nominal ruler. The boy king was little more than a puppet in the hands of
political intriguers until 1581. In that year, with the aid of his
favorites, James Stuart, earl of Arran (died 1596), and Esmé Stuart, duke
of Lennox (1542?-83), James assumed actual rule of Scotland. Scotland was
at that time divided domestically by religious conflict between the
Protestants and Roman Catholics, and in foreign affairs by those favoring
an alliance with France and those supporting England. In 1582 James was
kidnapped by a group of Protestant nobles headed by William Ruthven, earl
of Gowrie (1541?-84), and was held virtual prisoner until he escaped the
following year.

In 1586, by the Treaty of Berwick, James formed an alliance with his
cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England, and the following year, after the
execution of his mother, he succeeded in reducing the power of the great
Roman Catholic nobles. His marriage to Anne of Denmark (1574-1619) in 1589
brought him for a time into close relationship with the Protestants. After
the Gowrie conspiracy of 1600, James repressed the Protestants as strongly
as he had the Catholics. He replaced the feudal power of the nobility with
a strong central government, and maintaining the divine right of kings, he
enforced the superiority of the state over the church.

In 1603 Queen Elizabeth died childless, and James succeeded her as James
I, the first Stuart king of England. In 1604 he ended England's war with
Spain, but his tactless attitude toward Parliament, based on his belief in
divine right, led to prolonged conflict with that body. James convoked the
Hampton Court Conference (1604), at which he authorized a new translation
of the Bible, generally called the King James Version. His undue severity
toward Roman Catholics, however, led to the abortive Gunpowder Plot in
1605. James tried unsuccessfully to advance the cause of religious peace
in Europe, giving his daughter Elizabeth in marriage to the elector of the
Palatinate, Frederick V (1596-1632), the leader of the German Protestants.
He also sought to end the conflict by attempting to arrange a marriage
between his son, Charles, and the infanta of Spain, then the principal
Catholic power. When he was rebuffed, he formed an alliance with France
and declared war on Spain, thus contributing to the flames he had tried to
quench. James I died at the Theobalds in Hertfordshire on March 27, 1625,
and was succeeded to the throne by his son, Charles I.

James VI of Scotland was also crowned James I of England.

Although well educated, James appeared foolish, and was known as the "wisest fool in Christendom".

Phobic about assassins, the king wore padded clothes; as if his Scottish accent weren't enough, he had a speech impediment and tics, from head-twitching to constant eye-rolling. Still, he'd romantically come all the way to Norway to rescue his betrothed, when Anne's ship had been pushed off course by a storm (James believed that local witches could control prevailing winds and thus were trying to kill his bride-to-be via shipwreck). Some people get their sexual surprises on the wedding night --anne, the first Dane to make queen of Scotland and later England didn't get hers until after a six-month honeymoon. But it was a doozy. When the fulfilled (or so she thought) twosome arrived back in Edinburgh in 1590, James shyly confessed: "By the way,I"m a wee bit bisexual. "Wee wasn't the word. Over the years, this king had more famous flames than James Brown's band. His tolerant views on sexual partners notwithstanding, the king loved to persecute. He commisioned a King James version of the Bible, mistranslating a key phrase to read: "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live!" That gave him free rein to carry out a huge number of the most vicious witch-hunts in Europe. Meanwhile, Anne did her level best to produce heirs -- not that easy when he had to coordinate conjugal visits with a long list of the king's "friends." In 1603, she and James became rulers ofEngland. Even at the coronation, the fur statred to fly -- this time over religion, not sex partners. Anne pooh-poohed the offical Anglican Church of England, and refused to take Communion. She eventually became a full-fledgedCatholic, much to James' chagrin. Religious quarrels and sexual politics aside, Anne's greatest gift to her adoptive country was a patron of the arts. She brought famed architect Indigo Jones to England and started a wave of building in the beautiful Jacobean style. This grea tDane supported the arts and was particularly bountiful to Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and other writers. At her court, Anne held masques (highly popular musica and dramatic performances), taking part in some of them. This frivolity didn't draw muchfire from the king, either. By this time, she and James had reached a separate but equal detante, their quarters diplomatically separated by a mere mile or two of drafty palace corridors.

CREATED 10TH PRINCE OF WALES 1610; OR "FREDERICK"; "OF STIRLING"; DUKE OF
CORNWALL, ROTHSAY; EARL OF CHESTER; KG

DIED YOUNG

Died before Father, unmarried and without issue. {Burke's Peerage} [GADD.GED]

JamesIEngland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=3836fbed-069d-43c7-9aae-1acce3d97225&tid=3176682&pid=-1722368115

KING OF SCOTLAND 1567-1625 AS JAMES VI; ACCEDED THRONE OF ENGLAND 3/24/1603;
(AS JAMES I) RULED FROM 1603-1625 (CROWNED WESTMINSTER); FIRST TO CALL HIMSELF
KING OF GREAT BRITAIN (THIS BECAME OFFICIAL WITH THE ACT OF UNION, 1707)

James I of England and VI of Scotland (1566-1625), son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, and grandson of James V, was born in Edinburgh Castle. On the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, James became the king of England and Ireland. His view that he held the kingship by divine right, his impression that Puritanism was the same as Presbyterianism, his wish to tolerate the Roman Catholics, and his determination to exercise absolute power over Parliament, led to conflicts with the House of Commons which continued throughout his reign. From 1612 to 1628 he made strenuous efforts to bring about a marriage between the Infanta of Spain and his son Prince Charles, hoping thereby to secure the peace of Europe. He had already, by his Ulster settlement, begun in 1607, attempted to give peace to Ireland. But the native Irish disliked the settlement, and were not conciliated; and in 1618, the Thirty Years War broke out, and all hopes of the Spanish match were destroyed. Hoping by diplomacy to secure the restoration of Frederick to the palatinate, James sent Prince Charles and the Duke of Buckingham to Spain. The mission having failed, James made a treaty with Denmark, and arranged a marriage alliance with France. James was known as a good scholar though somewhat pedantic and was so desirous of preserving peace that a vacillating policy made him more or less an object of contempt. [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

Notes on James VI and I
He became King of Scots on 24 July 1567 as an infant on his MotherXs abdication. He was crowned 29 July 1567 at Stirling. On 24 March 1603, upon Queen ElizabethXs death, he ascended the throne of England as James the I of England. He was crowned at Westminster on 25 July 1603. It has been suggested that his father was not Darnley but Rizzio, his mother's Italian lover... [GADD.GED]

James VI of Scotland became James I of Great Britain when he succeeded Elizabeth Tudor who was childless.

Authorized King James Version of Bible

Gravlagt:
{geni:event_description} Funeral was held at Westminster Abbey.

James giftet seg med Anne Oldenburg, Queen consort of Scotland, England and I 23 Nov 1589, Oslo,Norway. Anne (datter av Fredrik II af Danmark og Norge von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Sophie Mecklenburg, Dronning af Danmark og Norge) ble født cirka 1574 , Skanderborg, Midtjylland, Denmark; ble døpt 12 Des 1574 , Skanderborg slot; døde cirka 1619 til cirka Mar, Hampton Court Palace; ble begravet 13 Mai 1619, Westminster Abbey. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Drottning i Skottland 1590, i England 1603, Dronning af Skotland - England, Princess of Denmark / Queen Consort Anne of Scotland, Queen of Scotland, England, and Ireland, Queen Consort of Scotland, England & Ireland, Queen of England/Princess of Denmark

{geni:about_me} *Anne of Denmark and Norway von Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark and Norway

*By marriage Queen Consort of Scotland on 17 May 1590 and Queen Consort of Great Britain on 25 July 1603.

'''Links:'''

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10138.htm#i101371 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=3474 Geneall]
>'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark English] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_af_Danmark Dansk]

"OF DENMARK"

born Dec. 12, 1574 died March 2, 1619


Queen consort of James I (1566-1625) of Great Britain (James VI of Scotland); although she had little direct political influence, her extravagant expenditures contributed to the financial difficulties that plagued James's regime.


The daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway, Anne was married to James in 1589. Her Lutheran upbringing and frivolous nature cost her the affection of James's Scottish Presbyterian subjects, and James alienated Anne by entrusting the upbringing of their first son, Prince Henry (1594XÇô1612), to John Erskine, 2nd earl of Mar. Nevertheless, after James ascended the British throne in 1603, he and Anne lived in harmony, although they had separate quarters during the last few years of her life. Most of the Queen's time and energy were devoted to lavish court entertainments, and her patronage contributed to the development of the arts, particularly of the masque. She embarrassed James, however, by displaying sympathy for Roman Catholicism. Their second son succeeded James as King Charles I (ruled 1625XÇô49).

Anne of Denmark, 1574-1619, queen consort of James I of England, daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Norway. She married James in 1589 and was crowned with him at Windsor in 1603. Court entertainments and the embellishment ofbuildings interested her more than affairs of state. Although not openly a Catholic, Anne attended Mass privately and refused communion in the Church of England. Of her six children, the three who survived infancy were Henry, prince of Wales (d. 1612); Charles (later Charles I); and Elizabeth (later electress palatine and queen of Bohemia). [The Illustrated Columbia Encyclopedia, 1969]

Anne of Denmark (1574-1619), daughter of Frederick II born to Skanderborg. In 1589 she was married to James VI of Scotland. She was crowned with him in Westminster in 1603. [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

The daughter of Frederick II, King of Denmark. [GADD.GED]

Also have birth as 12 Dec 1574.

Also have death as 2 Mar 1619.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Konge af Danmark og Norge, Kung av Danmark och Norge 1559-1588, King of Denmark and Norway, Dansk kung 1559-, Konge av Danmark og Norge, Konge af Danmark - Norge

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101382 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=3037 Geneall]
*[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king39.htm Kings of Denmark]
*[http://e-tidsskrifter.dk/ojs/index.php/historisktidsskrift/article/view/35264/67728 Frederik II's Kalenderoptegnelser for Aarene 1583, 1584 og 1587] In Danish
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik2 Burial] In Danish
*[http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/frederik-2-1534-1588/ Danmarkshistorien] In Danish
*'''King of Denmark and Norway:''' Reign 1559X1588
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4104411 Christian III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4104731 Christian IV]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_2 Dansk]

He began his reign by conquering the independent republic of Dithmarschen
(now a region of Germany) in the western part of the duchy of Holstein.
Encouraged by his success, he began a war with Sweden in 1563; it was,
however, settled under the Peace of Stettin (1570) with little gain for
Denmark. During the latter part of his reign, which was peaceful, he
suppressed piracy on the North and Baltic seas and built the
fortress-castle of Kronborg in Helsingør (Elsinore). The castle is the
setting of Shakespeare's Hamlet.

KING OF DENMARK & NORWAY

Fredrik giftet seg med Sophie Mecklenburg, Dronning af Danmark og Norge 20 Jul 1572, København, Danmark. Sophie (datter av Ulrich III von Mecklenburg, Herzog zu Mecklenburg-Güstrow og Elisabeth Oldenburg, Herzogin zu Mecklenburg-Güstrow) ble født 4 Sep 1557 , Wismar, Mecklenburg, Deutschland(HRR); døde 4 Okt 1631, Nykøbing Slot; ble begravet cirka Okt 1631, Roskilde Domkirke. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Dronning Danmark - Norge, Queen Consort of Denmark and Norway

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101383 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3288 Geneall]
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=dronningsophie Burial] In Danish
*[http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/showmedia.php?mediaID=1792&medialinkID=11899 Epitafium med stamtavle over enkedronning Sophie] In Danish

'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_of_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_af_Mecklenburg Dansk ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_von_Mecklenburg_(1557%E2%80%931631)_ Deutsch]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Konge: Danmark 1534-1559, hertug Holstein, Konge av Danmark (1534-1559) og Norge (1536-1559), kung från 1534, Kung i Danmark 1534-1559 och Norge 1537-1559, King of Denmark and Norway 1534-1559, Dansk kung 1534-, Konge i Danmark 1534-59

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10228.htm#i102274 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=2628 Geneall]
*[http://www.kingsofdenmark.dk/king38.htm Kings of Denmark]
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian3 Burial] In Danish
*[http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/christian-3-1503-1559/ Danmarkshistorien] In Danish
*'''King of Denmark and Norway:''' Reign Denmark 1534X1559 Norway 1537X1559 Coronation 12. August 1537, Copenhagen
>'''Predecessor''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4104333 Frederick I] '''Successor''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4104556 Frederick II]
*'''Duke of Holstein and Duke of Schleswig''' 1523X1559 till 1533 with Frederick I, since 1544 with his brothers [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003675614083 John "the Elder"] and [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4215402871660053888 Adolf]
>'''Predecessor''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4104333 Frederick I] and [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4104123 Christian II] '''Successor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4104556 Frederick II] with [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003675614083 John "the Elder"] and [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4215402871660053888 Adolf]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_3 Dansk]

Christian established Lutheranism as the state religion in all his
dominions, defeating a strong Roman Catholic opposition and confiscating
the lands and properties of the church. He expanded the Danish fleet,
centralized the internal government, annulled the electoral status of the
Danish king by asserting the hereditary right of his line to the Danish
crown, and raised Denmark to a position of power. He was succeeded by his
son Frederick II.

Christian 3. blev f°dt i 1503 pX Gottorp Slot og d°de i 1559 pX Koldinghus. Han var µldste s°n af hertugen af Gottorp, den senere kong Frederik 1., og Anna af Brandenburg.


I 1520 blev den unge Hertug sendt ud pX en st°rre rejse til udlandet under ledsagelse af Johan Ranzau. PX rejsen deltog han i den ber°mte rigsdag i Worms i 1521, og m°det med Martin Luther gjorde et uudsletteligt indtryk pX Christian. BXde han og Johan Ranzau vendte hjem til hertugd°mmerne som gl°dende lutheranere.


Det, at faderen i 1523 blev dansk konge, medf°rte ikke de store forandringer i Hertug Christians liv. I 1525 gifter han sig med den kun 14-Xrige Dorothea af Sachsen-Lauenburg, og parret bosµtter sig pX Haderslevhus.


Det er tµnkeligt, at Christians stµrkt protestantiske holdning meget tidligt bringer ham i modsµtningsforhold til det katolsk dominerede RigsrXd. I hvert fald modsatte RigsrXdet sig Frederik I's °nske om at indsµtte Hertug Christian som statholder i Danmark.


I et brev, umiddelbart efter Frederik 1.s d°d i januar 1533, skriver Christian, at han hellere ville gX barfodet som en tigger bort fra sine riger, end lade sig aftvinge den mindste indr°mmelse mod lutherdommen. Et betµnkeligt RigsrXd udsatte kongevalget til Xret efter, og Danmark var i den efterf°lgende periode uden konge. Christians egen uvillighed til at overtage kongemagten blev f°rst overvundet, da RigsrXdet n°dtvungent anmoder han om at overtage denledige kongetrone efter LXbecks angreb pX Danmark i 1534.


Under pXskud om at ville genindsµtte Christian 2. som konge besatte LXbeck, under ledelse af Grev Christoffer af Oldenburg, hele den °stlige del af Danmark. Christian 3. og hans tilhµngere havde endnu kun magten i Jylland, og dermed var der lagt op til den krig, der senere blev kendt under navnet Grevens Fejde.


I september rejste Skipper Clement borgere og b°nder til opr°r i det nordlige Jylland XÇô men f°rst i december blev Christian 3. i stand til at sende en hµr af landsknµgte, under ledelse af Johan Ranzau, op gennem Jylland for at nedkµmpe opr°ret. Bondeopr°ret blev slXet ned, og Clement flygtede fra Aalborg med Ranzaus tropper i hµlene. Han blev kort tid efter fanget, da en bonde forrXdte ham.


I forXret 1535 kunne hµren sµttes over til Fyn, hvor Johan Ranzau vandt den afg°rende sejr over LXbeckerne i slaget ved Xksnebjerg den 11. juni. PX omtrent samme tid sejrede en dansk-svensk-preussisk flXdestyrke, under ledelse afPeder Skram, over LXbeck's flXde ved Svendborgsund. Disse to sejre blev afg°rende for udfaldet af Grevens Fejde XÇô men f°rst da den 33-Xrige Christian Xret efter indtog K°benhavn den 29. juli 1536, blev Danmark igen Xt rige.
Efter kongens indtog i K°benhavn gik tyske officerer fra begge sider i forb°n for Grev Christoffer, der slap med at blive landsforvist og mXtte love aldrig igen at sµtte foden pX dansk jord.


Skipper Clement slap knap sX nXdigt. Han blev halshugget i Viborg den 9. september, liget blev parteret, lagt pX fire stejler og pX hans afhuggede hoved satte man en bly-krone.


Den 12. august 1536 blev landets katolske biskopper arresteret. Der er flere Xrsager til at Christian 3. tager dette dramatiske skridt: Han ville fjerne enhver modstand mod reformationen, han °nskede at styrke kongemagten. Biskopperne havde modsat sig hans udnµvnelse til konge, og konfiskationen af biskoppernes anseelige formuer kunne bruges til at betale gµlden til den store hµr af landsknµgte.


Martin Luther lyk°nskede kongen med ordene: Bisperne ville ikke vµre oph°rt med at forf°lge Guds ord og forvirre det verdslige regimente. Reformationen var hermed indf°rt i Danmark.


Efterf°lgende bragte Christian 3. fredelige tider til Danmark. Han foretrak at samarbejde med RigsrXdet og den loyale danske adel indtil sin d°d pX Koldinghus den 1. januar 1559. RigsrXdet og adelen bevarede til gengµld sin magt og indflydelse.


Christian den 3. blev begravet i Roskilde Domkirke, der lige siden har dannet ramme om danske kongers begravelser.


_________________


Christian 3. f°dtes 1503 pX Gottorp som µldste s°n af hertug Frederik, senere kong Frederik 1., og hans f°rste hustru Anna af Brandenburg. 1521 foretog han sammen med sin hofmester Johan Rantzau en lµngere rejse i Tyskland. Her overvµrede han bl.a. Rigsdagen i Worms, hvor Martin Luther forsvarede sine teser mod pavestolen, en oplevelse der pXvirkede Christian for resten af livet. Da han blev gift i 1525, fik han og Dorothea Haderslev og T°rning len til underhold, og her gennemf°rte han straks reformationen, hvilket °gede den antipati mod ham, som det overvejende katolske rigsrXd nµrede.


Ved Frederik 1.s d°d i 1533 var rigsrXdet forpligtet til at vµlge en af hans s°nner til konge. Den katolske del af rigsrXdet var imod Christian, men en fl°j med rigshofmesteren Mogens G°ye i spidsen gik ind for ham. Yderligere kompliceredes kongevalget af, at hertugd°mmerne og Norge formelt var arvelande, medens Danmark var et valgrige. I den situation tog Christian kontrollen over hertugd°mmerne, hvor han pX egne og sine br°dres vegne modtog arvehyldning.


En herredag i K°benhavn skulle afg°re kongevalget, men endte med at udskyde valget et Xr; i mellemtiden skulle rigsrXdet regere. Den lutherske adel med Mogens G°ye i spidsen forenede sig med det luthersksindede borgerskab i K°benhavn og Malm° og tilb°d Christian kronen, men han afslog; en dansk kongemagt pX det foreliggende grundlag ville fX meget svµrt ved at hµvde sig mod rigsrXdets og adelens flertal.


I sommeren 1534 angreb LXbeck hertugd°mmerne og grev Christopher af Oldenburg Sjµlland, formelt i Christian 2.s navn. Nu accepterede Christian et fornyet tilbud. I de f°lgende Xr afgjordes borgerkrigen (n ny herredag i K°benhavn i oktober 1536 skulle ordne de tunge problemer: religionssp°rgsmXlet, forholdet mellem konge og rigsrXd, kronens finanser, tronf°lgesp°rgsmXlet og forholdene mellem Danmark pX den ene side og hertugd°mmerne og Norge pX den anden. Men allerede natten mellem 11. og 12. august fµngsledes de katolske bisper, og i dagene derefter blev bispegodset overalt i landet konfiskeret. Vejen var banet for indf°relse af den lutherske kirkeordning, ligesom der Xbnedes mulighed for beskatning af kirken, der nµsten helt havde undgXet krigens hXrde skattepXlµg.


Herredagen i oktober afsluttedes med udstedelse af en reces, en hXndfµstning og et valgbrev for Christians toXrige s°n Frederik (2.) som tronf°lger. Herredagens resultater blev et klogt kompromis pX grundlag af de realpolitiske muligheder; man s°gte at sikre de bedst mulige betingelser for en fredelig og harmonisk genopbygning af riget, samtidig med at man forbedrede kronens °konomi gennem inddragelse af bispe- og efterhXnden ogsX klostergodset. Tronf°lgesp°rgsmXlet ordnedes lang tid frem, uden at princippet om Danmark som valgrige µndredes. RigsrXdet sikredes andel i statsstyrelsen, bl.a. ved at kongens kansler, der hidtil havde vµret i kongens personlige tjeneste, nu skulle vµref°dt medlem af rigsrXdet som dets fornemste medlem efter rigshofmesteren. Kun i religionssp°rgsmXlet gik herredagen radikalt til vµrks.


Fµngslingen og afsµttelsen af bisperne og bispegodsets konfiskation godkendtes, og man afstak rammerne for den lutherske nyordning af kirken. Med herredagen i K°benhavn havde kongemagt og adel forsonet sig med hinanden. Taberne iborgerkrigen blev de svage *stµnder, borgerne og b°nderne.


I religionssp°rgsmXlet lagde herredagen rammerne, og i de f°lgende Xr udarbejdedes detaljerne i kirkeordningen, kirkeordinansen, der blev rent evangelisk. Den udarbejdedes af de danske evangeliske prµdikanter og blev i forXret 1537 sendt til gennemsyn hos Luther i Wittenberg. Medens det religi°se indhold betegnede et radikalt brud med fortiden, sX var kirkens fysiske rammer og organisation stort set uµndret. Biskopperne erstattedes af superintendenter og verdslige stiftslensmµnd, men sognegrµnser bibeholdtes ligesom de hidtidige katolske sogneprµster stort set fortsatte i deres kald. De katolske bisper blev efterhXnden l°sladt og pensioneredes med passende forleninger. Kun roskildebispen Joachim R°nnow nµgtede at godkende forandringen og d°de i sit fµngsel.


Kronens °konomi s°gtes forbedret gennem en lensreform. Det inddragne bispe- og klostergods indordnedes under det almindelige lenssystem. Den endelige lensreform af 1557 bet°d en enorm fordel for kronen; taberne var adelen som helhed. NXr kongemagten alligevel kunne gennemf°re reformen skyldtes det, at h°jadelen gennem medlemsskabet af rigsrXdet fik faktisk forret til de store og vell°nnede len, som var reformens resultat. De virkelige tabere var lavadelen, der pX grund af lenenes fµrre antal mistede indtµgtsmuligheder.


Christians forhold til halvbr°drene ordnedes i 1544 ved at hertugd°mmerne deltes mellem Christian og br°drene Hans og Adolf pX en sXdan mXde, at den formelle samh°righed mellem kongerige og hertugd°mmer bibeholdtes. Udenrigspolitisk stabiliseredes situationen, i 1541 med Br÷msebrotraktaten med Sverige, og i 1544 med den tyske kejser Karl 5. med Freden i Speyer: Christian mXtte opgive alle forbund med kejserens fjender, indr°mme nederlµnderne handelsrettigheder i Danmark og lempe °resundstolden for dem; pX sin side opnXede Christian kejserens anerkendelse som dansk konge og et l°fte om, at kejseren ikke ville st°tte sin svoger Christian 2.s arvinger militµrt. I takt med den udenrigspolitiske afspµnding kunne man nu gennemf°re reduktioner af militµret, kun flXdemagten blev opretholdt pelt karakteriseres Christian 3.s regeringstid som en periode prµget af betydelige reformer pX en lang rµkke omrXder og af en konsekvent gennemf°rt politik med kongen placeret centralt i beslutningsprocessen. Ikke med urette fremhµver kongens ligprµdiken arbejdsomhed, handlekraft, forudseenhed og forhandlingsevner og retfµrdighedssans som hans vµsentligste karaktertrµk.


Christian 3. d°de 1. januar 1559 pX Koldinghus og ligger begravet i Roskilde domkirke.

Christian giftet seg med Dorothea Askanier, Dronning af Danmark og Norge 29 Okt 1525, Lauenburg, Sachsen-Lauenburg, Deutschland(HRR). Dorothea (datter av Magnus I von Sachsen-Lauenburg, Herzog og Katharine Welf, Herzogin zu Sachsen-Lauenburg) ble født 9 Jul 1511 , Lauenburg, Sachsen, Deutschland(HRR); døde 7 Okt 1571, Sønderborg, Schleswig, Danmark; ble begravet cirka 1581, Roskilde Domkirke. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} drottning, Princess of Saxony (Sachsen-Lauenberg)

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10228.htm#i102275 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=2727 Geneall]
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=dronningdorothea3chr Burial] In Danish
*[http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0306.html Biografi] In Danish
>'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_of_Saxe-Lauenburg English ][http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_von_Sachsen-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg Deutsch ][http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_af_Sachsen-Lauenburg Dansk]

Efter Chr III's d°d, boede Dorothea pX Koldinghus. Hun fors°gte at blive gift med Chr. III ' s halvbror, Herug Hans den Xldre, med det blev forpurret af kirken og dele af familien . Bis at i S°nderborg Slotskapel (opkaldt efterhende). I 1581.


Dorothea var kun 14 Xr gammel, da hun i 1525 blev gift med den 22-Xrige hertug Christian af Holsten-Gottorp. Dorothea var datter af hertug Magnus 1. af Sachsen-Lauenburg og Katharina af Braunschweig-WolfenbXttel.


Det var ikke panuar 1559 pX Koldinghus.


1536 fik Dorothea udlagt en rµkke fynske og langelandske godser til sit underhold, det sXkaldte livgeding, men da hun ikke br°d sig om at skulle sejle til sine besiddelser og tillige savnede et passende slot til sit faste ophold,fik hun 1548 tillagt Koldinghus, Dronningborg (Randers) og S°nderborg slotte og len som livgeding. Herved var rejsen til de nordtyske slµgtninge - og senere d°trene, der blev gift i Tyskland - gjort lettere. I Christians leveXr blev Koldinghus det faste tilholdssted for hoffet. Her d°de Christian 3. i 1559, og her tilbragte Dorothea sine 12 Xr som enkedronning.


Efter Christians d°d omgikkes hun i sommeren 1559 med planer om at indgX µgteskab med svogeren Hans den Xldre i Haderslev, men planen m°dte modstand hos de tyske teologer, og blev forel°bigt opgivet, og da Dorothea tog den frem igen i 1568 var kongens holdning helt afvisende.


Dorothea fremstXr som en sjµlden, rank personlighed, en af de stµrkeste blandt danske dronninger. Fra hendes enketid er bevaret en lang rµkke private breve, som giver et godt indblik i hendes personlighed: lidenskabelig, herskesyg, intrigant, hXrd og overdrevent n°jeregnende, men pX den anden side fuld af retsf°lelse, pligtf°lelse, mod til at sige sandheden og med den en sjµlden evne til at elske, lide, µngstes og harmes for andres skyld, ikke blot b°rnene, men ogsX samfundets fattige og forurettede. Alle disse egenskaber holdtes sammen og i balance af en dyb religi°sitet. Dorothea var en dybt overbevist lutheraner.


I sine mange Xr som rigets f°rstedame - ikke blot til gemalens d°d, men i realiteten til sin egen d°d 1571, da hendes s°n Frederik 2. ikke giftede sig i moderens levetid - satte hun sit religi°se og menneskelige prµg pX sine omgivelser. Dorotheas hof pX Koldinghus blev et sted, hvor adelens unge d°tre modtog uddannelse (det sXkaldte XÇÿjomfrukammerXÇÖ) i at vnnem at vµre en omsorgsfuld moder. Med d°trene Anna og Dorothea stod hun i tµt forbindelse. Ofte mXtte hun hµvde de to yngre s°nner MagnusXÇÖ og Hans (den Yngre)XÇÖs interesser overfor den µldste s°n Frederik 2. Frederik var af karakter sin moder meget lig, derfor bestod der ikke noget kµrligt forhold mellem dem. Som tronf°lger og konge gjorde han hele tiden opr°r mod hendes omsorg, der dog forblev usvµkket.


Dorothea kom til at opleve den f°rste af en rµkke blodige krige mellem Danmark og Sverige, nemlig Den nordiske SyvXrskrig 1563-70. Det blev en smertelig oplevelse, beslµgtet som hun var med krigens to hovedpersoner: Frederik 2. af Danmark, hendes s°n, og Erik 14. af Sverige, hendes s°sters°n. Forgµves s°gte hun en tid at bevµge s°nnen til at slutte fred, men da hun mµrkede, at han ikke lyttede til hendes b°nner, pXtog hun sig bag hans ryg at mµgle fred. Hun korresponderede med s°sters°nnen i Sverige, hvilket kun indbragte hende spydigheder, og da Frederik 2. fik nys om det mislykkede mµglingsfors°g, lod han en tid moderens breve og budbringere opsnappe. Krigens gang kunne Dorotheaikke µndre, hun opnXede kun yderligere at belaste sit forhold til sfolket, men ogsX her mµrkede hun ofte, at s°nnen ikke lyttede til hendes forb°n.


Det var naturligvis befolkningen i Kolding by og omegn, der stod Dorotheas hjerte nµrmest, her kunne hun umiddelbart aflµse krigens f°lger. Hofholdningen og byggerierne pX Koldinghus bragte i sig selv °konomisk fremgang til byen med omsµtning til byens handlende og arbejde til hXndvµrkerne. Men ogsX pX anden mXde s°gte Dorothea at ophjµlpe nµringslivet omkring Kolding. Et saltvµrk i Harte fik kun fX Xrs levetid og levede ikke op til forventningerne om en stor saltproduktion. 1569-70 fik dronningen anlagt en ny m°lle nµr slottet og byen, idet slotss°ens vand kunne udnyttes til m°lledrift. Slotsm°llen drev m°llerivirksomhed fra 1570 til 1889, da den omdannedes til bryggeri. Dorotheas°rgede for rigeligt arbejde til m°llen; foruden slottets eget korn befaledes byens indbyggere og oplandets b°nder at lade deres korn male her.


Kort f°r sin d°d oprettede Christian 3. et hospital i Kolding. Middelalderens spedalskhedshospital, Sankt J°rgensgXrd, var nedlagt ti Xr tidligere. Nu oprettedes et almindeligt hospital, "fattige, sXre og syge mennesker" til hjµlp og tr°st. Det er sikkert ikke urimeligt ogsX her at se en indflydelse fra Dorothea, selvom Christian 3.s kristelige sindelag mXtte tilskynde ham til hospitalsgrundlµggelser.


Latinskolen i Kolding var µldre end Dorothea. Men pX hendes tid var skolen i forfald. En drikfµldige rektor fik hun udskiftet med en mere µdruelig, lµrd person, og skolebygningen fornyede hun. For egne midler lod hun i 1566 byggeet nyt skolehus tµt ved byens sognekirke, Skt. Nikolaj kirke. Dorotheas skolehus stod til 1729, men skolen lever fortsat i Kolding Amtsgymnasium.


Dorothea d°de 7. oktober 1571 pX S°nderborg slot, hvor hun i sine sidste levemXneder havde taget ophold hos yndlingss°nnen Hans den Yngre. Hun ligger begravet i Roskilde domkirke sammen med gemalen.

Invalid baptism temple code: Jriver.
Invalid endowment temple code: Jriver.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Nestor des deutschen Reichsfürstenrates

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10836.htm#i108353 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=2948 Geneall]
*[http://www.emecklenburg.de/Niklot/i0042.htm Stammbaum von Mecklenburg]
*'''Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow''' 1555X1603
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/indx/6000000006727749566 John Albert I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003753906361 John Albert II]
'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg English]
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_(Mecklenburg)_ Deutsch]

Bror til Magnus III af Mecklenburg

Ulrich giftet seg med Elisabeth Oldenburg, Herzogin zu Mecklenburg-Güstrow 14 Feb 1556, København, Danmark. Elisabeth (datter av Frederik I af Danmark og Norge, von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Sophie Pommern, Dronning af Danmark og Norge) ble født 14 Okt 1524 , København, Danmark; døde 15 Okt 1586, Gedser, Danmark; ble begravet , Dom Kirche. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duchess Consort of Mecklenburg

{geni:about_me} Elizabeth Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark1

F, #105539, b. 14 October 1524, d. 15 October 1586

Last Edited=10 May 2003

Consanguinity Index=0.19%

Elizabeth Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark was born on 14 October 1524. She was the daughter of Frederik I von Gottorp, King of Denmark and Prinzessin Sophie von Pommern-Wolgast. She married Magnus Herzog von Mecklenburg on 26August 1543.1 She married Ulrich III Nestor Herzog von Mecklenburg-Güstrow, son of Albrecht VI Herzog von Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Anne von Hohenzollern, on 16 February 1556.1 She died on 15 October 1586 at age 62.

Elizabeth Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark gained the title of Princess Elizabeth of Denmark.1

Child of Elizabeth Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark and Ulrich III Nestor Herzog von Mecklenburg-Güstrow

1.Sophia von Mecklenburg-Güstrow+ b. 4 Sep 1557, d. 4 Oct 16311

Forrás:

http://thepeerage.com/p10554.htm#i105539

--------------------

Elizabeth of Denmark

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Elizabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 X 15 October 1586) was Danish princess and a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and later of Mecklenburg-Güstrow through marriage. She was the elder daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second spouse Sophie of Pomerania.

[edit]Family and children

Elizabeth was raised at the royal Danish court of her half brother described as an extraordinary beauty. In 1542 she was engaged, and on 26 August 1543 Elizabeth was married to Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (4 July 1509X 28 January 1550). This marriage was childless. She returned to Denmark in 1551 and stayed there until her second marriage in 1556.

Secondly, she married on 14 February 1556 Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and had 2 children: a daughter Sophie, who married King Frederick II of Denmark in 1572, and a son, Ian of Mecklenburg-Gustrow. Her relationship to Ulrich is described as a happy one.

Elizabeth made frequent visits to the Danish royal court, and also to her former sister in law queen dowager Dorothea, and after her daughter became Queen of Denmark in 1572, her visits to Denmark became longer. She is described as kind, sensible, religious and practical. She was also active in Mecklenburg-Güstrow: she reconstructed the churches in Güstrow and Dobberan and protected hospitals and convents. She died on return from one of her visits to Denmark.

[edit]References

(Danish) Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexikon

Elizabeth var mor til Sofie af Mechlenburg, gift medFrederik II. Hun var gift me d b r ° d r e n e M agnus II og Ulrichaf Mecklenburg. Lilles°steren Dorothea giftede sig me d den 3 . br o r C hr is toff er.

Elizabeth er mor til Sofie af Mechlenburg, gift med Frederik II.