Notater:

{geni:occupation} Comte d'Artois puis Roi de France (1824-1830), King of France 1824-1830, Kung i Frankrike 1824-30, abdikerade 1830, Count of Artois, King of France & Navarre, King of France (1824-30), abdicated 2.8.1830

{geni:about_me} Charles de Bourbon
Member of the House of Bourbon.
Comte d'Artois on 9 October 1757.
In July 1789 he left France.
Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom on 28 January 1793. 12 April 1814 he re-entered Paris.
Roi Charles X de France in 1824.
Crowned King of France on 29 May 1825 at Rheims, Champagne, France.
Comte d'Artois on 2 August 1830.
Abdicated as King of France on 2 August 1830.

Links:
The Perrage: http://www.thepeerage.com/p10155.htm#i101542

Geneall: http://www.geneall.net/F/per_page.php?id=5266

Predecessor Louis XVIII:
Successor Louis-Philippe I:

Wikipedia:
English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France
Francais: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_de_France
--------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France
Charles X of France
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"Charles X" redirects here. For the King of Sweden, see Charles X Gustav of Sweden, for the Catholic claimant of 1589, see Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon.

Charles X
King of France and of Navarre
King Charles X in coronation robes,
by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1829.
Reign 16 September 1824 X 2 August 1830 (&0000000000000005.0000005 years, &0000000000000320.000000320 days)
Coronation 28 May 1825 (aged 67)
Predecessor Louis XVIII
Successor Louis-Philippe I
as King of the French
Spouse Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy
Issue
Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry
Father Louis-Ferdinand, Dauphin of Viennois
Mother Marie-Josèphe of Saxony
Born 9 October 1757(1757-10-09)
Palace of Versailles, France
Died 6 November 1836 (aged 79)
Gorizia, Austrian Empire (now in Italy)
Burial Kostanjevica Monastery, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

Charles X (9 October 1757 X 6 November 1836) ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.[1] A younger brother to Kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile and eventually succeeded him. His rule of almost six years came to an end in 1830 due to the July Revolution, which ignored his attempts to keep the crown in the senior branch of the House of Bourbon and instead elected Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans as King of the French. Once again exiled, Charles died in Gorizia, Austria.[2]
Contents
[show]

* 1 Childhood and adolescence
* 2 Marriage and private life
* 3 Crisis and Revolution
* 4 Life in exile
* 5 The Bourbon Restoration
* 6 The King's brother and heir
* 7 Reign
o 7.1 Internal policies
o 7.2 Conquest of Algeria
o 7.3 The July Revolution
* 8 Second exile and death
* 9 Ancestry
* 10 Marriage and issue
* 11 References
* 12 External links

[edit] Childhood and adolescence

Charles Philippe de France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the Dauphin Louis Ferdinand, and his wife, the Dauphine Marie Josèphe, at the Palace of Versailles. Charles was created Count of Artois at birth by his grandfather,the reigning King Louis XV.[3] As the youngest male in the family Charles seemed unlikely ever to become king. His eldest brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy died unexpectedly in 1761 which moved Charles up one place in the line of succession.

He was raised by Madame de Marsan, the Governess of the Children of France.

At the death of his father in 1765, Charles' oldest surviving brother, Louis-Auguste, became the new Dauphin, the heir-apparent to the French throne. Their mother, Marie Josèphe, who had never recovered from the loss of her husband, died in March 1767 from tuberculosis.[4] This left Charles an orphan at the age of nine, along with his siblings Louis-Auguste, Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence, Clotilde (Madame Clotilde), and Élisabeth, (Madame Élisabeth).

Louis XV fell ill on 27 April 1774, a week after the premiere of the celebrated composer Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera, Iphigénie en Aulide, and died on 10 May of smallpox at the age of sixty-four.[5] His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King Louis XVI of France.
[edit] Marriage and private life
Charles as Count of Artois

In November 1773, Charles married Princess Marie Thérèse of Savoy. The marriage, unlike that of Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste, however, was consummated almost immediately.[6]

In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to a boy, Louis-Antoine, who was created Duke of Angoulême by Louis XVI. Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the King and the Count of Provence had not fathered anychildren yet, causing the Parisian libellistes (pamphleteers who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics) to lampoon Louis XVI's alleged impotence.[7] Three years later, in 1778, Charles's second son, Charles Ferdinand, was born and was given the title of a Duke of Berry.[8]. In the same year Queen Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, quelling any rumours that she could not bear children.

Charles was thought of as the most attractive in his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather, Louis XV.[9] and as his wife was considered quite ugly by most contemporaries, he looked for company elsewhere. Accordingly, his extramarital affairs became numerous. According to the Count of Hezecques, "few beauties were cruel to him." Later, he embarked upon a life-long love affair with the beautiful Louise de Polastron (1764X1804), the sister-in-law of Marie Antoinette's closest companion, the Duchess of Polignac.

Charles also struck up a firm friendship with his sister-in-law, Queen Marie Antoinette, whom he had first met at her arrival in France in April 1770 when he was twelve.[9] The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused of having seduced Marie Antoinette by Parisian rumour mongers. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, Charles often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, the Petit Trianon. They were both said to be very talented amateur actors; with Marie Antoinette playing milkmaids, shepherdesses and country ladies, and Charles playing lovers, valets and farmers.

A famous story concerning the two involves the construction of the Château de Bagatelle. In 1775, Charles purchased a small hunting lodge in the Bois de Boulogne. He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. Charles engaged the neoclassical architect François-Joseph Bélanger to design the building. He won his bet, with Bélanger completing the house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two million livres. Throughout the 1770s, Charles spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts, totalling 21 million livres. In the 1780s, King Louis XVI paid off the debts of both his brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois.[10]

Also around 1775, Louis Philippe, the future Duke of Orléans, schemed to create a rift between the King and his youngest brother. Louis Philippe introduced Charles to gambling and the brothels at the Palais-Royal, the ancestral home of Louis Philippe's family. Louis Philippe wanted Charles to catch a venereal disease, either dying, or becoming sterile[citation needed], thereby increasing his own chances of one day gaining the throne of France (as first prince of the blood, Louis Philippe would have been fourth-in-line to the throne, after the Counts of Provence, Artois and Angoulême) as Charles was the only member of his family to produce any children, so far.[11]

In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy for the Emperor Joseph II at the christening of his godson, the Dauphin Louis Joseph.[12]
[edit] Crisis and Revolution

Charles' political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (the Seven Years War, and the American War of Independence) and needed fiscal reform to survive. Charles supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either the Church or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without the monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition."

King Louis XVI eventually convened the Estates General, which hadn't been assembled for over 150 years, to meet in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Along with his sister Madame Élisabeth, Charles was the most conservative member of the family[13] and opposed the Third Estate's (representing the commoners) demand to increase their voting power. This prompted criticism from his brother, who accused him of being "plus royaliste que le roi" ("more royalist than the King"). In June 1789, the Third Estate declared themselves a National Assembly intent on providing France with a new constitution.[14]

In conjunction with the baron de Breteuil, Charles had political alliances arranged to depose the liberal minister of finance, Jacques Necker. These plans backfired when Charles attempted to secure Necker's dismissal on 11 July without Breteuil's knowledge, much earlier than they had originally intended. It was the beginning of a decline in his political alliance with Breteuil, which ended in mutual loathing.

Necker's dismissal provoked the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. At the insistence of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Charles and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers, including the duchesse de Polignac, the QueenXs favourite.[15]
[edit] Life in exile
Blue plaque at 72 South Audley Street, London, his home between 1805 and 1814.

Charles and his family decided to seek refuge in Savoy, Marie Thérèse's native country[16], where they were joined by some of the Condé family.[17]

Meanwhile in Paris, Louis XVI was struggling with the National Assembly, which was committed to radical reforms and had enacted the Constitution of 1791. In March 1791, the Assembly also enacted a regency bill which provided for the case of the King's premature death. While his heir Louis-Charles was still a minor, the Count of Provence, the Duke of Orléans or, if either was unavailable, someone chosen by election should become regent, completely passing over the rights of Charles who, in the royal lineage, stood between the Count of Provence and the Duke of Orléans.[18]

Charles meanwhile left Turin and moved to Trier, where his uncle, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony was the incumbent Archbishop-Elector. Charles prepared for a counter-revolutionary invasion of France but after a letter by Marie Antoinette postponed it to after the royal family had escaped France.[19] After the attempted flight was stopped at Varennes, Charles moved on to Koblenz, where he, the recently escaped Count of Provence and the Princes of Condé jointly declared their intention to invade France. The Count of Provence was sending dispatches to various European sovereigns for assistance, while Charles set up a court-in-exile in the Electorate of Trier. On 25 August, the rulers of Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which called on other European powers to intervene in France.[20]

On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all emigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands.[21], followed by the suspension and eventually the abolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned in the Temple, and eventually put to death[22] or, as in the case of the young Dauphin died of illnesses and neglect.[23]

When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain, where King George III of Great Britain gave him a generous allowance. Charles lived in Edinburgh and London with his mistress Louise de Polastron[24] His older brother, dubbed Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated to Verona and then to Jelgava Palace, Mitau, where Charles's son, Louis-Antoine, married Louis XVI's only surviving child, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte on 10 June 1799. In 1802, Charles supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, Louis XVIII moved to Great Britain.[25]
[edit] The Bourbon Restoration
Main article: Bourbon Restoration
Louis XVIII of France and Navarre

In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join the Coalition forces in southern France. Louis XVIII, by then wheelchair-bound, supplied Charles with letters patent creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom. On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later Napoleon I abdicated. The Senate declared Louis XVIII restored. Charles arrived in the capital on 12 April[26] and acted as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom until Louis XVIIIarrived from England. During his brief tenure as regent, Charles created an ultra-royalist secret police, that reported directly back to him without Louis XVIII's knowledge. It operated for over five years.[27]

Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy the Tuileries Palace.[28] His brother, the Count of Artois, lived in the Pavillon de Mars, the Duke of Angoulême in the Pavillon de Flore, which overlooked the River Seine.[29] The duchesse d'Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on 10 August 1792.[28]

According to the advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII drafted a liberal constitution, the Charter of 1814, which entailed a bicameral legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men and freedom of religion.[30]

Following the Hundred Days, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815[31], the White Terror swept across France, when 80,000 Napoleonic officials and generals were removed from their positions and some even killed, most notably the Marshalls Ney, who was executed for treason, and Brune, who was murdered.[32]
[edit] The King's brother and heir

While the King retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as Jules de Polignac, the writer François-René de Chateaubriand and Jean-Baptiste de Villèle[33] and on several occasions, Charles voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministries and threatened to leave the country unless Louis XVIII dismissed them.[34] Louis, in turn, feared his brother's and heir-presumptive's ultra-royalist tendencies would send the family into exile once more.

On 14 February 1820, Charles' younger son, the Duke of Berry was assassinated at the Paris Opera. This loss not only devastated the family but also put the continuation of the Bourbon dynasty in jeopardy, as the Duke of Angoulême's marriage had not produced any children. Parliament debated the abolition of the salic law, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, Caroline of Naples and Sicily, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux.[35] His birth was hailed as "godgiven" and the people of France bought him the Château de Chambord in celebration of his birth.[citation needed]
[edit] Reign
Charles X, by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin
[edit] Internal policies

Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824.[36] Suffering from both dry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year. His brother succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X of France.[37]

In his first act as King, Charles attempted to unify the House of Bourbon by granting the style of Royal Highness to his cousins of House of Orléans, who had been deprived of this by Louis XVIII because of the former Duke of Orléans' role in the death of Louis XVI.

In the first few months of his reign, Charles' government passed a series of laws that bolstered the power of the nobility and clergy.[clarification needed] Charles gave his Prime Minister, Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, lists of lawsthat he wanted ratified every time he opened parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation, proposed by Louis XVIII but implemented only after his death, that paid an indemnity to nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the Revolution. The law gave government bonds to those who had lost their lands, in exchange for their renunciation of their ownership, costing the state approximately 988 million francs. In the same month, the Anti-Sacrilege Act was passed. Charles' government attempted to re-establish male only primogeniture for families paying over 300 francs in tax, but the measure was voted down in the Chamber of Deputies.[38]
Consecration of Charles X, by François Gérard
Charles X in Coronation robes by Gérard

On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral of Reims, the traditional site of consecration of French Kings which however had been unused since 1775 as Louis XVIII had foregone the ceremony to avoid controversy.[39]

That Charles was not a popular ruler became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the King's review of the National Guard. In retaliation, the National Guard was disbanded but, as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat.[39]

After losing his parliamentary majority in an general election in November 1827, Charles dismissed Prime Minister Villèle on 5 January 1828 and appointed Jean-Baptise de Martignac, a man the King disliked and thought of only as provisional. On 5 August 1829, Charles dismissed Martignac and appointed Jules de Polignac, who, however, lost his majority in parliament at the end of August, when the Chateaubriand faction defected. To stay in power, Polignac would not recall the Chambers until March 1830.[40]
[edit] Conquest of Algeria

On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to put an end to the threat the Algerian pirates posed to Mediterranean trade and also increase the government's popularity by a victory. The reason given for the war was that the viceroy of Algeria, angry about French failure to pay its debts stemming from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, had struck the French ambassador with the handle of his fly swat. .[40] Frenchtroops invaded Algiers on 5 July.[41]
[edit] The July Revolution
Main article: July Revolution

The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, as planned, but Charles' opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill demanding that the King's ministers should have the backing of the Chambers. On 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority by 30, voted in favour of the bill. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections and thus the chamber was suspended on 19 March.[42]

Elections were held on 23 June, but did not produce a majority favourable to the government. Therefore, on 6 July, the King and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for by Article 14 of the Charter in case of an emergency, and on 25 July, from his residence in Saint-Cloud, issued four ordinances, known as Ordonnances de Saint-Cloud, which censored the press, dissolved the newly elected chamber, altered the electoral system and called for elections in September.[41]

When the official government newspaper, Le Moniteur Universel, published the ordinances on Monday, 26 July, Adolphe Thiers, journalist at the opposition paper Le National, published in his newspaper a call to revolt, which was signed by forty-three journalists[43]:

The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun... Obedience ceases to be a duty![44]

In the evening, crowds assembled in the gardens of the Palais-Royal, shouting "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Vive la Charte". As the police closed off the gardens during the nights, the crowd re-grouped in a nearby street, where they shattered the street lamps.[45]

The next morning, 27 July, police raided and shut down the newspapers that continued to publish (including Le National). When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they attacked soldiers withmissiles, prompting them to shoot. By the evening, the city was dominated by violence and shops were looted.

On 28 July, the rioters began to erect barricades in streets. Marshal Marmont, who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive against the rioters, but some of his men defected to the rioters andby the afternoon he had to retreat to the Tuileries Palace.[46]
Louis Philippe, King of the French (1830-1848)

The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the King to revoke the ordinances and thus assuage the anger of the protesters. Subsequently, on Marmont's request the prime minister intervened with the King, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed all of his ministers that afternoon, realising the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at Jacques Laffitte's house and decided that Louis Philippe d'Orléans should take the throne from King Charles. They printed posters endorsing Louis Philippe and distributed them throughout the city. By the end of the day, the government's authority was trampled.[47]

A few minutes after midnight in the early hour of 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were scheming to attack the residence, Charles X decided to leave Saint-Cloud and seek refuge in Versailles with his family, andthe Court, with the exception of the duc dXAngoulême who stayed behind with the troops, and the duchesse dXAngoulême who was taking the waters at Vichy. Meanwhile in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General ofthe Kingdom.[48]

The road to Versailles was filled with disorganised troops and deserters. The marquis de Vérac, governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royal cortège entered the town, to tell him that the palace was not safe as the Versailles national guards wearing the tricolor were occupying the Place d'Armes. Charles X then gave the order to go to Trianon. It was five in the morning.[49]

Later on in the day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême who had left Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles X ordered the departure for Rambouillet where they arrived shortly before midnight. In the morning of 1 August, theduchesse dXAngoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of the events, arrived at Rambouillet.

The following day, 2 August, bypassing his son the Dauphin, Charles X abdicated in favor of his grandson, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême refused to countersign the documentby which he was made to renounce his rights to the throne of France. According to the duchesse de Maillé, Xthere was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room.X Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned the (following) document[50].

XMy cousin, I am too deeply pained by the ills that afflict or could threaten my people for not having found the means to avoid them. Therefore, I have taken the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux. The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew. Therefore, you will have, within your power as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, to proclaim the accession of Henri V to the throne. Furthermore, you will take all the measures that concern you in order to set up the forms of government during the new kingXs minority. Here, I only want my dispositions to be known: it is a means to avoid further ills. You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will let me know as soon as possible the proclamation by which my grandson will be recognised as king under the name of Henri V.X

[51]

Louis Philippe ignored the document and on 9 August had himself proclaimed King of the French by the members of the Chamber.[52]
[edit] Second exile and death

When it became apparent that a mob of 14,000 people was preparing to attack, the Royal Family was forced to leave Rambouillet and, on 16 August, embarked on packet steamers provided by Louis Philippe, to the United Kingdom. Informed by the British Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, that they needed to arrive in England as private citizens, all adopted pseudonyms, with Charles X assuming the name of a "Count of Ponthieu". The Bourbons were greeted coldly by the English, who upon their arrival mockingly waved the newly adopted tri-colour flags at them.[53]

Charles X was quickly followed to Britain by his creditors, who had loaned him vast sums during his first exile and were yet to be paid back in full. However, the family could use money Charles' wife had stocked away in London.[53]

The Bourbons were allowed to reside in Lulworth Castle in Dorset, but quickly moved to Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh[53], where the Duchess of Berry also lived at Regent Terrace[54]

Charles' relationship with his daughter-in-law proved uneasy, as the Duchess claimed the regency for her son, Henri, whom the abdications of Rambouillet had left the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Charles at first denied her demands, but in December acquiesced[55], and only once she had landed in France.[54] Soon afterwards, the Duchess by way of the Netherlands, Prussia and Austria made her way to her Italian relatives.[54] Finding little support there, she arrived in Marseilles in April[54], made her way to the Vendée, where she tried to instigate an uprising against the new regime, and was imprisoned, much to the embarrassment of her father-in-law.[55] He was further dismayed when after her release the Duchess married the Count de Lucchesi Palli, a minor Neapolitan noble. As a result of this morganatic match, Charles banned her from seeing her children.[56]

On the invitation of Emperor Francis I of Austria, the Bourbons moved to Prague in winter 1832/33 and were given lodging at the Hradschin Palace by the Emperor.[55] In September 1833, Bourbon legitimists gathered in Prague to celebrate the Duke of Bordeaux's thirteenth birthday. They expected grand celebrations but Charles X merely proclaimed his grandson's majority. On the same day, after much cajoling by Chateaubriand, Charles agreed to a meeting with his daughter-in-law, which took place in Leoben on 13 October 1833. The children of the Duchess refused to meet with her after they had learnt of her second marriage. Charles refused the various demands by the Duchess, but after protests from his other daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Angoulême, gave in again. In the summer of 1834, he again allowed the Duchess of Berry to see her children.[57]

Upon the death of Emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Hradschin Palace as the new Emperor Ferdinand wished to use the palace for his coronation. the Bourbons first moved to Teplitz, but as Ferdinand wanted to use Hradschin on a more permanent basis, they purchased Kirchberg Castle. Moving there was postponed due to an outbreak of cholera in the locality. In the meantime, Charles left for the warmer climate on Austria's Mediterranean coast in October 1835. Upon his arrival at Gorizia he caught cholera and died on 6 November 1836. The townspeople draped their windows in black to mourn him. Charles was interred in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady, in the Franciscan Kostanjevica Monastery (now in Nova Gorica, Slovenia).[58]
Tombs of Charles X and Louis XIX at the Kostanjevica Monastery


The remains of Charles X are in a crypt with that of the other members of the exiled French Royal Family. Above his sarcophagus, made of marble, there is a black stone on which is inscribed:

Ici repose très haut et très puissant excellent prince Charles X de nom roi, par la grâce de Dieu, de France et de Navarre

[59]

("Here lies very high and powerful excellent prince Charles X by name king, by the grace of God, of France and of Navarre")

Marriage and issue

Charles X married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain, on 16 November 1773. The couple had four children:

1. Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 X 3 June 1844) Louis Antoine d'Artois
2. Sophie (5 August 1776 X 5 December 1783) Sophie d'Artois
3. Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 X 13 February 1820) Charles Ferdinand d'Artois
4. Marie Thérèse (1783) Marie Thérèse d'Artois

[edit] References

1. ^ Mary Platt Parmele, A Short History of France. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1894), p. 221.
2. ^ Munro Price, The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions, Macmillan, p. 185-187.
3. ^ nndb.com
4. ^ Évelyne Lever, Louis XVI, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris (1985), p. 43
5. ^ Antonia Fraser, Marie Antoinette: the Journey, p. 113X116.
6. ^ Fraser, p. 128-129.
7. ^ Fraser, p. 137X139.
8. ^ Fraser, p. 189.
9. ^ a b Fraser, p. 80-81.
10. ^ Fraser, p. 178.
11. ^ Susan Nagel, Marie Thérèse: Child of Terror, p. 11-12.
12. ^ Fraser, p. 221.
13. ^ Fraser, p. 326.
14. ^ Fraser, p. 274X278.
15. ^ Fraser, p. 338.
16. ^ Fraser, p. 340.
17. ^ Nagel, p. 65.
18. ^ Fraser, p. 383.
19. ^ Nagel, p. 103.
20. ^ Nagel, p. 113.
21. ^ Nagel, p. 118.
22. ^ Fraser, p. 399, 440, 456; Nagel, p. 143.
23. ^ Nagel, p. 152-153.
24. ^ Nagel, p. 207.
25. ^ Nagel, p. 210, 222, 233-235
26. ^ Nagel, p. 153.
27. ^ Price, p. 11-12.
28. ^ a b Nagel, p. 253-254.
29. ^ Price, p. 50.
30. ^ Price, p. 52-54.
31. ^ Price, p. 72, 80-83
32. ^ Price, p. 84.
33. ^ Price, p. 91-92.
34. ^ Price, p. 94-95.
35. ^ Price, p. 109.
36. ^ Lever, Évelyne, Louis XVIII, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1988, p. 553. (French).
37. ^ Price, p. 113-115.
38. ^ Price, p. 116-118.
39. ^ a b Price, p. 119-121.
40. ^ a b Price, p. 122-128.
41. ^ a b Price, p. 136-138.
42. ^ Price, p. 130-132.
43. ^ Castelot, André, Charles X, Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1988, p. 454 ISBN 2-262-00545-1
44. ^ Le régime légal est interrompu; celui de la force a commencé... L'obéissance cesse d'être un devoir!
45. ^ Price, p. 141-142.
46. ^ Price, p. 151-154, 157.
47. ^ Price, p. 158, 161-163.
48. ^ Price, p. 173-176.
49. ^ Castelot, Charles X, p. 482.
50. ^ Castelot, Charles X, p. 491
51. ^ Charles X's abdication: XMon cousin, je suis trop profondément peiné des maux qui affligent ou qui pourraient menacer mes peuples pour nXavoir pas cherché un moyen de les prévenir. JXai donc pris la résolution dXabdiquer la couronne en faveur de mon petit-fils, le duc de Bordeaux. Le dauphin, qui partage mes sentiments, renonce aussi à ses droits en faveur de son neveu. Vous aurez donc, en votre qualité de lieutenant général du royaume, à faire proclamer lXavènement de Henri V à la couronne. Vous prendrez dXailleurs toutes les mesures qui vous concernent pour régler les formes du gouvernement pendant la minorité du nouveau roi. Ici, je me borne à faire connaître ces dispositions : cXest un moyen dXéviter encore bien des maux. Vous communiquerez mes intentions au corps diplomatique, et vous me ferez connaître le plus tôt possible la proclamation par laquelle mon petit-fils sera reconnu roi sous le nom de Henri V. »
52. ^ Price, p. 177, 181-182, 185.
53. ^ a b c Nagel, p. 318-325
54. ^ a b c d A.J. Mackenzie-Stuart, A French King at Holyrood, Edinburgh (1995).
55. ^ a b c Nagel, p. 327-328.
56. ^ Nagel, pp. 322, 333.
57. ^ Nagel, p. 340-342.
58. ^ Nagel, p. 349-350.
59. ^ Castelot, Charles X, p. 577

This page was last modified on 20 July 2010 at 06:58.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France

During the 2nd reign of the House of Bourbon, Charles X succeeded his brother Louis XVIII in 1824. His reign ended in 1830. He was succeeded by Louis-Philippe, the citizen King.

SUCCEEDED HIS BROTHER LOUIS XVIII AS KING, CROWNING HIMSELF WITH FULL PANOPLY
AT RHEIMS 5/29/1825; ABDICATED 8/2/1830; LAST KING OF FRANCE

Charles X (1757-1836), king of France (1824-30). He was the grandson of
Louis XV and younger brother of kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII. Charles
was known as Charles Philippe, comte d'Artois, until he became king.
During the French Revolution he was one of the leaders of the émigrés. He
subsequently lived (1795-1814) in Great Britain. After the accession
(1814) of Louis XVIII to the French throne, Charles returned to France,
where he headed the ultraroyalist party of reaction. His favoritism during
his reign toward the Roman Catholic church and the aristocracy aroused
great opposition, leading to the revolution of July 1830. Charles was
forced to abdicate and again went into exile in Great Britain. Later he
lived on the Continent.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Dauphin de France, Dauphin of France, Dauphin of Viennois, Dauphin de Viennois

{geni:about_me} * Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens. His '''heart''' was buried at Basilique Saint Denis, Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France

Louis-Ferdinand de France, dauphin de France (né le 4 septembre 1729 au château de Versailles X mort le 20 décembre 1765 au château de Fontainebleau) est l'aîné des fils du roi Louis XV de France et de Navarre, et de son épouse Marie LeszczyXska.


Sommaire

1 Une famille nombreuse...

2 Éducation princière

3 L'adultère royal

4 Vie de couple et politique

5 Le prince et son père

6 Une mère "résignée"

7 Une monarchie impopulaire

8 Ses enfants

9 Voir aussi





Une famille nombreuse...

Son frère cadet, Philippe de France duc d'Anjou meurt dès 1733 à l'âge de 3 ans, suivi la même année par leur sXur aînée Louise-Marie, 5 ans. Le dauphin a également six autres sXurs Louise-Elisabeth et Henriette-Anne, jumelles nées en 1727, Adélaïde, née en 1732, Victoire (1733), Sophie-Philippine (1734), Thérèse-Félicité née en 1736 morte à Fontevrault en 1744, Louise-Marie, née en 1737. Seule, l'aînée de ses sXurs se mariera, les autres resteront à la cour, auprès de leurs mère et frère.



Éducation princière

Son éducation fut confiée à Jean-François Boyer,évêque de Mirepoix, homme vertueux mais de caractère étroit. Il ne fut pas un élève très brillant. En revanche, s'il détestait l'activité physique, il devint, comme ses soeurs, un excellent musicien.[réf. nécessaire]

Seul fils survivant du couple royal, adulé par sa mère et ses sXurs[réf. nécessaire], il fut un enfant orgueilleux voire tyrannique mais très pieux, désirant ressembler à son grand ancêtre, fondateur de sa dynastie, Saint Louis[réf. nécessaire]. Très affecté par la séparation officieuse de ses parents, l'adultère du roi et la résignation doloriste de sa mère, il n'eut de cesse de ne pas ressembler à son père, sombrant très tôt dans une dévotion moralisante outrée.



L'adultère royal

Il a 7 ans quand le roi son père produit ouvertement à la cour sa première favorite, la comtesse de Mailly. Madame de Mailly est bientôt supplantée dans le lit du roi par sa sXur, la comtesse de Vintimille laquelle meurt en couches (1741). La sXur des deux précédentes, la marquise de La Tournelle (bientôt créée duchesse de Châteauroux) lui succède.

Il a 9 ans quand ses quatre plus jeunes sXurs quittent la cour pour l'abbaye de Fontevrault où elle doivent être éduquées à moindre frais.



Vie de couple et politique

À l'âge de 10 ans, alors que sa sXur aînée, qui en a douze, épouse l'infant Philippe d'Espagne, il est fiancé à l'infante Marie-Thérèse qui en a 13. Ces mariages croisés doivent réconcilier les deux branches Bourbon qui se boudent depuis la rupture des fiançailles de Louis XV de France, père du Dauphin, avec Marie-Anne-Victoire d'Espagne, sXur de Marie-Thérèse et de Philippe (1725).

En 1744, Louis XV tombe malade à Metz. Avant de lui donner l'extrême onction, l'aumônier de la cour, François de Fitz-James, évêque de Soissons, exige le renvoi de la favorite ainsi qu'une confession publique. Entretemps, mené par son précepteur, le jeune Louis-Ferdinand, 14 ans, et donc apte à accéder au trône, est venu au chevet de son père ce que le roi, comprenant les manXuvres intrigantes du précepteur, trouve fort mauvais[réf. nécessaire]... L'humiliante confession publique que le roi se doit d'effectuer devant les Messins fait un très mauvais effet sur l'adolescent[réf. nécessaire].

L'année suivante, à l'âge de 15 ans, Louis épouse le 23 février 1745 au château de Versailles sa cousine (tante à la mode de Bretagne) l'infante d'Espagne Marie-Thérèse-Raphaëlle de Bourbon (deuxième fille de Philippe V). Les deux époux font front commun contre la nouvelle favorite, la Marquise de Pompadour. Cependant Marie-Thérèse meurt l'année suivante en donnant le jour à une petite fille qui ne vit que deux ans. Veuf à 17 ans, Louis-Ferdinand est trèsaffecté par la mort de son épouse. Nonobstant, la raison d'État l'oblige à avoir des enfants mâles aptes à accéder au trône.

En pleine guerre de succession d'Autriche, il se remarie le 9 février 1747 à Versailles avec la fille du roi de Pologne, Marie-Josèphe de Saxe (1731-1767), qui lui donne huit enfants, dont cinq parviendront à l'âge adulte. Ce futune lourde tâche pour l'adolescente car, toujours attaché à Marie-Thérèse, le Dauphin ne montre d'abord à la jeune princesse allemande de 16 ans que froideur voire mépris. Mais Marie-Josèphe est une femme d'un esprit supérieur : peu à peu, soutenue par ses belle-sXurs, conseillée par son oncle, le maréchal de Saxe elle apprivoise son mari, modère ses excès de dévotion et de rigueur morale tout en étant elle-même très pieuse. Leur couple sera finalement très uni.



Le prince et son père

Son père ne fut jamais proche de lui bien qu'il l'aimât certainement : Louis XV avait une vie privée qui ne plaisait pas au Dauphin, ce qui éloigna le père et le fils pendant longtemps. Le Dauphin connut son baptême du feu aux côtés de son père à la bataille de Fontenoy (1745). Il fit preuve de courage voire d'enthousiasme mais 1]|recevant cependant de la bouche même du roi une belle leçon d'humanité propre à édifier le futur chef d'état: « le sang de nosennemis est toujours le sang des hommes. La vraie gloire c'est de l'épargner. »}}.

À partir de 1757 (attentat de Damiens contre le roi au cours duquel Louis-Ferdinand et ses compagnons maîtrisèrent le régicide), il fut invité à participer aux séances du Conseil du Roi, où il se fit remarquer par ses positions cléricales.

C'était en outre un homme fort pieux, chaste, sobre et fidèle à son épouse, ce qui était rare à la cour. Préférant la méditation aux exercices physiques, il ne pratiquait pas la chasse, activité pourtant réservée aux seuls nobleset fut le premier Bourbon à être obèse (héritage de son grand-père maternel). Son sérieux le faisait passer pour pédant. D'aucuns cherchèrent à le diffamer lui prêtant maîtresses ou excès d'alcool.



Une mère "résignée"

Très proche de sa mère, souffrant des adultères du roi, il était le centre du parti dévot, qui condamnait la politique et la vie privée du roi et ne se gênait pas pour montrer son mépris à la marquise de Pompadour, qui, elle, soutenait le parti des philosophes. Ses sXurs et lui-même avaient surnommé la favorite Maman Putain[réf. nécessaire]. Il désapprouva l'expulsion des jésuites en 1764 mais soutenait son père contre les parlements.

En 1761, il perd son fils aîné, âgé de 10 ans, ce qui lui cause un immense chagrin mais il ne reporte pas son affection sur son fils suivant le duc de Berry, futur Louis XVI mais sur le cadet plus ouvert et spirituel[réf. nécessaire], le comte de Provence, futur Louis XVIII.



Une monarchie impopulaire

Louis-Ferdinand meurt de tuberculose à 36 ans peu avant Noël 1765.Sa dépouille est inhumée dans la cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Sens. Sa femme, qui l'avait veillé pendant sa maladie, contracta son mal et le suivit deux ans plus tard dans la tombe.

François de Robespierre (père de Maximilien, futur Conventionnel) sembla sXindigner du manque de compassion de lXOrdre des avocats envers la famille royale. Le 3 décembre 1765, il écrivit cette lettre à son confrère et ami Baudelet : « Tous les cXurs, prenant leur essor vers le ciel font retentir les airs de leurs plaintifs accents; ils prient, ils conjurent, ils redemandent à grands cris le digne objet de leur amour... Les nôtres sont les seuls dont on n'entend pas les voix ! Je ne sais quoi a retenu jusqu'à présent leurs mouvements secrets... Une seule fois où il s'agit de donner au roi un gage pur, solennel et indispensable de notre attachement pour la famille royale, craindrons-nous par hasard qu'on pût dire que nous nous sommes assemblés ? Avocats, ce titre nous honore: sujets de la France, qualité mille fois plus glorieuse pour nous; ce n'est qu'en remplissant comme le plus glorieux de nos devoirs, d'une manière noble et peu commune, que nous prouverons véritablement la noblesse de notre profession et que nous maintiendrons sous l'asile du trône, la liberté et l'indépendance ». (in G. Laurent "Annales historiques de la Révolution Française" 1929, p.72)



Le tombeau du couple delphinal fut profané en mars 1794 par les révolutionnaires, qui jetèrent le cadavre dans une fosse commune de la ville.

À la Restauration, sur ordre du roi Louis XVIII, fils du dauphin, et grâce à des témoins, on retrouva le corps et on le replaça dans la cathédrale le 8 décembre 1814.

Ses enfants

Marie-Thérèse, dite Madame (1746-1748) sans postérité

Marie Zéphirine, dite Madame(1750-1755) sans postérité

Louis, duc de Bourgogne (1751-1761) sans postérité

Louis-Xavier, duc d'Aquitaine (1753-1754) sans postérité

Louis-Auguste, duc de Berry (1754-1793), Dauphin en 1765, (futur Louis XVI de France) épouse en 1770 Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche (postérité éteinte à la première génération).

Louis-Stanislas, comte de Provence (1755-1824) (futur Louis XVIII de France) épouse en 1771 Marie-Joséphine de Savoie (sans postérité).

Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois (1757-1836) (futur Charles X de France) épouse en 1773 Marie-Thérèse de Savoie (dont deux fils et une fille)

Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Madame (1759 X 1802) épouse en 1775 Charles-Emmanuel IV de Savoie, Roi de Sardaigne (sans postérité),déclarée "Vénérable"

Elisabeth Philippine, Madame (1764-1794) (sans alliance ni postérité).

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http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Ferdynand_Burbon

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_%281729-1765%29

Louis, Dauphin of France (1729X1765)

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Louis-Ferdinand

Dauphin of Viennois

Louis-Ferdinand, Dauphin of France

Spouse Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain

Duchess Marie-Josèphe of Saxony

Issue

Louis XVI

Louis XVIII

Charles X

Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia

Princess Élisabeth

Father Louis XV

Mother Maria LeszczyXska

Born 4 August 1729(1729-08-04)

Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France

Died 20 December 1765 (aged 36)

Château de Fontainebleau, France

Louis-Ferdinand de France,[1][2] Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 X 20 December 1765) was the only son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Queen Maria LeszczyXska, to reach adulthood. He had a younger brother who died before his third birthday. As the son of the king, Louis was a Fils de France. He was the father of three kings of France, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

Contents

[show]

* 1 Early life and education

* 2 Marriages

o 2.1 Maria Teresa of Spain

o 2.2 Marie-Josèphe of Saxony

* 3 Issue

* 4 Personality

* 5 Later life and death

* 6 Ancestry

* 7 References

* 8 Further reading

* 9 External links

[edit] Early life and education

Louis-Ferdinand was born at the Palace of Versailles. The birth of an heir to the throne had long been awaited since the tragic decimation of the French royal family in the early 1710s (see Louis XV of France). When the fourth pregnancy of Marie LeszczyXska resulted in a son in 1729, there was popular rejoicing. In all the major cities of France there were fireworks (many memorialized in engravings).

At Rome and other European courts there were also celebrations, since Louis' birth ensured the French succession. As the heir apparent to the throne of France, he was given the traditional title of Dauphin of France.

According to the custom of the French royal family, Louis was baptised privately and without a name by Cardinal Armand de Rohan. On 27 April 1737 when he was seven years old the public ceremony of the other baptismal rites took place. It was at this point that he was given the name Louis-Ferdinand. His godparents were Louis, Duke of Orléans and the Dowager Duchess of Bourbon (widow of Louis III, Prince of Condé).

Louis-Ferdinand's governess was Madame de Ventadour who had previously served as his father's governess. When he was seven years old, the Duke of Châtillon was named his governor, the Count of Muy was named under-governor, and Jean-François Boyer, formerly bishop of Mirepoix, was named preceptor.

From an early age Louis-Ferdinand took a great interest in the military arts. He was bitterly disappointed when his father would not permit him to join the 1744 campaign in the War of the Austrian Succession. When his father became deathly ill with fever at Metz, Louis disobeyed orders and went to his bedside. This rash action, which could have resulted in the deaths of both Louis and his father, resulted in a permanent change in the relations between father and son. Up to this point Louis XV had doted on his son, but henceforth the relationship was more distant. He was very close to his three oldest sisters.

[edit] Marriages

[edit] Maria Teresa of Spain

In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen year old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and his Italian wife, Elisabeth of Parma, and first cousin of Louis XV. The marriage contract was signed 13 December 1744; the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745.

Masked Ball at Versailles for the wedding of Louis, Dauphin of France to Maria Teresa of Spain, 1745.

Louis and Maria Teresa were well matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter:

* Princess Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 X 27 April 1748).

Three days after the birth of their daughter Louis' wife Maria Teresa died on 22 July 1746. Louis was only sixteen years old. He grieved intensely at the loss of his wife, but his responsibility to provide for the succession to the French crown necessitated that he marry again quickly.

In 1746 Louis received the Order of the Golden Fleece from his father-in-law King Philip V of Spain.[3]

[edit] Marie-Josèphe of Saxony

On 10 January 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Princess Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria. A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on 9 February 1747.

[edit] Issue

Name Portrait Lifespan Notes

Marie Zéphyrine de France

Madame Royale Marie Zéphirine de France par Nattier.jpg 26 August 1750 -

1 September 1755 Born at Versailles, she was known as Madame Royale at court; died at Versailles aged 5

Louis Joseph Xavier de France

Duke of Burgundy Louis Joseph Xavier of France, Duke of Burgundy.jpg 13 September 1751-

22 March 1761 Heir of the Dauphin, he died at Versailles at the age of nine much to the distress of his family;

Xavier Marie Joseph de France

Duke of Aquitaine Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France.svg 8 September 1753 X

22 February 1754 Born at the Palace of Versailles dying there aged five months;

Louis-Auguste de France

Duke of Berry

(future King Louis XVI of France)

Ludvig XVI av Frankrike porträtterad av AF Callet.jpg 23 August 1754 X

21 January 1793 Born at Versailles, was later husband of Marie Antoinette and King of France; had issue;

Louis Stanislas Xavier de France

Count of Provence

(future King Louis XVIII of France)

JoungLouisXVIII.jpg 17 November 1755 X

16 September 1824 Born at Versailles, he married Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy and had no issue; later King of France;

Charles-Philippe de France

Count of Artois

(future King Charles X of France)

Charles X Roi de France et de Navarre.jpg 9 October 1757 X

6 November 1836 Born at Versailles, he married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had issue; was later King of France;

Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière de France

Madame Clotilde

Queen of Sardinia

Madameclotilde.jpg 23 September 1759 X

7 March 1802 Born at Versailles, she married the future Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia and had no issue;

Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France

Madame Élisabeth Madame-elisabeth-2.jpg 3 May 1764 X

10 May 1794 Born at Versailles, she never married and was executed during the French Revolution aged 30;

Maria Josepha also had a stillborn son in 1748 and again in 1749. A stillborn daughter in 1752; Stillborn son in 1756. She also miscarried a son in 1762.

Louis, Dauphin of France, in 1747.

[edit] Personality

Louis-Ferdinand was rather plump. He was well educated: a studious man, cultivated, and a lover of music, he preferred the pleasures of conversation to those of hunting, balls, or spectacles. With a keen sense of morality, he wasvery much committed to his wife, Marie-Josèphe, as she was to him.

Very devout, he was a fervent supporter of the Jesuits, like his mother and sisters, and was led by them to have a devotion to the Sacred Heart. He appeared in the eyes of his sisters as the ideal of the Christian prince, in sharp contrast with their father who was a notorious womanizer.

Louis, the Dauphin, in the uniform of Colonel General of the Dragoons, portrait by Alexander Roslin (ca.1765).

[edit] Later life and death

Kept away from government affairs by his father, Louis was at the center of the Dévots, a group of religiously-minded men who hoped to gain power when he succeeded to the throne.

Louis-Ferdinand died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of thirty-six, while his father was still alive, thus never becoming king of France. His mother, Queen Marie LeszczyXska, and his maternal grandfather, the former king of Poland, StanisXaw LeszczyXski, Duke of Lorraine, also survived him. His eldest surviving son, Louis-Auguste, duc de Berry, became the new dauphin, ascending the throne as Louis XVI at the death of Louis XV, in May 1774.

Louis-Ferdinand was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens. His heart was buried at the Basilica of Saint-Denis.

References

1. ^ Achaintre, Nicolas Louis, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon, Vol. 2, (Publisher Mansut Fils, 4 Rue de l'École de Médecine, Paris, 1825), 153.

2. ^ He is called simply Louis by the most reputed biographies (including the earliest ones by Proyart and Rozoir), the major genealogical works about the House of Bourbon (including Achaintre and Dussieux) and numerous engravings. Several modern works (e.g. Antonia Fraser, Marie Antoinette) and some websites call him Louis Ferdinand to distinguish him from his father and his two sons.

3. ^ Nicolas-Louis Achaintre, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon (Paris: Mansut, 1825), II, 149. T. F. Boettger says he received it in 1739.

[edit] Further reading

* Broglie, Emmanuel de, Le fils de Louis XV, Louis, dauphin de France, 1729-1765. Paris: E. Plon, 1877.

* Dechêne, Abel, Le dauphin, fils de Louis XV. Paris: Librairie du dauphin, 1931.

* Ducaud-Bourget, François. Louis, dauphin de France: le fils du Bien-Aimé. Paris: Conquistador, 1961.

* Hours, Bernard. La vertu et le secret: le dauphin, fils de Louis XV. Paris: Champion, 2006.

* Huertas, Monique de, Marie-Josèphe de Saxe: mère de nos trois derniers rois de France et de Madame Élisabeth, Paris: Pygmalion, 1995.

* Proyart, Liévin-Bonaventure. Vie du dauphin, père de Louis XVI, Lyon: Bruyset-Ponthus, 1788.

* Rozoir, Charles du, Le dauphin, fils de Louis XV et père de Louis XVI et de Louis XVIII, Paris: Eymery, 1815.

* ZieliXski, Ryszard, Polka na francuskim tronie, Warszawa: Czytelnik, 1978.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis, Dauphin of France (1729X1765)

* De la Tour's pastels at the Musée l'Écuyer, Saint-Quentin, (in French) the pastel illustrated above described as a study for one of four portraits de la Tour made of the Dauphin (according to a letter of the Marquis de Marigny), of which the only known survivor, at the Louvre is dated 1748. The curators at the Musée l'Écuyer consider the study above to have served perhaps for the first of these portraits, that of 1745.

This page was last modified on 17 July 2010 at 21:54.

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Louis, Dauphin of France (1729-1765)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Louis, Dauphin of France (Louis-Ferdinand de France [1]) (4 September 1729 X 20 December 1765), was the eldest and only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Queen Marie LeszczyXska. As the son of the king, he was a Fils de France. He was the father of three kings of France.

Birth and early life

Louis was born at the Palace of Versailles. The birth of an heir to the throne had long been awaited since the tragic decimation of the French royal family in the early 1710s (see Louis XV of France). When the fourth pregnancy ofMarie LeszczyXska resulted in a son in 1729, there was popular rejoicing. In all the major cities of France there were fireworks (many memorialized in engravings). At Rome and other European courts there were also celebrations, since Louis' birth ensured the French succession. As the heir apparent to the throne of France, he was given the traditional title of Dauphin of France.

According to the custom of the French royal family, Louis was baptised privately and without a name by Cardinal Armand de Rohan. On April 27, 1737 when he was seven years old the public ceremony of the other baptismal rites took place. It was at this point that he was given the name Louis. His godparents were Louis, Duke of Orléans and the Dowager Duchess of Bourbon (widow of Louis III, Prince of Condé).

Louis' governess was Madame de Ventadour who had previously served as his father's governess. When he was seven years old, the Duke of Châtillon was named his governor, the Count of Muy was named under-governor, and Jean-FrançoisBoyer, formerly bishop of Mirepoix, was named preceptor.

From an early age Louis took a great interest in the military arts. He was bitterly disappointed when his father would not permit him to join the 1744 campaign in the War of the Austrian Succession. When his father became deathlyill with fever at Metz, Louis disobeyed orders and went to his bedside. This rash action, which could have resulted in the deaths of both Louis and his father, resulted in a permanent change in the relations between father and son. Up to this point Louis XV had doted on his son, but henceforth the relationship was more distant.

First marriage

In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen year old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and his Italian wife, Elisabeth of Parma. The marriage contract was signed December 13, 1744; the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid December 18, 1744 and in person at Versailles February 23, 1745.

Louis and Maria Teresa were well matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter:

Marie-Thérèse (19 July 1746 X 27 April 1748).

Three days after the birth of their daughter Louis' wife Maria Teresa died on July 22, 1746. Louis was only sixteen years old. He grieved intensely at the loss of his wife, but his responsibility to provide for the succession to the French crown necessitated that he marry again quickly.

In 1746 Louis received the Order of the Golden Fleece from his father-in-law King Philip V of Spain. [2]

[edit]Second marriage

On January 10, 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Princess Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria. A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on February 9, 1747.

Louis and Marie-Josèphe had eight children:

Marie-Zéphyrine (26 August 1750X1 September 1755).

Louis, Duc de Bourgogne (13 September 1751X22 March 1761).

Xavier, Duc de Guyenne (8 September 1753X22 February 1754).

Louis-Auguste, Duc de Berry, the future king Louis XVI (23 August 1754 X 21 January 1793) (guillotined).

Louis-Stanislas, Comte de Provence, the future king Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 X 16 September 1824).

Charles-Philippe, Comte d'Artois, the future king Charles X (9 October 1757 X 6 November 1836).

Marie-Clotilde (23 September 1759 X 7 March 1802), married King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Prince of Piedmont.

Élisabeth-Philippine (3 May 1764 X 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth (guillotined).

Personality and political role

Louis was rather plump. He was well educated: a studious man, cultivated, and a lover of music, he preferred the pleasures of conversation to those of hunting, balls, or spectacles. With a keen sense of morality, he was very muchcommitted to his wife, Marie-Josèphe, as she was to him. Very devout, he was a fervent supporter of the Jesuits, like his mother and sisters, and was led by them to have a devotion to the Sacred Heart. He appeared in the eyes of his sisters as the ideal of the Christian prince, in sharp contrast with their father who was a notorious womanizer.

Kept away from government affairs by his father, Louis was at the center of the Dévots, a group of religiously-minded men who hoped to gain power when he succeeded to the throne.

[edit]Death

Louis died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of 36, while his father was still alive, thus never becoming king of France. His mother, Queen Marie LeszczyXska, and maternal grandfather, StanisXaw LeszczyXski, the Duke of Lorraine, also survived him. His eldest surviving son, Louis-Auguste, Duc de Berry, became the new dauphin, and later ascended the throne as Louis XVI at the death of Louis XV.

Louis was buried in the Cathedral of St Étienne in Sens. His heart was buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729-1765)

"THE DAUPHIN"

Louis giftet seg med Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria von Sachsen 9 Feb 1747, Versailles, France. Maria (datter av Friedrich August II von Sachsen, Kurfürst zu Sachsen, Król Polski og Maria Josepha of Austria, Queen consort of Poland) ble født 4 Nov 1731 , Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany; døde 13 Mar 1767, Versailles, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France; ble begravet cirka 1767, Basilique de Saint Denis. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Dauphin of France, Princess of Saxony, Dauphine of France

{geni:about_me} Marie-Josèphe de Saxe (Maria Josepha Carolina Eleonore Françoise Xavière von Sachsen, 1731 - 1767), fille d'Auguste III de Saxe et de Marie-Josèphe d'Autriche. Elle épousa en 1747 le Dauphin Louis-Ferdinand de France, fils de Louis XV, jeune et inconsolable veuf de l'infante d'Espagne Marie-Thérèse Raphaëlle de Bourbon dont il avait eu une fille, Marie-Thérèse en 1746.

Marie-Josèphe de SaxeSommaire
1 Une famille déchirée
2 La mère des derniers rois de France
3 La triste Pépa
4 Victime de l'Amour

Une famille déchirée
Elle arriva, à quinze ans, dans une Cour dominée par Mme de Pompadour, favorite du roi et artisan de son mariage que lui a suggéré le populaire héros de Fontenoy, le maréchal de Saxe, oncle "par la main gauche" de Marie-Josèphe.

La nouvelle dauphine, surnommée Pépa, sut se concilier à la fois la Pompadour et son beau-père Louis XV, mais dut aussi compter avec la haine de son mari et de ses belle-sXurs pour la favorite.

Elle trouvait une belle-famille déchirée par les haines et les tensions : le roi et son épouse ne vivaient plus ensemble depuis dix ans. La pieuse reine Marie LeszczyXska vieillissait, recluse au milieu de vieux amis vieillissantmais elle n'oubliait pas que son père Stanislas Leszczynski avait été le concurrent malheureux au trône de Pologne face au grand père puis au père de Marie-Josèphe.

Ses filles, "Mesdames", célibataires, ne cessaient de blâmer la vie de leur père.

Le Dauphin, veuf de dix-sept ans, souffrant des souffrances de sa mère et "divinisé" par ses sXurs, ne savait dissimuler sa désapprobation et ne s'entendait pas non plus avec son père.

C'est dans ce contexte difficile que la Dauphine parvint à se faire aimer de tous, tant elle était intelligente, douce et aimante.


La mère des derniers rois de France
Après trois ans de stérilité (et de critiques de la cour), entre 1750 et 1764 elle mit au monde huit enfants :

Marie-Zéphyrine (1750-1755) dite Madame
Louis, duc de Bourgogne (1751-1761)
Louis-Xavier, duc d'Aquitaine (1753-1754)
Louis-Auguste, duc de Berry puis Dauphin puis Louis XVI (1754-1793)
Louis-Stanislas, comte de Provence puis Louis XVIII (1755-1824)
Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois puis Charles X (1757-1836)
Marie-Clotilde, princesse de Piémont puis reine de Sardaigne (1759-1802)
Élisabeth, Fille de France (1764-1794)
Son fils aîné, le duc de Bourgogne, enfant précoce, la comblait de fierté. Elle débordait pour lui d'amour maternel. De même que le dauphin, son mari, elle ne pouvait s'empêcher de le préférer à ses autres enfants (ce dont le futur Louis XVI souffrit). Sa mort, en 1761 fut pour elle une épreuve que, seule, sa piété lui permit d'accepter.

Elle eut aussi à conquérir son mari, qui tout à son veuvage, la fuyait.A force de patience et d'attentions, mais aussi avec la complicité de sa belle-sXur, Henriette, elle réussit à former avec son époux un couple très uni.

Elle contribua ensuite à rapprocher le roi de son fils.

Louis XV adorait sa belle-fille, en qui il avait grande confiance.


La triste Pépa
Les épreuves ne furent pas épargnées à cette princesse que son beau-père surnomma "la triste Pépa": en 1757 son pays natal, la Saxe, est envahie et pillée par les armées de roi Frédéric II de Prusse. La mère de Marie-Josèphe, fille de l'Empereur Joseph Ier, brisée par la douleur, en meurt.En 1764, cédant au parlementaires, Louis XV fit expulser les jésuites au grand dam du couple delphinal.

Au cours de ces années également, les deuils de la famille royale de France se multiplient:

1752 : mort de Mme Henriette, sa belle-sXur à 25 ans,
1755 : mort de sa fille aînée, Marie-Zéphyrine à 5 ans,
1757 : mort de sa mère et pillage de la Saxe(cf ci-desssus).Louis XV victime d'un attentat, survivra,
1759 : mort de Mme Elisabeth, duchesse de Parme, sXur jumelle d'Henriette,
1761 : mort de son fils aîné,
1763 : mort de son père, le roi Auguste III de Pologne et de sa nièce Isabelle de Parme à 22 ans, sa nièce, élevée à Versailles.Aînée des petits enfants du roi, elle avait épousé le futur Empereur Joseph II,
1764 : mort de la marquise de Pompadour,
1765 : mort de son époux le dauphin Louis-Ferdinand à 36 ans de tuberculose et de son beau-frère, Philippe Ier, duc de Parme,
1766 : mort accidentelle du roi Stanislas Leszczynski, son grand père par alliance.

Victime de l'Amour
Marie-Josèphe ne se remit jamais de la mort du dauphin qu'elle avait soigné elle-même jusqu'à la fin. Elle contracta son mal et mourut de tuberculose en 1767, âgée de 36 ans, laissant orphelins ses enfants aux tragiques destins...

Récupérée de « http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A8phe_de_Saxe »

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http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_J%C3%B3zefa_Wettyn_(1731-1767)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Marie-Jos%C3%A8phe_of_Saxony
Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731X1767)
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Maria Josepha of Saxony
Dauphine of France
Portrait by Jean-Martial Frédou, 1760
Spouse Louis-Ferdinand, Dauphin of France
Detail
Issue
Louis XVI of France
Louis XVIII of France
Charles X of France
Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia
Madame Élisabeth
Full name
German: Maria Josepha Carolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria
French: Marie Josèphe Caroline Eléonore Françoise Xavière
Father Augustus III of Poland
Mother Maria Josepha of Austria
Born 4 November 1731(1731-11-04)
Dresden Castle, Dresden, Saxony, modern-day Germany
Died 13 March 1767 (aged 35)
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France

Maria Josepha of Saxony (French: Marie Josèphe de Saxe; 4 November 1731 X 13 March 1767) was a Duchess of Saxony and the Dauphine of France. She became Dauphine at the age of fifteen through her marriage to Louis Ferdinand de France, the son and heir of Louis XV.

Marie Josèphe was the mother of three kings of France, including the doomed Louis XVI, who died under the guillotine during the French Revolution. Her youngest daughter, Madame Élisabeth, also was beheaded during the Revolution.
Contents
[show]

* 1 Family
* 2 Marriage negotiations
* 3 Marie-Josèphe de Saxe
* 4 Widowhood
* 5 Issue
* 6 Ancestry
* 7 See also
* 8 Titles, styles, honours and arms
o 8.1 Titles and styles
* 9 References
* 10 Titles

[edit] Family

Maria Josepha Carolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria was born on 4 November, 1731 in Dresden Castle to Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, and Maria Josepha of Austria, the daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor. As a daughter of the Electoral Prince, she was a Duchess in Saxony. Her mother was a first cousin of Maria Theresa of Austria, who in turn was the mother of Marie Antoinette, Maria Josepha's future daughter-in-law.

Maria Josepha was the eighth of fifteen children and the fourth daughter. Her oldest sister Maria Amalia Christina married the future Charles III of Spain in 1738 and had a large family. Her second sister, Maria Margaretha, died in infancy; Maria Anna Sophia became the Electress of Bavaria in 1747. Her eldest surviving brother Frederick Christian became the Elector of Saxony in 1763 and reigned for only 74 days.

Her younger sisters Maria Christina of Saxony and Maria Kunigunde of Saxony were Princess-abbesses of prestigious religious institutions.
[edit] Marriage negotiations

As noted, her oldest sister Maria Amalia had married a Spanish prince, Infante Carlos, in 1738. He was a member of the House of Bourbon. The Dauphin of France had been married to the Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain since February 1745. The couple had been very happy together and deeply in love. The Infanta, known as Marie-Thérèse-Raphaëlle in France, died on 22 July 1746 after giving birth to a daughter, the couple's only child, Princess Marie-Thérèse of France. Ferdinand VI of Spain, half-brother of the deceased Marie-Thérèse-Raphaëlle, had offered the Dauphine another Bourbon princess, Infanta Maria Antonietta. Instead, Louis XV and his all-powerful mistress Madame de Pompadour wanted to open up diplomatic channels.

The marriage between Maria Josepha and the Dauphin of France had first been suggested by Maria Josepha's uncle Maurice de Saxe, an illegitimate son of Maria Josepha's grandfather Augustus II. Louis XV and his mistress, were convinced that the marriage would be advantageous to French foreign affairs. France and Saxony had been on opposing sides in the recent War of the Austrian Succession and thus the marriage between the Saxon princess and the Dauphin of France would form a new alliance between the two nations.

There was one problem with the suggested bride: Maria Josepha's grandfather Augustus II had dethroned StanisXaw LeszczyXski (then the Duke of Lorraine). StanisXaw was the father of the then Queen of France Maria LeszczyXska. The marriage was said to have humiliated the simple-living Queen, even though the Queen and Dauphine would later get on well.

Other proposals came from Savoy in the form of Princess Eleonora of Savoy or her sister Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy.[1] Both were refused.

Despite the disapproval of the Queen, the two were married on 9 February 1747, Maria Josepha of Saxony married Louis Ferdinand de France, Dauphin of France and Fils de France. Her marriage to a Fils de France ("Son of France") allowed Maria Josepha the style of Royal Highness, the right to travel and lodge wherever the king did, as well as the coveted right of dining with him in an armchair in his presence. However in practice, the Dauphine was addressed as Madame la Dauphine, the more traditional French style prevailing at Versailles till the Revolution.
[edit] Marie-Josèphe de Saxe

In France the Saxon princess was known as Marie-Josèphe de Saxe.
Portrait by Jean Marc Nattier, 1751
Allegory of Maria Josepha and her daughter Marie Zéphyrine, by Charles-Joseph Natoire, c.1751.

Prior to the marriage, tradition demanded that the bride wear a bracelet which had a picture of her father on it; the Queen seeing the Dauphine asked to see the bracelet. The witty Marie-Josèphe then revealing the bracelet to theQueen showed a portrait of the Queen's father. The Dauphine said that the portrait represented the fact that the Duke of Lorraine was Marie-Josèphe's grandfather by marriage. The Queen and the court were strongly impressed by thetact of this girl of 15 years. The Dauphine was also very close to her father-in-law Louis XV.

At the time of the marriage, the Dauphin was still grieving for his Spanish wife. This grief was very public on the part of the Dauphin but Marie-Josèphe was praised greatly for her conquering the heart of the Dauphin "bit by bit". Despite Marie-Josèphe being the patient wife, the Dauphin's grief worsened in April 1748 when his only child with the Infanta died at the age of two.

The Dauphin was deeply affected by the death of Marie-Thérèse, known as Madame Royale, as she was his only link to her deceased mother. Marie-Josèphe, her stepmother, later commissioned a painting (now lost)[2] of the infant to be left over her cradle.

The new Dauphine was very grateful to Madame de Pompadour for helping arrange her marriage, and always maintained a good relationship with the royal mistress. Although it was an arranged marriage, Marie-Josèphe fell in love with the Dauphin.

Like her husband, Marie-Josèphe was very devout. Together with Queen Maria LeszczyXska, she formed a counterbalance to the libertine behaviour of her father-in-law and his court. The couple were not fond of the various entertainments held at Versailles every week, preferring to stay in their apartments which can still be seen on the ground floor of Versailles overlooking the Orangerie.

The couple's first child was a daughter, born in 1750 on the feast day of Saint Zephyrinus and named Marie Zéphyrine. The birth of the Princess, known as Madame Royale, was greeted with much joy by her parents even though Louis XV naturally had been disappointed the child was not a male. This princess died in 1755 without being mourned; in France, a princess had to live at least five years to be formally mourned.[3] Their second child, Louis Joseph Xavierde France, a son born on 15 September 1751, was given the title of duc de Bourgogne, a title traditionally given to the eldest son of the Dauphin of France. Bourgogne was the apple of his parents' eye. His talents appeared early and inspired hope for the future in the hearts of the entire court. He was adored by his older sister Marie Zéphyrine and he adored her too.

Unfortunately, the royal couple concentrated so much time and energy on this eldest son that their other children suffered from neglect. He died on 22 March 1761 at the age of nine at Versailles after having fallen from a toy horse. He started limping and a tumour began to grow on his hip. This was operated on, but he never recovered the use of his legs. He was buried at the Basilica of St Denis.

The couple's second son, Xavier de France, duc d'Aquitaine, born in 1753, died a year later. As a result, their third son, Louis Auguste de France, duc de Berry, born on 23 August 1754, became second in line to the French throne after his father. A strong and healthy boy, although very shy, he excelled in his studies and had a strong taste for Latin, history, geography, and astronomy, and became fluent in Italian and English. Louis Auguste would later become King of France being orphaned at the age of 12.

Thanks to Marie-Josèphe's close relationship with the King and Dauphin, the relationship between father and son soon repaired itself. The Dauphin was at the center of the Dévots, a group of religious-minded men who hoped to gain power when he succeeded to the throne. They were against the way of Louis XV who openly had affairs at court in blatant view of the Queen. Naturally they were not popular with Louis XV.

Her father-in-law named his loving daughter-in-law la triste Pepe; in 1754 Frederick II of Prussia invaded her native Saxony and that started the Seven Years' War in which France later joined. Saxony was pillaged by Frederick. Then in 1757 her mother died aged 58 in Dresden. Her father would die in 1763.

Politically reserved, she exerted herself only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France. The Society had been dissolved by the King on the initiative of the duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour.
[edit] Widowhood

The death of her husband, on 20 December, 1765, dealt Marie-Josèphe a devastating blow from which she never recovered, sinking into a deep depression for the rest of her life. Her sisters by marriage, Mesdames Adélaïde, Victoire,and Sophie mourned intensely. The Queen grieved greatly.

To save her the torment of remaining with bittersweet memories of her dead husband, Louis XV allowed her to move at Versailles from the apartments she had shared with her deceased spouse into the apartments of the late Madame de Pompadour, who had died in 1764. There, he visited her more than he had in the past and discussed with her the possible wedding of her son, the new dauphin. Marie-Josèphe was not pleased with the idea of her eldest son marrying Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, the future Marie Antoinette. Their mothers were first cousins, and Marie Antoinette's mother had seized the inheritance of the Habsburg Empire from Marie-Josèphe's mother.

Soon, her health declined. She died on 13 March 1767 of tuberculosis, and was buried in the royal crypt in Saint-Denis. The marriage of her son Louis Auguste with Maria Antonia was celebrated three years later.
[edit] Issue
Name Portrait Lifespan Notes
Marie Zéphyrine de France
Madame Royale Marie Zéphirine de France par Nattier.jpg 26 August 1750 -
1 September 1755 (aged 5) Born at Versailles, she was known as Madame Royale at court; died at Versailles aged 5
Louis Joseph Xavier de France
Duke of Burgundy Louis Joseph Xavier of France, Duke of Burgundy.jpg 13 September 1751-
22 March 1761 (aged 9) Heir of the Dauphin, he died at Versailles aged 9 much to the distress of his family;
Xavier Marie Joseph de France
Duke of Aquitaine Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France.svg 8 September 1753 X
22 February 1754 (aged 0) Born at the Palace of Versailles dying there aged 5 months;
Louis Auguste de France
King of France
Duke of Berry Ludvig XVI av Frankrike porträtterad av AF Callet.jpg 23 August 1754 X
21 January 1793 (aged 38) Born at Versailles, was later husband of Marie Antoinette and King of France; had issue;
Louis Stanislas Xavier de France
King of France
Count of Provence JoungLouisXVIII.jpg 17 November 1755 X
16 September 1824 (aged 68) Born at Versailles, he married Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy and had no issue; later King of France;
Charles Philippe de France
King of France
Count of Artois Charles X Roi de France et de Navarre.jpg 9 October 1757 X
6 November 1836 (aged 79) Born at Versailles, he married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had issue; was later King of France;
Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière de France
Queen of Sardinia Madameclotilde.jpg 23 September 1759 X
7 March 1802 (aged 42) Born at Versailles, she married the future Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia and had no issue;
Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France
Madame Élisabeth Madame-elisabeth-2.jpg 3 May 1764 X
10 May 1794 (aged 30) Born at Versailles, she never married and was executed in the French Revolution aged 30;

Maria Josepha also had a stillborn son in 1748 and again in 1749. A stillborn daughter in 1752; Stillborn son in 1756. She also miscarried a son in 1762

See also

* Nicolay

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and arms
[edit] Titles and styles

* 4 November, 1731 - September, 1733 Her Highness Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony
* 9 February 1747 X 20 December 1765 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Madame la Dauphine [de France])
* 20 December 1765 X 13 March 1767 Her Royal Highness the Dowager Dauphine of France

Maria Josepha's father held the title of king of Poland. However, children of Polish kings were explicitly forbidden the use of the title of prince or princess of Poland.
[edit] References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marie-Josèphe of Saxony

1. ^ niece of the Queen of Spain of the same name
2. ^ MARIE-THÉRÈSE, FILLE AÎNÉE DU DAUPHIN LOUIS-FERDINAND
3. ^ Spawfourth. Tony, Versailles, New York, 2008, p.200-1

This page was last modified on 20 July 2010 at 06:54.
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Marie-Josèphe of Saxony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Princess Maria Josepha Carolina of Saxony, Dauphine of France, (4 November 1731 X 13 March 1767), was the daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-elector of Saxony and king of Poland, and Maria Josepha of Austria, (1699-1757), the daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the mother of three Kings of France, including the doomed Louis XVI, who died under the guillotine during the French Revolution. Her youngest daughter, Madame Élisabeth, also was beheaded during the Revolution.
On February 9, 1747, Marie-Josèphe married Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir of Louis XV. For the French prince it was his second marriage. His first wife, Maria Teresa of Spain, had died on July 22, 1746, after giving birthto a daughter, the couple's only child. The marriage came about on the suggestion of Maurice de Saxe, an uncle of the future bride. Louis XV and his mistress, Madame de Pompadour, were convinced that the marriage would be advantageous to French foreign affairs.
The new Dauphine was very grateful to Madame de Pompadour for helping to arrange her marriage. She was always kind to her afterwards and had a good relationship with the royal mistress. Although an arranged marriage, Marie-Josèphe fell in love with the Dauphin. To a great extent, she was politically reserved and exerted herself in that arena only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France. The Society had been dissolvedby the King on the iniative of the Duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour. Like her husband, Marie-Josèphe was very devout. Together with Queen Maria LeszczyXska, she formed a counterbalance to the immoral behavior of her father-in-law and his court.

The couple's first child was a daughter named Marie Zéphyrine who was born in 1750 and died in 1755. Their second child was a son who was born on September 15th, 1751, and received the name Louis Joseph Xavier. He was given the title of Duke of Burgundy|Duc de Bourgogne because Louis XV's father had previously held the same title. The duc became the apple of his parents' eye. His talents appeared early and inspired hope for the future in the hearts of theentire court.
Unfortunately, though, the royal couple concentrated so much time and energy on this eldest son that their other children suffered from neglect. The Duc de Bourgogne died on March 22, 1761, of tuberculosis. Since the couple's second son, the Duc de Aquitaine, who had been born in 1753, had died one year later, their third son, Louis Auguste, Duc de Berry (future Louis XVI), born on August 23, 1754, became second in line to the French throne after his father.

The death of her husband on the December 20, 1765, dealt Marie-Josèphe a devastating blow from which she never recovered, sinking into a deep depression for the rest of her life. To save her the torment of remaining with bittersweet memories of her dead husband, Louis XV allowed her to move her apartments at Versailles from those she had shared with her deceased spouse into the apartments of the late Madame de Pompadour, who had died in 1764. There, he visited her more than he had in the past and discussed with her the possible wedding of her son, the new dauphin. Marie-Josèphe was not taken with the idea of her eldest son marrying Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria. Soon, her health quickly declined. She suffered from the same illness as her late husband, lung tuberculosis. She died on March 13, 1767, and was buried in the royal crypt in Saint-Denis. The marriage of her son with the Austrian archduchess, who became Marie Antoinette, was carried out three years later on May 16, 1770.
[edit]Marriages and children

Marie-Josèphe married Louis, Dauphin of France, and they had eight children:
Marie-Zéphyrine (26 August 1750X1 September 1755).
Louis, Duc de Bourgogne (13 September 1751X22 March 1761).
Xavier, Duc de Guyenne (8 September 1753X22 February 1754).
Louis-Auguste, Duc de Berry, the future king Louis XVI (23 August 1754 X 21 January 1793) (guillotined).
Louis-Stanislas, Comte de Provence, the future king Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 X 16 September 1824).
Charles-Philippe, Comte d'Artois, the future king Charles X (9 October 1757 X 6 November 1836).
Marie-Clotilde (23 September 1759 X 7 March 1802), married King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Prince of Piedmont.
Élisabeth-Philippine (3 May 1764 X 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth (guillotined).

Notater:

{geni:occupation} King of Poland, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX

{geni:about_me}

*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland English ]
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_III._%28Polen%29 Deutsch ]
[http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_III_Sas Polski]

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August III. (Polen)

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August III., gemalt von Pietro Antonio Rotari, 1755

Bildnis des Kurprinzen August im Harnisch aus dem Jahre 1715, gemalt von Nicolas de Largillière

Ludwig XIV. von Frankreich empfängt den späteren König von Polen und Kurfürsten von Sachsen, August III. im Schloss Fontainebleau 1714

August III. von Polen und Sachsen in polnischer Tracht

August III. von Polen zu Pferde (Stich nach Johann Elias Ridinger)

Friedrich August von Sachsen als Kurprinz im Harnisch und mit einem Mohr, gemalt von Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1715, Öl auf Leinwand, 250 × 173 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden

Friedrich August von Sachsen

Friedrich August II. (* 17. Oktober 1696 in Dresden; X 5. Oktober 1763 ebenda) war seit 1733 Kurfürst von Sachsen und als August III. auch König von Polen und Großherzog von Litauen. Er führte nach dem Tod seines Vaters, August I. als zweiter wettinischer Herrscher, die Personalunion Sachsen-Polen fort. Der in Polen auch als August der Sachse (August Sas) bekannte Regent gehörte zu den größten Kunstmäzenen seiner Zeit, stürzte jedoch durch die Fortführungder väterlichen Außenpolitik den Kurstaat Sachsen in die Katastrophe des Siebenjährigen Kriegs.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

[Anzeigen]

* 1 Leben

* 2 Baumaßnahmen in Sachsen

* 3 Baumaßnahmen in Warschau

* 4 Nachkommen

* 5 Trivia

* 6 Literatur

* 7 Weblinks

Leben [Bearbeiten]

Gewöhnlich wird vom Sohn Augusts des Starken und der Christiane Eberhardine von Brandenburg-Bayreuth behauptet, dass er sich wenig um Politik gekümmert hätte. Solche Probleme hätten ihn überfordert. Betont wird, dass er gern Jagden veranstaltete, häufig in die Oper ging, sich um seine umfangreichen Kunstsammlungen kümmerte sowie großen Familiensinn bewies. Auch wenn dies nicht in Zweifel gezogen werden soll, zeigt die neuere polnische Forschung, dass August III. ein sehr fleißiger polnischer König gewesen ist (siehe die Veröffentlichungen von Jacek Staszewski).

Der Kurfürst wurde mit Unterstützung Österreichs und Russlands und den üblichen Bestechungen gegen den Kandidaten Schwedens und Frankreichs, StanisXaw LeszczyXski, zum König von Polen gewählt, was den Polnischen Thronfolgekrieg auslöste. August III. wurde am 17. Januar 1734 gekrönt und behauptete die Krone im Frieden von Wien 1738. Seine Durchsetzung fand also im Rahmen eines deutlichen Souveränitätsverlusts Polen-Litauens statt, das einst einer der mächtigsten Staaten gewesen war.

Die Spielräume für seine Regierung in Polen-Litauen waren angesichts des Streits zwischen den Magnatengruppen der Czartoryski und Potocki im Sejm äußerst eng. Die Magnatenparteiungen genossen ihrerseits ausländische Unterstützung, so dass Polen-Litauen zum Spielball rivalisierender Nachbarmächte wurde. Fast alle Reichstage blieben ergebnislos (vergleiche Liberum Veto). Ein Beispiel waren die Reichstage von 1744 und 1746, in denen die Krone und der Großkanzler vorsichtig definierte Reformen im Wirtschafts- und Militärsektor auf den Weg bringen wollten. Sie waren jedoch außerstande, die verfeindeten Magnatenparteien überhaupt an einen Tisch zu bringen. Letztlich scheiterten sie im Sejm, unter ausländischer Einmischung. Ohne ordnungsgemäß abgehaltene Sejms mussten die Minister auch keine Rechenschaft ablegen, was die Korruption förderte.

Angesichts dieser Sachlage hofften sich der König und sein Premierminister Brühl in Polen mit dem XMinisterialsystemX sachsentreuer Magnaten (die in Schlüsselpositionen gesetzt wurden) über Wasser zu halten und beide Länder politisch verbinden zu können. Sie erlangten im Siebenjährigen Krieg sogar die Zustimmung ihrer drei Verbündeten für eine erneute Thronkandidatur Sachsens, aber die Erfolge waren nur scheinbar und nicht von Dauer.

Ein bescheidener Wirtschaftsaufschwung war in Polen weiterhin bemerkbar, später beeinträchtigt durch die Auswirkungen des Siebenjährigen Krieges (preußische Münzfälschung, Kontributionen, Requisitionen und teilweise Plünderungen durch russische Truppen).

In Sachsen führte Heinrich von Brühl nach dem Sturz Graf Sulkowskis von 1738 bis 1756 die alleinige Regierung, 1746 wurde er formell Premierminister. Er war ein erfolgreicher Diplomat und festigte die Verwaltung, wurde aber wegenfalscher Finanzpolitik im Landtag 1749 scharf angegriffen. Trotz rücksichtsloser finanzieller Maßnahmen Brühls steuerte Sachsen in eine Staatskrise. Der Zwangsumtausch von Vermögenswerten in staatliche Schuldverschreibungen erschütterte die Wirtschaft, die ohnehin zu kleine Armee musste abgerüstet und ein bedeutender Anteil der Steuern verpfändet werden. Dazu kam der Druck von außen, denn der sächsische Export wurde durch die preußische (Zoll-)Politik jener Zeit stark behindert.

Aber erst der Siebenjährige Krieg brachte für Sachsen 1756 den Absturz. Die zu kleine sächsische Armee kapitulierte unter Graf Rutowski kampflos am Lilienstein, August III. und sein Hof zogen nach Warschau um, wo sie bis zum Endedes Krieges in relativer politischer Ohnmacht verblieben. Sachsen, nun behelfsweise von den Preußen und von einigen Kabinettsministern verwaltet, wurde zum Kriegsschauplatz und litt unter den hohen Kontributionen beider Seiten. Es bezahlte zweifellos einen großen Teil der preußischen Kriegskosten (XSachsen ist wie ein Mehlsack, egal wie oft man draufschlägt, es kommt immer noch etwas heraus.X Zitat: Friedrich II. v. Preußen zugeschrieben). Dresden selbst wechselte die Besatzung und wurde von Friedrich II. 1760 belagert, was umfangreiche Zerstörungen zur Folge hatte.

Als der Siebenjährige Krieg im Hubertusburger Frieden 1763 zu Ende ging, war das bis dahin recht wohlhabende Sachsen ruiniert, was der Hof nur ungern zur Kenntnis nahm. Auf die Vergabe der polnischen Krone hatte Sachsen zudem keinerlei Einfluss: Polen-Litauen war mehr denn je unter die Vorherrschaft Russlands geraten; den Nachfolger August III., StanisXaw August Poniatowski, bestimmte die Zarin Katharina II. Dauerhafteren Nachruhm bescherte jedoch dem Kurfürst-König seine eingangs erwähnte Liebe zur Kunst.

Baumaßnahmen in Sachsen [Bearbeiten]

* Schloss Hubertusburg

* Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden

* Spitzhaus in Radebeul 1749 nach Plänen von Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann

Baumaßnahmen in Warschau [Bearbeiten]

* Sächsisches Palais (zerstört 1944)

* Brühlsches Palais (zerstört 1944)

Nachkommen [Bearbeiten]

Am 20. August 1719 heiratete er in Wien

* Maria Josefa Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine (1699X1757), Erzherzogin von Österreich. Sie hatten gemeinsam folgende fünfzehn Kinder, von denen elf das Kindesalter überlebten:

o Friedrich August Franz Xaver (* 18. November 1720 in Dresden; X 22. Januar 1721 ebd.), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Kurprinz von Sachsen

o Joseph August Wilhelm Friedrich Franz Xaver Johann Nepomuk (* 24. Oktober 1721 in Pillnitz; X 14. März 1728 in Dresden), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Kurprinz von Sachsen

o Friedrich Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xaver (1722X1763), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Kurfürst von Sachsen

o totgeborene Tochter (*/X 23. Juni 1723 in Dresden)

o Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga (1724X1760), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen X Karl, Herzog von Parma und Piacenza, König von Spanien, Neapel und Sizilien

o Maria Margareta Franziska Xaveria (* 13. September 1727 in Dresden; X 1. Februar 1734 ebd.), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen

o Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (1728X1797), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen X Maximilian III. Joseph, Kurfürst von Bayern

o Franz Xaver Albert August Ludwig Benno (1730X1806), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Prinz von Sachsen, Graf von der Lausitz, Administrator von Sachsen

o Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria (1731X1767), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen X Ludwig Ferdinand, Dauphin von Frankreich

o Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xaver (1733X1796), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Prinz von Sachsen, Herzog von Kurland und Semgallen

o Maria Christina Anna Theresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria (1735X1782), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen, Sternkreuzordensdame und Fürstäbtissin in Remiremont

o Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Kasimira Franziska Xaveria (* 9. Februar 1736 in Warschau; X 24. Dezember 1818 in Dresden), Prinzessin von Polen und Sachsen, Sternkreuzordensdame

o Albert Kasimir August Ignaz Pius Franz Xaver (1738X1822), Königlicher Prinz von Polen, Prinz von Sachsen, Herzog von Teschen und Generalstatthalter der Österreichischen Niederlande

o Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertus Franz Xaver (1739X1812), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Prinz von Sachsen, Domherr zu Köln, Propst von St. Johann und Ellwangen, Fürstbischof von Freising, Regensburg und Augsburg, Kurfürst und Erzbischof von Trier

o Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina (1740X1826), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen, Sternkreuzordensdame, Kanonisse zu Münsterbilsen, Fürstäbtissin von Thorn und Essen

Trivia [Bearbeiten]

In der Filmreihe Sachsens Glanz und Preußens Gloria wurde er vom Schauspieler Rolf Hoppe verkörpert.

Literatur [Bearbeiten]

* Jacek Staszewski: August III. Kurfürst von Sachsen und König von Polen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-05-002600-6

* Thomas Niklas: Friedrich August II (1733-1763) und Friedrich Christian (1763). In: Frank-Lothar Kroll (Hrsg.): Die Herrscher Sachsens Markgrafen, Kurfürsten, Könige 1089 - 1918. C. H. Beck, München 2005, ISBN 3-406-52206-8,S. 192X222.

* Ariane James-Sarazin, « Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659-1743), portraitiste et conseiller artistique des princes Électeurs de Saxe et rois de Pologne, Auguste II et Auguste III », dans catalogue de lXexposition Dresde ou le rêve desprinces, la Galerie de peintures au XVIIIe siècle, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, Paris, RMN, 2001, p. 136-142.

* Heinrich Theodor Flathe: Friedrich August II.. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 7. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1877, S. 784X786.

Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

*

Commons Commons: August III. (Polen) X Sammlung von Bildern und/oder Videos und Audiodateien

* Literatur von und über August III. (Polen) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Datensatz zu August III. (Polen) X PICA-Datensatz X Apper-Personensuche)

* Biographie über August III. (Polen)



Vorgänger

Friedrich August I.

Kurfürst von Sachsen

1733X1763 Nachfolger

Friedrich Christian

Vorgänger

August II. und Stanislaus I. (als Gegenkönig)

König von Polen und

Großherzog von Litauen

1733/36X1763 Nachfolger

Stanislaus II.

Normdaten: PND: 118505092 X weitere Informationen | LCCN: n85330554 | VIAF: 35247491

Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 24. Mai 2010 um 10:50 Uhr geändert.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland

Augustus III of Poland

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Augustus III

(Frederick Augustus II)

King of Poland; Elector of Saxony

King of Poland

Reign 1734 X 5 October 1763

Predecessor StanisXaw LeszczyXski

Successor StanisXaw August Poniatowski

Elector of Saxony

Predecessor Frederick Augustus I

Successor Frederick Christian

Spouse Maria Josepha of Austria

More

Issue

Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony

Maria Amalia, Queen of Spain

Maria Anna Sophia, Electress of Bavaria

Prince Franz Xavier

Maria Josepha, Dauphine of France

Carl, Duke of Courland

Maria Christina, Princess-Abbess of Remiremont

Albert, Duke of Teschen

Clemens Wenceslaus, Archbishop of Trier

Princess Maria Kunigunde, Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen

House House of Wettin

Father Augustus II the Strong

Mother Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

Born 17 October 1696

Dresden, Saxony, Germany

Died 5 October 1763

Dresden, Saxony, Germany

Burial Dresden, family vault at Katholische Hofkirche

Signature

Coat of arms of PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of House of Wettin

Augustus III, known as the Saxon Polish: August III Sas; German: August III. von Polen; also Prince-elector Friedrich August II (Dresden, 17 October 1696 X 5 October 1763 in Dresden) was the Elector of Saxony in 1733-1763, as Frederick Augustus II (German: Kurfürst Friedrich August II.), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1734-1763.

Contents

[show]

* 1 Biography

* 2 Marriage and children

* 3 Royal titles

* 4 Ancestry

* 5 Construction work at castles

* 6 See also

* 7 References

[edit] Biography

Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Imperial Prince-Elector of Saxony and monarch of the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth, by his wife, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. He was groomed to succeed his father as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and thus in 1721, converted to Catholicism.

After his father's death, he inherited Saxony and was elected King of Poland, with the support of Russian and Austrian military forces in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738). As King, Augustus III was uninterested in theaffairs of his Polish-Lithuanian dominion, focusing on interests like hunting, opera and collecting paintings (see Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister). During his 30-year reign, he spent less than a total of three years in Poland, wherethe struggle between the House of Czartoryski and the Potocki paralysed the Sejm (Liberum Veto), fostering internal political anarchy and further weakening the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth. Augustus III delegated most of his powers and responsibilities to Heinrich von Brühl, who became quasi-dictator of Poland.

The thirty years of Augustus III's reign saw the Seven Years' War (1754 and 1756X1763) among them.

His eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian, eventually succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony, but not as King of Poland. It was StanisXaw August Poniatowski, who was elected King of the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth, after a coup d'état by the House of Czartoryski, supported by Russian troops on 7 September 1764.

[edit] Marriage and children

In Dresden on 20 August 1719, Augustus married the Archduchess, Maria Josepha of Austria, daughter of Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor. They had fifteen children:

* Frederick Augustus Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 18 November 1720 - d. Dresden, 22 January 1721).

* Joseph Augustus Wilhelm Frederick Franz Xavier Johann Nepomuk (b. Pillnitz, 24 October 1721 - d. Dresden, 14 March 1728).

* Frederick Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 5 September 1722 - d. Dresden, 17 December 1763), successor to his father as Elector of Saxony.

* Stillborn daughter (Dresden, 23 June 1723).

* Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga (b. Dresden, 24 November 1724 - d. Buen Retiro, 27 September 1760); married on 19 June 1738 to Charles VII, King of Naples, later King Charles III of Spain.

* Maria Margaretha Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 13 September 1727 - d. Dresden, 1 February 1734).

* Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 29 August 1728 - d. Munich, 17 February 1797); married on 9 August 1747 to Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria.

* Franz Xavier Albert August Ludwig Benno (b. Dresden, 25 August 1730 - d. Dresden, 21 June 1806), Regent of Saxony (1763-1768).

* Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 4 November 1731 - d. Versailles, 13 March 1767); married on 9 February 1747 to Louis, Dauphin of France (1729X1765), son of Louis XV of France (she was the mother of Kings Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X) of France.

* Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 13 July 1733 - d. Dresden, 16 June 1796), Duke of Courland and Zemgale (1758-1763).

* Maria Christina Anna Teresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 12 February 1735 - d. Brumath, 19 November 1782), Princess-Abbess of Remiremont. [1]

* Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Casimira Francisca Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 9 February 1736 - d. Dresden, 24 December 1818). [2]

* Albert Kasimir August Ignaz Pius Franz Xavier (b. Moritzburg, near Dresden, 11 July 1738 - d. Vienna, 10 February 1822), Duke of Teschen and Governor of the Austrian Netherlands (1781-1793).

* Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertus Franz Xavier (b. Schloss Hubertusburg, Wermsdorf, 28 September 1739 - d. Marktoberdorf, Allgäu, 27 July 1812), Archbishop of Trier.

* Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina (b. Warsaw, 10 November 1740 - d. Dresden, 8 April 1826), Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen; nearly married Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans; Philippe Égalité.

[edit] Royal titles

* Royal titles in Latin: Augustus tertius, Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniæ, Russiæ, Prussiæ, Masoviæ, Samogitiæ, Kijoviæ, Volhiniæ, Podoliæ, Podlachiæ, Livoniæ, Smolensciæ, Severiæ, Czerniechoviæque, nec non hæreditarius dux Saxoniæ et princeps elector. [3]

* English translation: August III, by the grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia (i.e. Galicia), Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia, Chernihiv,and also hereditary Duke of Saxony and Prince-elector.

Construction work at castles

* Hubertusburg

* Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden

* Saxon Palace, Warsaw (destroyed 1944)

* Brühl Palace, Warsaw (destroyed 1944)

[edit] See also

* History of Poland (1569X1795)

* Mass in B Minor

This page was last modified on 3 July 2010 at 11:28.

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Augustus III of Poland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Augustus III (Augustus III the Saxon or the Corpulent; German: August III. von Polen; Polish: August III Sas, August III Gruby; b. Dresden, 17 October 1696 - d. Dresden, 5 October 1763) was the Elector of Saxony in 1733-1763 (as Frederick Augustus II (German: Kurfürst Friedrich August II.) and also King of Poland in 1734-1763.

Royal titles

Royal titles in Latin: Augustus III, Dei Gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russie, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Kijoviae, Volhyniae, Podoliae, Podlachiae, Livoniae, Smolensciae, Severiae, Czerniechoviae, nec non haereditarius dux Saxoniae princeps et elector etc.

English translation: August III, by the grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia (i.e. Galicia), Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Kyiv, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia, Chernihiv, and also hereditary Duke of Saxony, prince and Elector, etc.

Biography

Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Imperial Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, by his wife, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. He was groomed to succeed his father as King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thus in 1721 converted to Catholicism.

After his father's death, he inherited Saxony and was elected King of Poland with the support of Russian and Austrian military forces in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738).

As King, August III was uninterested in the affairs of his Polish-Lithuanian dominion, focussing on interests like hunting, opera, and collecting paintings (see Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister). During his 30-year reign, he spent less than a total of three years in Poland, where the struggle between the Czartoryski and the Potocki paralysed the Sejm (Liberum Veto), fostering internal political anarchy and further weakening the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. August delegated most of his powers and responsibilities to Heinrich, Count von Brühl, who became quasi-dictator of Poland.

The thirty years of August III's reign saw the Seven Years' War (1754 and 1756X1763), and neighboring Prussia, Austria, and Russia refined their plans to partition the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth among them.

His eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian, eventually succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony, but not as King of Poland. It was StanisXaw August Poniatowski who was elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after a coup d'état by the Czartoryski Familia X supported by Russian troops X on September 7, 1764.

[edit]Marriage and children

In Dresden on 20 August 1719, Augustus married with the Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria, daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I. They had fifteen children:

Frederick Augustus Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 18 November 1720 - d. Dresden, 22 January 1721).

Joseph Augustus Wilhelm Frederick Franz Xavier Johann Nepomuk (b. Pillnitz, 24 October 1721 - d. Dresden, 14 March 1728).

Frederick Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xaver (b. Dresden, 5 September 1722 - d. Dresden, 17 December 1763), succesor of his father as Elector of Saxony.

Stillborn daughter (Dresden, 23 June 1723).

Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga (b. Dresden, 24 November 1724 - d. Buen Retiro, 27 September 1760); married on 19 June 1738 to Charles VII, King of Naples, later King Charles III of Spain.

Maria Margaretha Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 13 September 1727 - d. Dresden, 1 February 1734).

Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 29 August 1728 - d. Munich, 17 February 1797); married on 9 August 1747 to Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria.

Franz Xavier Albert August Ludwig Benno (b. Dresden, 25 August 1730 - d. Dresden, 21 June 1806), Regent of Saxony (1763-1768).

Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 4 November 1731 - d. Versailles, 13 March 1767); married on 9 February 1747 to the Dauphin Louis, son of King Louis XV of France (she was the mother of King Louis XVIof France).

Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xaver (b. Dresden, 13 July 1733 - d. Dresden, 16 June 1796), Duke of Courland and Semigallia (1758-1763).

Maria Christina Anna Teresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 12 February 1735 - d. Brumath, 19 November 1782), Princess-Abbess of Remiremont. [1]

Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Casimira Francisca Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 9 February 1736 - d. Dresden, 24 December 1818). [2]

Albert Kasimir Augustus Ignaz Pius Franz Xavier (b. Moritzburg, near Dresden, 11 July 1738 - d. Vienna, 10 February 1822), Duke of Teschen and Governor of the Austrian Netherlands (1781-1793).

Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertum Franz Xavier (b. Schloss Hubertusburg, Wermsdorf, 28 September 1739 - d. Marktoberdorf, Allgäu, 27 July 1812), Archbishop-Elector of Trier.

Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina (b. Warsaw, 10 November 1740 - d. Dresden, 8 April 1826), Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen.

Friedrich giftet seg med Maria Josepha of Austria, Queen consort of Poland 20 Aug 1719, Vienna, Austria. Maria ble født 8 Des 1699 , Vienna, Austria; døde 17 Nov 1757, Dresden, Germany; ble begravet , Catholic Court Church, Dresden, Germany. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria

http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_J%C3%B3zefa_Habsbur%C5%BCanka

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_von_%C3%96sterreich_%281699%E2%80%931757%29

http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4803

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece
*August der Starke/August the Strong
*August Mocny


==Links:==

*[http://thepeerage.com/p11152.htm#i111511 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4461 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong Wikipedia]
*'''Elector of Saxony:''' Reign 27 April 1694 X 1 February 1733
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/John-George-IV-Elector-of-Saxony/6000000001469968240 John George IV] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Auguste-III/5318646737330089414 Frederick Augustus II]
*'''King of Poland:''' Reign 15 September 1697X1706 Coronation: 15 September 1697 Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/John-III-Sobieski-King-of-Poland/6000000002842160255 John III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Stanis%C5%82aw-Leszczy%C5%84ski-king-of-Poland/6000000000845147888 StanisXaw I]
*'''King of Poland:''' Reign 1709 X 1 February 1733
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Stanis%C5%82aw-Leszczy%C5%84ski-king-of-Poland/6000000000845147888 StanisXaw I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Stanis%C5%82aw-Leszczy%C5%84ski-king-of-Poland/6000000000845147888 StanisXaw I]

Friedrich giftet seg med Christiane Eberhardine Eberhardine 20 Jan 1693, Bayreuth, Oberfranken, Bayern, Germany. Christiane (datter av Christian Ernst von Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Markgraf og Sophie Luise Württemberg, Markgräfin zu Brandenburg-Bayreuth) ble født 19 Des 1671 , Bayreuth, Oberfranken, Bayern, Germany; døde 4 Sep 1727, Pretzsch (Elbe); ble begravet , Queen Consort. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Electress of Saxony from 1694 to 1727 (her death) and titular, Queen of the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth from 1697 to 1727

{geni:about_me} http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Eberhardyna_Hohenzollern%C3%B3wna