Notater
Treff 14,101 til 14,150 av 20,231
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| 14101 | {geni:occupation} eidsvollsmannen, sogneprest {geni:about_me} http://www.eidsvoll1814.no/?aid=9061021&selected=9062826 | Midelfart, Hans Christian Ulrik (I75925)
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| 14102 | {geni:occupation} Eiendomsbesidder og kammerherre, Kammerherre, Godseier. | Faye, Fredrik Emil (I51636)
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| 14103 | {geni:occupation} Eier af Udstens kloster, Eier av Udsten Kloster ved Stavanger | Garmann, Johan (I47638)
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| 14104 | {geni:occupation} Eier av bnr. 17 "Vestparten" på Undstad fra 1949. | Henningsen, Ragnar Almin Johan (I83202)
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| 14105 | {geni:occupation} Eier av Brekke fra 1856 | Horgen, Hans Johannesen (I28124)
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| 14106 | {geni:occupation} Eier av gårdene Lad og Lomheim i Hafslo. | Nitter, Christen Tøgerssøn (I76355)
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| 14107 | {geni:occupation} Eier av Hollen jernverk. Cand.jurist. | Cappelen, Severin Diderik (I51655)
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| 14108 | {geni:occupation} Eier av I.K. Lykke, Konsul, Statsminister {geni:about_me} Ivar Lykke (1872-1949) vokste opp på Sorgenfri og i Munkegaten 48, der faren, Peder Tangen Lykke, drev forretningen sin. Moren het Augusta Wanvig. Ivar var eldste sønn av 13 søsken. Det er farfaren, Iver Knudsen Lykke, som regnes som grunnleggeren av familiefirmaet i 1836. Ivar begynte på middelskolen ni år gammel. Etter handelsutdanning og utenlandsstudier kom han som 20-åring «hjem» og gikk inn i farens forrtening. Firmaene hadde nå begynt å spesialisere seg, og ost og smør var Lykkes hovedsatsning innenfor kolonialvarene. Med Ivars inntreden startet en omfattende modernisering og utvidelse - og total rehabilitering av bygningen i Munkegaten. 30 år gammel ble Ivar medeier i farens firma, og flere av brødrene var også med i driften. 1910-1918 satt han som eneeier. Foruten å ha mange styreverv var han også russisk konsul. Etter hvert kom sønnen Ivar jr. også med i bedriften - som dermed rullet videre. Politikeren Men Lykke var først og fremst politiker; bystyremedlem 1905-36, varaordfører 1912-16 og deretter fast på Stortinget frem til 1945 med presidentvervet i to perioder på 1920-tallet. Han var Høyre-leder 1923-26 og formann i flere stortingskomiteer, var delegert til Folkeforbundet og formann i den interparlamentariske gruppe. 1926-1928 satt han som både statsminister og utenriksminister. Han var den som foreslo navnet Trondheim ved navnestriden i 1928 -1930. I 1940 deltok Lykke i riksrådsforhandlingene med tyskerne. De siste årene på Stortinget var han alvorlig syk og måtte til slutt trekke seg ut av politikken. Familiemannen Ivar ble gift med Petra Anker Bachke. (Tvillingbroren hennes, Christian, var gift med Victoria Bachke.) Familien på sju hadde sommerbolig ved Ringve. I 1909 kjøpte Lykke Bakkaunet gård sammen noen andre forretningmenn, som prosjekt for tomtesalg, og bodde der en tid da han drev filial på Bakklandet. I 1915 flyttet familien til Museumsplass. Lykke var en familiekjær mann med omsorg for hele storfamilien. Fruen Petra var også Høyre-politiker og aktiv i KFUK. I. K. Lykke A/S eier i dag Bunnpris-kjeden og drives av femte generasjon Lykke. | Lykke, Ivar (I48304)
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| 14109 | {geni:occupation} Eier av Udsten Kloster ved Stavanger. | Garmann, Børre Rosenkilde (I65768)
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| 14110 | {geni:occupation} Eier av Ullevål gård, godseier, {geni:about_me} '''John Collett''' ''Wife'': [http://www.geni.com/people/Antonette-Collet/6000000000905991544 Antonette Johanne Smith] ===Children=== # Cathrinus Nicolai Arbo Collett - 30.03.1841 # Albert Peter Severin Collett - 15.09.1842 # Karen Elise Theodora Collett - 17.08.1844 ===Sources=== * vestraat.net: [http://vestraat.net/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I104806&tree=IEA John Collett] * collettfamilyhistory.net: [http://www.collettfamilyhistory.net/Part%2024%20-%20The%20Norway%20Line%201810%20to%201890%20Rev.9.htm 24M36 John Collett] * Familien Collett og Christianialiv i gamle dage: [http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2006082400036 Godseier John Collett] paa Buskerud | Collett, John (I51556)
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| 14111 | {geni:occupation} Eier av Urnes (som han senere delte for sine to sønner. Tidligere kapellan i Lærdal, men overtok gården da faren døde. Gift 2 ganger. Første ekteskap barnløst. {geni:about_me} http://vestraat.net/TNG/familygroup.php?familyID=F28055&tree=IEA | Bugge, Samuel Mandrup (I20491)
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| 14112 | {geni:occupation} Eier av Urnes i Hafslo. Gift 2 ganger. 6 barn med 1. hustru, 5 barn med 2. hustru. {geni:about_me} Jens Samuelsen Bugge var født på Nordfjordeid og ble prest i Leikanger i Sogn. Han ble først gift med Kristine Jensdatter Schjelderup og så med Bergitte Urdahl. Han døde i Nordfjord i 1684. Opplysningene er hentet i fra boken En Vestlandsk embetsmannslekt (Bugge, Wittrup, Rue og Daae). | Bugge, Jens Samuelssøn (I26876)
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| 14113 | {geni:occupation} Eier og bruker av Tenden samt bruker av en del av Skjeggesnes og Hellesvik i Alstadhaug. Hadde ett betydelig skipperbruk og 10 mann i sitt hus ved koppskatten i 1645. Christopher var Lensmann. {geni:about_me} Magne Greger sier: Christopher Olsen(Olufsen) Mor Dorethe Chr.d født SHerø død Kråknes, N.Sem Far Oluf Mortensen død Kråknes Morfar Chr. Nielsen SHerø Morfarsfar Niels Jensen prest A.haug dansk adel iht. Schøning Morfarsmor Dorethe Trundsdtr (Rustung) http://www.pergjendem.com/?p=307 | Nielsen, Christopher (I75039)
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| 14114 | {geni:occupation} Eier og driver av Theaterkafeen i Bergen {geni:about_me} Bryllup: http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/IGI/individual_record.asp?recid=100044799473&lds=1®ion=12®ionfriendly=Norway&frompage=99 | Huun, Jusine Frederikke Valentinsdatter (I27118)
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| 14115 | {geni:occupation} Eier, Disponent | Christiansen, Christian (I93846)
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| 14116 | {geni:occupation} ejede Kastrup i Testrup sogn 1595 | Børialsen, Niels Pors (I52930)
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| 14117 | {geni:occupation} Ejer af Arvelund, Naksko, Klokker v. Garnisons Kirke, Kbh, R. | von Staffeldt, Otto Diderich (I48548)
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| 14118 | {geni:occupation} Ejer af Kølbygaard (Hundstrup sogn) {geni:about_me} til Kjølbygaard, blev 1643 Page og siden kammerherre hos Greve Anton Günther af Oldenborg, hos hvem han var i 27 aar | Lange, Niels Gundesen (I98312)
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| 14119 | {geni:occupation} Ejer af Lehnegaard i Voss, krigsraad | Fleischer, Herman Reinholdt (I49812)
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| 14120 | {geni:occupation} Ejerinde af hovedgården Varho i Gørding sogn | Jensdatter, Vibeke (I97334)
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| 14121 | {geni:occupation} Eksamen fra Oslo Handelsgymnasium {geni:about_me} Minst 1 barn | Barth-Heyerdahl, Ingerid Øisteinsdatter (I71866)
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| 14122 | {geni:occupation} Eksamen fra Oslo Handelsgymnasium {geni:about_me} Minst 1 barn | Barth-Heyerdahl, Gerd Øisteinsdatter (I71868)
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| 14123 | {geni:occupation} Ekspedisjonsreisende {geni:about_me} * [http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Mathias_Jochumsen/utdypning Biografi]. * [http://books.google.com/books?id=HVo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:OCLC64227157&lr= Minerva juli 1788], som inneholder Mathias Jochimsens skrivelse fra Godthaab paa Grønland 1732 til geheimeraad Løvenørn. * Bodde i Strömstad, 1703-1710. * Bodde i Fredrikshald (Halden) fra 1717. | Jochumsen, Mathias (I36159)
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| 14124 | {geni:occupation} Ekspedisjossjef i Handelsdepartementet {geni:about_me} Thorbjørn tok artium 1871 og juridisk embedseksamen 1875, begge med laudabilis, var 1 1/2 år fullmektig hos sorenskriveren i Askim og deretter 2 år advokatfullmektig hos sin bror Nils Roth Heyerdahl, gikk inn som kopist i Postdepartementet hvor han 23/3-1881 ble kgl. fullmektig, 3/12-1881 byråsjef og 22/10-1887 ekspedisjonssekretær. Han deltok bl.a. i det skandinaviske postmøtet i Kristiania i 1885. Han var ridder av Nordstjerne-ordenen. | Heyerdahl, Thorbjørn (I37094)
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| 14125 | {geni:occupation} Ekspeditonssjef i soscialdepartementet, Oslo | Welhaven, Johan Andreas (I70301)
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| 14126 | {geni:occupation} ekspeditør | Hope, Gunvor (I13215)
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| 14127 | {geni:occupation} Eksport- og importforretning i Oregon, USA | Lange, Harald (I98954)
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| 14128 | {geni:occupation} Elector of Brandenburg, Kurfurste i Brandenburg 1499-1535 {geni:about_me} ==Links:== *[http://thepeerage.com/p10875.htm#i108741 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=2434 Geneall] *'''Elector of Brandenburg''' 1499X1535 >'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003858815852 Johann Cicero] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4256545493770064385 Joachim II Hector] *'''Wikpedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_I_Nestor,_Elector_of_Brandenburg English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_I._(Brandenburg)_ Deutsch] | von Brandenburg, Joachim I Nestor Kurfürst (I68369)
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| 14129 | {geni:occupation} Elector Palatine {geni:about_me} ==Links:== *[http://thepeerage.com/p11375.htm The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3900 Geneall] *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_Louis,_Elector_Palatine English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I._Ludwig_(Pfalz)_ Deutsch] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho Battle of Vlotho] '''Elector of Palatine''' 1648 (1632)-1680 >'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/304433105310001815 Friederick V] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000007807058254 Charles II] | von der Pfalz, Karl I Ludwig von der Pfalz Kurfürst Kurfürst von der Pfalz (I68573)
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| 14130 | {geni:occupation} Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia / House of Wittelsbach, King of Bohemia, Kfst von der Pfalz (1610-23), King of Bohemia (26.8.1619-9.11.1620) -cr 2.11.1619 - dit Winterkönig, XXXXXXX V XXXXXXXXXX, , von der Pfalz, Friedrich V, ( X ) {geni:about_me} ==Der WinterKönig== ==The Winter King== Friedrich V von der Pfalz, King of Bohemia was born on 26 August 1596 at Amberg, Germany. He was the son of Friedrich IV Kurfürst von der Pfalz and Louise Juliana van Oranje-Nassau. He married Elizabeth Stuart, Princess of England, daughter of James I Charles Stuart, King of Great Britain and Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark, on 14 February 1613. He died on 29 November 1632 at age 36 at Mainz, Germany. *Member of the House of Wittelsbach. *Elector(Kurfürst) von der Pfalz in 1610. *King of Bohemia in 1619. *Deposed as King of Bohemia in 1620. *Deposed as (Elector)Kurfürst von der Pfalz in 1623. ==Links:== *[http://thepeerage.com/p10138.htm#i101380 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3671 Geneall] *'''Elector Palatine''' Reign 19 September 1610 - 23 February 1623 (12 years, 157 days) >'''Predecessor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000006727753675 Frederick IV] '''Successor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/304435320540004195 Charles I Louis] *'''King of Bohemia''' Reign 26. August 1619 - 8 November 1620 (1 year, 74 days) Coronation 4. November 1619 >'''Predecessor and Successor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000001469287004 Ferdinand II] *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_V._(Pfalz)_ Deutsch] | von Wittelsbach, Friedrich V Kürfürst von der Pfalz, König zu Böh (I68571)
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| 14131 | {geni:occupation} Electress Consort of Bavaria | Wettin, Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (I68279)
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| 14132 | {geni:occupation} Electress Consort of Brandenburg {geni:about_me} '''Links:''' *[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10564.htm#i105640 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3972 Geneall] *[http://www.preussen.de/de/geschichte/1640_kurfuerst_friedrich_wilhelm/kurfuerstin_louise_henriette.html Preussen.de] In German *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Henriette_of_Nassau English ] [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Henri%C3%ABtte_van_Nassau Nederlands ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Henriette_von_Oranien Deutsch] | Oranje, Louise Henriette Kurfürstin zu Brandenburg, Herzogin in (I96297)
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| 14133 | {geni:occupation} Electress Consort of Saxony {geni:about_me} ==Links: *[http://www.thepeerage.com/p11152.htm#i111518 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=5050 Geneall] *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Walpurgis_of_Bavaria Wikipedia] | Wittelsbach, Maria Antonia Walpurgis Symphorosa Kurfürstin zu Sachsen (I96035)
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| 14134 | {geni:occupation} Electress Consort of Saxony; Margravine Consort of Meissen {geni:about_me} *Hedwig von Oldenburg Princess of Denmark and Norway. *By Marriage electress of Saxony ==Links:== *[http://thepeerage.com/p10351.htm#i103501 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=10120 Geneall] *'''Wikipedia''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedevig_af_Sachsen Dansk ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_von_D%C3%A4nemark_und_Norwegen Deutsch] | Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Hedwig Kurfürstin zu Sachsen (I36152)
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| 14135 | {geni:occupation} Electress Consort of the Palatinate {geni:about_me} Wikipedia: English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Wilhelmina_Ernestine_of_Denmark Deutsch: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Ernestine_von_D%C3%A4nemark Dansk: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmine_Ernestine -------------------- http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Ernestine_von_D%C3%A4nemark_und_Norwegen Wilhelmine Ernestine von Dänemark und Norwegen aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche Wilhelmine Ernestine von Dänemark, spätere Kurfürstin von der Pfalz, Gemälde von Johann Georg Wagner Wilhelmine Ernestine von Dänemark und Norwegen (* 20. Juni 1650 in Kopenhagen; X 23. April 1706 auf Schloss Lichtenburg bei Prettin) war eine dänische Prinzessin aus dem Haus Oldenburg und durch Heirat Kurfürstin von der Pfalz. Sie war die dritte Tochter des Königs Friedrich III. von Dänemark und Norwegen und dessen Gemahlin Sophia Amalia, Tochter des Herzogs Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Calenberg. Sie verlobte sich am 23. April 1670 in Kopenhagen mit dem Kurprinzen Karl von der Pfalz und heiratete ihn am 20. September 1671 zu Heidelberg. Das Paar war sich von Anfang an nicht zugeneigt und die Ehe blieb kinderlos X Bemühungen des Kurfürsten Karl Ludwig, Karls Vater, die Ehe 1677 annullieren zu lassen, scheiterten am Widerstand der Kurfürstinmutter Charlotte von Hessen-Kassel. Karl Ludwig folgte am 28. August 1680 seinem Vater als Kurfürst auf dem Thron, starb jedoch nach nichteinmal fünf Jahren Regentschaft und ließ Wilhelmine Ernestine als Witwe zurück. Wegen fehlender Erben starb die Linie Simmern aus und die Kurpfalz fiel an die katholischen Neuburger. Wilhelmine Ernestine zog daraufhin zu ihrer Schwester, der sächsischen Kurfürstenwitwe Anna Sophie auf deren Witwensitz nach Prettin, wo sie noch weitere 20 Jahre lebte und später in der von Balthasar Permoser geschaffenen Schwesterngruft auf Schloss Lichtenburg bestattet wurde X ihre Schwester wurde fünf Jahre später neben ihr beigesetzt. Das Grabmal wurde 1811 in die Fürstenkapelle des Freiberger Doms umgesetzt. Weblinks [Bearbeiten] * Druckschriften von und über Wilhelmine Ernestine von Dänemark und Norwegen im VD 17 * Eintrag in Dansk biografisk leksikon (dänisch) Normdaten: PND: 120040050 (PICA) | WP-Personeninfo Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 20. Juni 2010 um 21:09 Uhr geändert. | Danmark og Norge, Oldenburg, Wilhelmine Ernestine Kurfürstin von der Pfalz (I27245)
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| 14136 | {geni:occupation} Electress Consort of the Palatine, Electress Consort of the Rhineland-Palatinate {geni:about_me} ==Links:== *[http://thepeerage.com/p10142.htm#i101414 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=14340 Geneall] *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgravine_Charlotte_of_Hesse-Kassel English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_von_Hessen-Kassel Deutsch] | von Hessen-Kassel, Charlotte Kurfürstin von der Pfalz (I96655)
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| 14137 | {geni:occupation} Electress of Hanover; Countess Palatine of Simmern, Electress of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Electress consort of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Electress of Hanover, Electress/Princess/Countess, Electress Consort of Hanover, Prinzessin von der Pfalz {geni:about_me} *Sophie Dorothea Prinzessin von der Pfalz. *By marriage Electricess of Hanover *Also known as Sophie of Bohemia. Or Sophie of Hannover '''Links:''' *[http://thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101381 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3984 Geneall] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701 heiress of England by the Act of Settlement, 1701] >'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover English] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_von_der_Pfalz Deutsch] | Wittelsbach, Sophia Kurfürstin zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg (I68583)
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| 14138 | {geni:occupation} Electress of Saxony from 1694 to 1727 (her death) and titular, Queen of the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth from 1697 to 1727 {geni:about_me} http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Eberhardyna_Hohenzollern%C3%B3wna | Eberhardine, Christiane Eberhardine (I49015)
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| 14139 | {geni:occupation} Electrician | Wilmann, Roald Spørck (I35)
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| 14140 | {geni:occupation} Elektrikar | Østerbø, Nils (I6660)
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| 14141 | {geni:occupation} Elektrikar | Andvik, Olaf Herlogson (I11010)
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| 14142 | {geni:occupation} elektriker | Matre, John Magnus (I171)
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| 14143 | {geni:occupation} Elektriker. | Tryde, Aksel Kristian Pharo (I45478)
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| 14144 | {geni:occupation} Elskerinde | Madsdatter, Kirsten Karen (I36131)
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| 14145 | {geni:occupation} Elskerinde, Christian IV´s Tredie Elskerinde Fra 1629- 1648 {geni:about_me} Vibeke Kruse var Kirsten Munks tidligere tjenestepig. Blev efter kongens død, skønt hun var syg og sengeliggende, fordrevet fra Rosenborg af Kirsten Munks børn (Corfitz Ulfeldt). Hun døde kort tid efter kongen. Hendes lig blev fjernet af Corfitz Ulfeldt og begravet på en kirkegård uden for byen. Vibeke Kruse From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Vibeke Kruse (died 1648) was the official mistress of King Christian IV of Denmark between 1629 and 1648 and the mother of one of his three acknowledged, illegitimate sons, Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve. She was described as influential. [edit] Biography Not much is known of her background, but it is believed that her parents were from Germany. Kruse had been servant of King Christian's spouse, Kirsten Munk. She was fired in 1628, and employed by Munk's mother, Ellen Marsvin. In 1629, Christian was invited by Marsvin to her estate, were he met Kruse, and she became the King's mistress after his breakup with Munk the same year. It has been suggested, that Marsvin encouraged this. In 1631, she was given an allowance and the estate Bramstedt in Holstein. In 1645, the French ambassador raported, that she had a great deal of influence on the King. In 1646, when the Crown Prince asked his father for money, he was told to ask her. She turned Christian against his spouse and his morganatic children. After the King's death in 1648, Corfitz Ulfeldt and Munk tried to sue her. They sealed her estates, turned her and her daughter out of the royal palace and demanded an extraordinary trial, were the law could be set aside. The trial never occurred, as she died of natural causes shortly thereafter. Kruse's enemies saw to it that she was buried unnoticed and without ceremony in a cemetery outside the city walls. In 1652 her body was moved to Kølstrup Church on the island of Funen. [edit] Issue She had the following children; -1. Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve (1630-1658) -2. Elisabeth Sophia Gyldenløve (1633-1654); married Major-General Klaus Ahlefeld Forrás / Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibeke_Kruse | Kruse, Vibeke (I36121)
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| 14146 | {geni:occupation} Elvik bruk 1 | Åmundsbotten, Erikka Olsdatter (I11318)
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| 14147 | {geni:occupation} Embetsmann og politiker {geni:about_me} http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Andreas_Arntzen/utdypning | Arntzen, Andreas (I69735)
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| 14148 | {geni:occupation} Embetsmann, borger i Bergen fra 14. okt. 1680. da også kongelig till. til å gifte seg med sin kusine Wenche. 7 barn. De eide høymiddelaldergården Breivik. | von der Lippe, Jokum (Joachim) (I26799)
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| 14149 | {geni:occupation} Emperor of Russia, grand-duc de Russie, empereur de Russie (17 November 1796 - 23 March 1801), Tsar 1796 - 1801, Tsar 1796-, Tsar of Russia {geni:about_me} Paul I Emperor of All Russia (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX) * Father: Peter III * Mother: Catherine II the Great * Spouse: Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg * Issue: Alexander I Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich Archduchess Alexandra of Austria Elena, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Maria, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Catherine, Queen of Württemberg Olga Pavlovna Anna, Queen of the Netherlands Nikolai I Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich *'''Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias''' Reign 17. November 1796 X 23. March 1801Coronation 5. Apri 1797 '''Predecessor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4215208366090031541 Catherine II] Successor Alexander I *'''Duke of Holstein-Gottorp''' Reign 7. July 1762 X 1. July 1773 Predecessor Carl Peter Ulrich] Successor Christian VII of Denmark Count of Oldenburg Reign 1 July X 14 December 1773 Predecessor Christian VII of Denmark Successor Frederick Augustus I Predecessor: http://www.geni.com/people/Catharina-II-Romanov/4215208366090031541#/tab/overview Successor: http://www.geni.com/people/Emperor-Alexander-I-of-Russia-Reign-1801-1825/6000000001449427127#/tab/overview http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia Paul I was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but one of her lovers, Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is possible that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt onPaul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy. During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors. Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection. After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food. Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions can not be termed unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubtto render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress grantedhim another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model, still an unpopular stance at the time. Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg. Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Both qualities, it must be added, which the Russian people greatly favoured as typical of benevolent autocrats of the time. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the harsh policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. Along with Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yet both liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutusov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissedor lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category. In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood. Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, one of his mother's lovers, dug out of their grave and scattered. Paul's handling of foreign affairs plunged the country into successive wars against allies hastily abandoned. After withdrawing plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, he allied with the United Kingdom against Napoleon in the War of the Second Coalition. In 1798 he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After hard won success in these campaigns, the emperor turned against the United Kingdom in 1801: realigning Russia in armed neutrality against the former ally and dispatching a Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March ofPaul). In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarreling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Knights Hospitaller, and then with the United Kingdom after it had captured Malta, the Hospitaller's traditional home. Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action. A conspiracy was organized, some months before it was executed, by Counts Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. On the night of the 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and General Yashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner. The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander I; who was actually in the palace, and to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!". As Dr Michael Foster points out: The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters. There is some evidence that Paul I was venerated as a saint among the Russian Orthodox populace [4], even though he was never officially canonized by any of the Orthodox Churches. A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003. Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth In St Petersburg. He was the son of the Grand Duchess, later Empress, Catherine II. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and socould not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy. During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors. Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection. After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on October 7, 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food. Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model. Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on November 5, 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumoured that she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious mockery of Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the pompous dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg. Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category. In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood. Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March of Paul). Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action. A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and GeneralYashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[1] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!"). The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters, and has become accepted wisdom mainly by repetition. Comparatively recent research has reconsidered and rehabilitated the character of Paul I. In the 1970s, two academic panels provided the assessments of new research into Paul I: one at Montreal in 1973 and the other at St. Louis in 1976. Some of the findings were presented in 1979: Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979. The reappraisal of Paul I has demonstrated his character as someone of high morals, who followed his conscience. His infidelity is dismissed as unlikely, and the involvement with the Order of St. John is understood against a background of his idealising their history as a lesson in high chivalric ideals which he wished the Russian nobility would adopt. Paul saw in the Russian nobles an element of degeneracy, and introducing the high ideals of the Knights of Malta was his method of reform. Paul suffered a lonely and strict upbringing, and whilst he was eccentric and neurotic, he was not mentally unbalanced. Though an analysis of his biography reveals an obsessive-compulsive personality, he had "characteristics fairly common in the population at large". Where Paul differed was that, by 1796, he had to manage the whole of the Russian Empire. In some Orthodox Christian churches Paul I is even venerated as a saint[citation needed], although he has not been officially canonized. A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003. -------------------- His Imperial Majesty Paul I, by the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias -------------------- Paul I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias Reign November 6, 1796 X March 23, 1801 Consort Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg Father Peter III Mother Catherine II Born October 1 1754 St Petersburg Died March 23 1801 St Michael's Castle Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth In St Petersburg. He was the son of the Grand Duchess, later Empress, Catherine II. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and socould not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy. During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors. Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection. After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on October 7, 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food. Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model. A statue of Emperor Paul in front of the Pavlovsk Palace.Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on November 5, 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and,if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumoured that she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious mockery of Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the pompous dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg. Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category. In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood. Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India. St. Michael's palace, where Emperor Paul was murdered within weeks after the housewarming.Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action. A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the March 23 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and General Yashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[1] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!"). -------------------- WedXug niepotwierdzonych informacji, byX owocem zwiXzku Katarzyny II z hrabiX Siergiejem SaXtykowem. WedXug innych plotek, rzeczywistym dzieckiem Katarzyny byXa Aleksandra Branicka, którX zaraz po urodzeniu cesarzowa ElXbieta zamieniXa na niemowlX pXci mXskiej niewiadomego pochodzenia.Sam PaweX I bXXdnie uwaXaX siX za syna StanisXawa Augusta Poniatowskiego. WXtpliwoXci mogXaby rozwiaX analiza DNA zwXok PawXa I. -------------------- Paul I of Russia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Paul (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX; Pavel Petrovich) (1 October [O.S. 20 September] 1754 X 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. Childhood Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy. During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors. Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection. [edit]Early life After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food. Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model. [edit]Ascension to the throne Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg. [edit]Purported eccentricities Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category. In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood. Morbidly suspicious of democracy and anything Western-European, Paul banned the import of books and censored correspondence with foreigners. He closed down private printing presses and deleted from the Russian dictionary the words meaning: "citizen", "club", "society" and "revolution". In 1797 he dictated a law banning modern dress including round hats, top boots, long pants, and shoes with laces, then sent a couple hundred armed troops onto the streets of St. Petersburg with orders to attack anyone who did not adhere to the new dress code[citation needed]. Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, his mother's lover, dug out of their grave and scattered.[1] [edit]Foreign affairs Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March of Paul). [edit]Assassination Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action. A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and GeneralYashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[2] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!". [edit]Legacy As Dr Michael Foster points out[3]: The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters, and has become accepted wisdom mainly by repetition. Comparatively recent research has reconsidered and rehabilitated the character of Paul I. In the 1970s, two academic panels provided the assessments of new research into Paul I: one at Montreal in 1973 and the other at St. Louis in 1976. Some of the findings were presented in 1979: Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979. The reappraisal of Paul I has demonstrated his character as someone of high morals, who followed his conscience. His infidelity is dismissed as unlikely, and the involvement with the Order of St. John is understood against a background of his idealising their history as a lesson in high chivalric ideals which he wished the Russian nobility would adopt. Paul saw in the Russian nobles an element of degeneracy, and introducing the high ideals of the Knights of Malta was his method of reform. Paul suffered a lonely and strict upbringing, and whilst he was eccentric and neurotic, he was not mentally unbalanced. Though an analysis of his biography reveals an obsessive-compulsive personality, he had "characteristics fairly common in the population at large". Where Paul differed was that, by 1796, he had to manage the whole of the Russian Empire. In some Orthodox Christian churches Paul I is even venerated as a saint[citation needed], although he has not been officially canonized. A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003. See also Manifesto of three-day corvee Tsars of Russia family tree [edit]References ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p.192. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0739420259. ^ Alexander II, The last great tsar, by Edvard Radzinsky. Page 16X17. Freepress, 2005. ^ Emperor Paul I of Russia, and his Russian Grand Priory of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. http://www.orderstjohn.org/osj/rgps.htm This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Spouse Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg Issue Alexander I Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich Archduchess Alexandra of Austria Elena, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Maria, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Catherine, Queen of Württemberg Olga Pavlovna Anna, Queen of the Netherlands Nikolai I Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich -------------------- Do not merge this profile! This is my blood relation. I have a blood relationship with his father. Yet, when you merge this profile, Geni displays no blood relationship. Why? Because there's a problem with the Geni search engine.It displays the first connection it comes to, not the best connection. I've informed Geni management about the problem. I suggest you follow up and get them to fix the problem. I intend to have profiles on Geni that reflect my true relationships even if I have to recreate them everyday all day long. So don't merge this profile or any other related profiles. If you, or any other Curators, Collaborators, etc., etc. etc., have a problem with this, you need to deal with Geni management. That's what I'm doing. it's not my fault the Geni search engine is crap. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia Paul I (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX; Pavel Petrovich) (1 October [O.S. 20 September] 1754 X 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. Childhood Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but one of her lovers, Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is possible that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt onPaul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.[citation needed] During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors. Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection. Early life After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model, still an unpopular stance at the time. Relationship with Catherine the Great Catherine the Great and her shortly-ruling heir, Paul I, maintained a harsh and distant relationship throughout the formerXs reign. Paul did not see his mother for the first six weeks of his infancy, visiting her only once for prayers. She saw him one year later on Easter. The empress did not mention her son again in her memoirs. It was CatherineXs mother-in-law, the empress Elizabeth, who took up the child as a passing fancy whose novelty soon wore off.[1] After Elizabeth proved an incapable caretaker he was supervised by substantially more inept nannies. Russian historian Roderick McGrew briefly relates the degree of neglect to which the infant heir was subject: XOn one occasionhe fell out of his crib and slept the night away unnoticed on the floor.X[2] Even after this less than attentive childhood and in spite of PaulXs rapacious passion for schooling, relations with Catherine hardly improved throughout her reign; in one instance the empress gave to one of her court favorites fifty-thousand rubles on her birthday; Paul received a cheap watch.[3] PaulXs isolation from his mother caused an irrevocable rift between them which would be later reinforced by his reduced status in the imperial court, her favoritism of certain courtiers, and her eventual decision to remove him from succession. His childhood exclusion reappeared later in his relations to the Imperial Court and caused him to oppose her pet policies, but Catherine IIXs chokehold on his status restricted not only his mobility as a diplomat and servant of the state but his ability to govern as emperor. Paul IXs tutor, Count N.I. Panin, was brutally honest in relating to his pupil his station in the Russian court, calling him Xa bastard who owed his position to his motherXs sufferance.X[4] This insult set the general tone of PaulXs relationship with Catherine II, a woman who allowed nothing to undermine her control of the empire. This is evident in PaulXs status in the court, which was never of great consequence until he ascended the throne. Grigorii Orlov, one of CatherineXs more favored lovers, went into quarantine shortly following an outbreak of the Moscow plague. For the period that he was gone (late 1772 to 1773) Catherine initiated a XrapprochementX with her son, granting him at last the motherly affection denied him throughout his entire life. McGrew describes the new relationship as follows: XThey spent hours together, laughing, talking, and strolling arm in arm. So enraptured was PaulXthat he refused even at dinner to be separated from her.X[5] On one occasion he was found altering the place-cards so that he could sit beside her for the evening. In spite of this rise in motherly fondness, Catherine proved to be cold and calculating in earning her sonXs affections. Her motives were exclusively political; being that Paul was soon reaching majority and a marriageable age, the empress thought it best if she knew her son better. The rekindling of motherly love was little more than a tactic to establish better connections should disaster occur.[6] When Paul turned eighteen, he was appointed Fleet Admiral of the Russian navy and colonel of the Cuirassier regiment, the latter of which was already granted him in 1762.[7] It is clear that Catherine II had no intention of sharing her power. PaulXs mother was not alone in treating him with unkindness and disrespect; the nobility proved equally adept in makinga fool out of their future emperor. Though Russian rulersX status as autocrat hinged on the nobilityXs contentment, it was equally important for courtiers to remain in the emperorXs favor. This was no different in Catherine IIXs reign. CatherineXs absolute power and the delicate balance of courtier-status greatly influenced the courtly relationship with the Paul, who openly disregarded his motherXs opinions. Paul adamantly protested his motherXs policies, writing a veiled criticism in his Reflections, a dissertation on military reform.[8] In it, he directly disparaged expansionist warfare in favor of a more defensive military policy. Unenthusiastically received by his mother, Reflections appeared a threat to her authority and added weight to her suspicion of an internal conspiracy. For a courtier to have openly supported or shown intimacy towards Paul, especially following this publication would have been suicide. McGrew enumerates on the courtiersX attitudes towards the crown prince of Russia: XIt was more common, however, for CatherineXs favourites to denigrate Paul, or even to insult him. On one occasion when Catherine was discussing a point with Platon ZubovXshe asked what PaulXs opinion was. He replied that he thought as Zubov did, whereupon Zubov mimed surprise and cried, XDid I say something stupid then?XX[9] Paul spent his later years away from the Imperial Court, contented to remain at his private estates at Gatchina and perform drill exercises. As Catherine II grew older she became less concerned that her son attend court functions, her attentions focused primarily on ensuring that Alexander I succeed the throne instead of his father. It was not until 1787 that Catherine II officially determined to exclude her son from succession.[10] After PaulXs sons Alexander and Constantine were born, she immediately had them placed under her charge, a much more enthusiastic approach than she had made with her own son. That Catherine grew to favor Alexander as sovereign of Russia rather than Paul is unsurprising: the empress made no effort to understand her son until he turned eighteen, and gave him no responsibilities through which to prove him a capable leader and diplomat. During his marriage to Mariia Feodorovna, CatherineXs hostility towards Paul is fueled by a scandalous affair between him and Mariia FeodorovnaXs maidof honor, Catherine Nelidova. There could be little in the empressX mind to support the thought of PaulXs reign. Secretly, she met with AlexanderXs tutor LaHarpe to discuss his pupilXs ascension, and attempted to convince Mariia to sign a proposal authorizing her sonXs legitimacy as immediate heir. Both efforts proved fruitless, and though Alexander agreed to his grandmotherXs wishes he remained respectful of his fatherXs position as successor. Accession to the throne Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg. Purported eccentricities Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Both qualities, it must be added, which the Russian people greatly favoured as typical of benevolent autocrats of the time. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the harsh policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. Along with Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yet both liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutusov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissedor lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category. In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood. Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, one of his mother's lovers, dug out of their grave and scattered.[11] Foreign affairs Paul came to power following the death of his mother, Catherine the Great, in late 1796, and his early policies can largely be seen as reactions against hers. In foreign policy, this meant that he opposed to the many expansionarywars that she fought and instead preferred to pursue a more peaceful, diplomatic path. Immediately upon taking the throne, he recalled all troops outside Russian borders, including the struggling expedition Catherine II had sent to conquer Iran through the Caucasus and the 60,000 men she had promised to England and Austria to help them defeat the French.[12] Paul hated the French before their revolution, and afterwards, with their republican and anti-religious views, he detested them even more.[13] In addition to this, he knew French expansion hurt Russian interests, but he recalled his motherXs troops primarily because he firmly opposed wars of expansion. He also believed that Russia needed substantial governmental and military reforms to avoid an economic collapse and a revolution, before Russia could wage war on foreign soil.[14] Paul offered to mediate between Austria and France through Prussia and pushed Austria to make peace, but the two countries made peace without his assistance, signing the Treaty of Campoformio in October 1797.[15] This treaty, with its affirmation of French control over islands in the Mediterranean and the partitioning of the Venetian republic, upset Paul, who saw it as creating more instability in the region and displaying FranceXs ambitions in the Mediterranean.[16] In response, he offered asylum to the Prince de Condé and his army, as well as Louis XVIII, both of whom had been forced out of Austria by the treaty.[17] By this point, Bonaparte had seized Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, establishing republics with constitutions in each, and Paul felt that Russia now needed to play an active role in Europe in order to overthrow what the republic had created and restore traditional authorities.[18] In this goal he found a willing ally in the Austrian chancellor Baron Thugut, who hated the French and loudly criticized revolutionary principles. The English and the Ottoman Empire joined the Austrians and the Russians in order tostop French expansion, free territories under their control and re-establish the old monarchies. The only major power in Europe who did not join Paul in his anti-French campaign was Prussia, whose historic neutrality with Bonaparte, distrust of Austria, and the security they got from their current relationship with France prevented them from joining the coalition.[19] Despite the PrussiansX reluctance, Paul decided to move ahead with the war, promising 60,000 men to support Austria in Italy and 45,000 men to help England in North Germany and the Netherlands.[20] Another important factor in PaulXs decision to go to war with France was the situation with the Island of Malta, the fortress that served as the home for the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, a Catholic order of knights dedicated to fighting the influence of Muslims in the Mediterranean that had existed since the first crusade. In addition to Malta, the Order also owned several pieces of land, called priories, scattered across Europe that paid taxes to the Order. In 1796, the Order approached Paul about the state of the Polish priory, now on Russian land, which had been in a state of disrepair and had paid no taxes for 100 years.[21] In response, Paul, who as a child had read all oftheir histories and was impressed by their honor and connection to the old order it represented, moved the Polish priories to St. Petersburg in January 1797.[22] The knights responded by making him a protector of the Order in August of that same year, an honor he had not expected but that he happily accepted.[23] Bonaparte's taking of the Island of Malta in June 1798 without firing a shot outraged Paul, now a protector of the Order.[24] The priory of St. Petersburg responded to this action by, in September, declaring that the current grand master of the Order, Ferdinand Hompesch, betrayed the Order by selling the island to Napoleon and they followed this act a month later by electing Paul grand master of the Order.[25] It was some time before either the Vatican or any of the other priories of Europe approved this election of the sovereign of an Orthodox nation as the head of a Catholic order, and this delay created a political issue between Paul, who insisted on defending his legitimacy, and the prioriesX respective nations.[26] Though recognition of PaulXs election would become a more divisive issue later in his reign, the election immediately gave Paul, as Grandmaster of the Order, another reason to war against the French Republic: he warred to reclaim the OrderXs ancestral home. The Russian army in Italy technically played the role of an auxiliary force sent to support the Austrians, though the Austrians offered the position of chief commander over all the allied armies to Alexander Suvorov, a distinguished Russian general who was almost seventy years old and was known for his quick and decisive attacks. Under Suvorov, the allies managed to push the French out of Italy, though they suffered heavy losses.[27] However, by this point in time, cracks had started to appear in the Russo-Austrian alliance, due to their different goals in Italy. While Paul and Suvorov wanted the liberation and restoration of the Italian monarchies, the Austrians sought territorial acquisitions in Italy, and were willing to sacrifice later Russian support to acquire them.[28] The Austrians, therefore, happily saw Suvorov and his army out of Italy in 1799 to go meet up with the army of Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov, at the ti | Romanov (PoXXXXX), Paul I (XXXXX I ) Petrovich(XXXXXXXXX) Emperor of All the Russias/XXXXXXXXX XXX (I96099)
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| 14150 | {geni:occupation} En tid ansatt ved Telefonsentralen i Drammen | Heyerdahl, Maria Carolina Margaretha (I37155)
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