Notater
Treff 16,101 til 16,150 av 20,231
| # | Notater | Linket til |
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| 16101 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein og stadsveier | Schjelderup, Peder Andreas Richardsen (I90191)
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| 16102 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein på Proteus. Japansk krigsfange i Kina 1942 - 1945. | Bugge, Anton Sophus Bachke (I27051)
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| 16103 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein paX TelemarksbaXtane {geni:about_me} Alexander var den første kaptein på kanalbåten VIKTORIA. | Olsen, Alexander Martinius (I41190)
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| 16104 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein til Østgaard i Berg, Fredrikshald | Rode, William Walker (I98898)
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| 16105 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein v. Søndre Trondh. infanteriregiment: Oberstløytnant, Oberstløitnant | Lossius, Christoffer Christoffersen (I90692)
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| 16106 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein ved 2.Søndenfjelske dragonregiment | Michelet, Hans Paulsen (I14972)
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| 16107 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein ved Bergenhus Regiment, Militær kaptein | Møllerop, Ulrik Fredrik (I65995)
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| 16108 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein ved de Norske Dragoner, Dragonkaptein {geni:about_me} '''Peter Sigvard Akeleye''', Kaptajn ved de Norske Dragoner. ===Sources=== * skeel.info: [http://skeel.info/getperson.php?personID=I12601&tree=ks Peter Sigvard Akeleye] * nermo.org: [http://www.nermo.org/slekt/d0019/g0000017.html#I7679 Peter Sigvard Sigvardsen Akeleye] * vestraat.net: [http://vestraat.net/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I11747&tree=IEA Peter Sigvard Sigvardsen Akeleye] * dengang.dk: [http://www.dengang.dk/Akeleye/Adelen%203.doc Slægten i Norge 3.doc] | Akeleye, Peter Sigvard Captain (I97170)
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| 16109 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein ved Søndenfjeldske Infanteriregiment | Blichfeldt, Hans (I37003)
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| 16110 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein, Gaardejer, Officer | Tønder, Ebbe Carsten Astrup (I51486)
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| 16111 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein, Infanterikaptein {geni:about_me} Kaptein | Tønder, Jørgen Andreasen (I36620)
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| 16112 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein, kaptein {geni:about_me} Kaptein. I følge konduitelistene hadde han i 1764 tjent i 45 år, altså fra 1719, da han formodentlig ble underoffiser. Han ble fenrik reformé ved 1. trondheimske infanteriregiment den 25. juli 1733, premierløitnant ved samme regiment den 9. november 1739, kaptein ved de nordenfjelske skiløperes landevern den 10. desember 1749, forflyttet til det 3. trondheimske nasjonale infanteriregiment den 22. november 1755. Han flyttet i 1757 fra Stod til Bryneset, hvor han antagelig har bodd på den daværende sjefsgård Brændsel i hovedsognet. Regimentsjef oberst von Heinen innstilte ham den 21. oktober 1743 til kaptein og sjef for skiløperkompaniet "som god Skieløber og en dertil dygtig Officer, som temmelig lang Tid har tjent og (er) en af de ældste Lieutenanter". Hans svigerfar kom på den tanke at det fantes gull i Finnmark, og han fikk regjeringen til å oppnevne en mann som kunne dra deropp for å undersøke dette. Utsendingen ble daværende løitnant Jørgen Andreas Bull. Han fant imidlertidingenting. Svigerfarens skuffelse var så stor, at man mente det medvirket til hans død kort tid etter. Bull dro med de dansk-norske tropper til Holsten, som 30 000 mann sterke under grev St. Germain rykket inn i Mecklenburg for å stanse de fremrykkende russere (i anledning av Peter III's krav på en del av Slesvig som holstensk-gottorpsk hertug). Det heter at Bull, da han kom tilbake fra leiren i Holsten, medbragte soldatfeber (nervefeber), og døde av den. For mer informasjon les boken XDen trønderske slekt BullX av Jens Bull (side 32-33). Kilder: -Boken XDen trønderske slekt BullX av Jens Bull (1938), på grunnlag av N. R. Bulls stamtavle av 1886. | Bull, Jørgen Andreas Andreassen (I50141)
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| 16113 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein, Kaptein (Bergen) {geni:about_me} Offiser på Vestlandet først ved 1. Bergenhus' nasjonale infanteriregiment, ved Vigske kompani 1. juli 1767, ved Tjugumske kompani 1. mai 1769. Premierlieutnant fra den 22. september 1770. Kapteinløytnant ved Vigske livkompani 4.mars 1773. Kaptein og sjef for Søndre Nordfjordske kompani 23. august 1780. Døpt den 2. oktober 1740. Far: Frederik Wilhelm Tuchsen Mor: Karen Catharine Daae Familie 1 : Margrete Marie Rye. Gift: 3. desember 1764. 1. Karen Daae 2. Kristina Marie 3. Christina 4. Fredrik Wilhelm Familie 2 : Cathrine Elisabeth von der Lippe Hanning. Gift: 21. november 1776. 1. Olave Marie Gift med Margrethe Marie Rye og fikk datteren Christine Marie med henne. Enkemann 1773. Gift 2. gang med Elisabeth von der Lippe Hanning. Døde i Utvik i Nordfjord 1781 Kilde: -Militærbiografier. Den norske hærs officerer (side 508). http://genealogy.munthe.net/database/g0002014.html#I12000 | Tuchsen, Christian Fredrik (I2936)
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| 16114 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein, Kaptein ved Vestelenske Regiment {geni:about_me} Kaptein ved Vestelenske regiment.Bodde på Bryne i Time.Gift 7/3 1731 med Kirsten Olsdatter Line født 1709 død 1773 | Knoph, Peder Hansen (I69608)
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| 16115 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein, kompanisjef, gårdbruker {geni:about_me} Med sin hustru arvet Ole Eidsvolds kirker. | Heyerdahl, Ole Fredrik Fremming Erikssøn (I49967)
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| 16116 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein, Sjef for Strinna Kompagni | Bay, Jørgen Nicolaus Lucas Winther (I28287)
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| 16117 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein. {geni:about_me} '''Frederik Stockfleth von Krogh''', Captain M, f. 8 oktober 1762, d. 3 desember 1836 Frederik Stockfleth von Krogh var kaptein. Han ble født den 8 oktober 1762 i Vindafjord, Rogaland. Han er sønn av Søren de Fine von Krogh og Anna Marie de Stockfleth. Frederik Stockfleth von Krogh giftet seg med Anna Maria von Barth den 21 januar 1795 i Vindafjord, Rogaland. Frederik Stockfleth von Krogh døde den 3 desember 1836 i en alder av 74. Barn av Frederik Stockfleth von Krogh og Anna Maria von Barth # Anna Maria Catharina von Krogh+ f. 30 okt. 1796, d. 17 okt. 1886 # Thomine Frederikke von Krogh f. 2 feb. 1804, d. 30 mai 1851 # Johanne Maria von Krogh+ f. 1 mai 1805 http://vestraat.net/iea-o/p2081.htm#i62848 The 1901 census: Amt: Stavanger - Prestegjeld: Vigedal - Sokn: Vigedal - Gard/hus: Haagenviig http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f18011157&personpostnr=285&merk=285 | von Krogh, Fredrik Stockfleth de Fine (I48407)
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| 16118 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein. | Lossius, Johan Sophus (I90702)
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| 16119 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein. Gift Mars 1755. | Junghans, Fredrik Thomas Thomassen (I89595)
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| 16120 | {geni:occupation} Kaptein. Maritim? | Schreuder, Jens Hansen (I20706)
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| 16121 | {geni:occupation} Kapteinløytnant, Kapteinløytnant i marinen | Kaas, Ahasverus (I36328)
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| 16122 | {geni:occupation} Kapten {geni:about_me} Ägde Fritzöe i Larvik. | Treschow, Gerhard Aage Fritz Michael (I52094)
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| 16123 | {geni:occupation} Karen, var fra Kroken i Hafslo og tilhørte Kruchow-slekten {geni:about_me} Jon og Annas datter Karen ble gift med borgermester Anders Christenssøn i Bergen, og flere av deres etterkommere skrev seg Teiste -------------------- http://www.nermo.org/slekt/d0049/g0000024.html#I14605 ------------------------------------ Karen Jonsdtr. Teiste var datter av Anna Hansdatter Kruckow (1519-1602) og Jon Olafson Teiste til Bjelland. Hun var altså datterdatter til lensherre og ridder Johan Kruchow til Kroken som er nevnt foran. Anna hadde seks søsken http://vigdal.org/VigdalBok/12_TEISTE2.htm | Theiste Kroken, Karen Jonsdatter (I52973)
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| 16124 | {geni:occupation} Karlsvik in Halsa, Lensmann {geni:about_me} Richart Christensen HALSE [3292] ABT 1667 - 1717 RESIDENCE: 13 May 1717, Skifte. Bosatt i Karlsvik (Halsa ?), Nordmøre ? OCCUPATION: Lensmann i Halsa BIRTH: ABT 1667, Halse gård, Halsa, Nordmøre, MR BAPTISM: (Rikkert) DEATH: 1717, Tustna, MR --------Family 1 :Anne Augustinusdatter ROGNSKOG MARRIAGE:ABT 1695, (ca. 1698 ?) Gjertrud Hagerup Richardsdatter KARLSVIK Lisbet Richardsdatter KARLSVIK +Augustinus Richardsen KARLSVIK Anne Richardsdatter KARLSVIK Christen Richardsen KARLSVIK Kilde: http://www.nermo.org/slekt/d0013/g0000010.html#I33507 ____________________________________ Richart var til stades på skiftet (i 1697) etter Kvernesprestane Hans Hansen Hagerup (1644-1697), tydeleg som nær pårørande (formynder ?). (Kilde: Finn Oldervik, 18.12.2006, DA-debatt 43592). | Halse, Richart Christensen (I64765)
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| 16125 | {geni:occupation} Kårmann | Torgersen, Lars (I4617)
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| 16126 | {geni:occupation} kårmottakar på bruket | Skauge, Aletta (I6005)
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| 16127 | {geni:occupation} Kaselliråd, Cancelliråd, Kaupanger, Kanselliråd {geni:about_me} Godseier | Knagenhjelm, Hans Nielsen (I14847)
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| 16128 | {geni:occupation} Kasserar | Leknes, Ingeborg Johanne (I15707)
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| 16129 | {geni:occupation} Kasserer | Abildgaard, Theodor Frederik Scheel (I66239)
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| 16130 | {geni:occupation} Kasserer & tolk {geni:about_me} http://da.digitalarkivet.no/ft/person/pf01036392027004/ | Dietrichson, Gudrun (I37592)
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| 16131 | {geni:occupation} Kasserer i Enkekassen | Aars, Jonathan Julius (I68709)
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| 16132 | {geni:occupation} Kasserer i Norges Banks avdeling i Bodø. 2 barn., Kasserer i Norges Bank Avdeling Bodø | Andersen, Haakon (I27049)
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| 16133 | {geni:occupation} Kasserer Kirunabolaget | Collett, Peter John James (I72855)
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| 16134 | {geni:occupation} Katechet, Sognepræst, Provst | Krog, Johan Ernst Gunnerus (I90570)
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| 16135 | {geni:occupation} Katolsk biskop {geni:about_me} '''John Willem Nicolaysen Gran''', født 1920, fødested Bergen, død 2008, norsk romersk-katolsk geistlig. Gran konverterte i 1941 og tjenestegjorde ved Forsvarets Overkommando i London under krigens siste del og, etter krigsslutt, bl.a. som sambandsoffiser på Akershus festning. Han arbeidet som regiassistent i norsk film frem til 1948, trådte inn i Cistercienserordenen 1949 og var i flere år medlem av ordenens kloster på Caldey Island i Wales. Gran ble presteviet 1957 og tok teologisk lisensiatsgrad 1959 i Roma, der han fra 1960 var økonom ved Cistercienserordenens generalkurie. Bispeviet i 1963, katolsk biskop av Oslo 1964X83. Gran deltok på 2. Vatikankonsil 1963X65. Kilde:http://snl.no/John_Willem_Nicolaysen_Gran Ytterligere kilder: http://www.katolsk.no/biografier/innenriks/jwgran | Gran, John Willem Nicolaysen (I92482)
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| 16136 | {geni:occupation} Kaufmann auf Bryggen/Bergen {geni:about_me} Auszüge St.-Georg-Hospital Rostock: 21.01.1724 Niclaus Krohn von Diedrichshagen losgekauft 23.01.1724 Losgebungsbrief für Nicolaus Crohn, gebürtig aus Diedrichshagen, verheiratet in Bergen, für 30 fl (=Gulden) ausgefertigt --- Fotos der Nachkommen: http://trees.ancestry.de/pt/ListView.aspx?tid=1407486 | Krohn, Klaus (Claus) (I65678)
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| 16137 | {geni:occupation} Kaufmann, Rådhusforvalter {geni:about_me} Jürgen Valentiner, Ratsverwandter in Flensburg (1599 - 1673). Rådhusforvalter i Flensborg, verheiratet mit Brigitta Hoë, stiftete das Wappen der Familie. Sie führt eine Säule im Schilde, um die ein Schriftband geschlungen ist mit der plattdeutschen Inschrift "Lof si Gade", d.i. "Lob sei Gott". Sein gleichnamiger Sohn starb 1715 als ältester Bürgermeister der Stadt. Er war der wohlhabendste Mann in Flensburg. Als 1713 die Schweden die Stadt brandschatzten, war er in der Lage, die Plünderung der Stadt abzuwenden. Da die von Steenbock geforderte Summe von der Stadt nicht allein beschafft werden konnte, stellt er über den fehlenden erheblichen Teil eine Zahlungsanweisung aus, die von seiner Hamburger Bankverbindung anstandslos angenommen wurde. | Valentiner, Jürgen (I97136)
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| 16138 | {geni:occupation} Kemner | Platou, Otto Michael (I72758)
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| 16139 | {geni:occupation} Kgl. preuß.Oberstlt | von Krogh, Christian Ludwig August (I67234)
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| 16140 | {geni:occupation} Kgl.preuß. Oberst | von Krogh, Karl Johan Konrad (I67235)
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| 16141 | {geni:occupation} Kilde: Albertine Hauglids bok Innflytterslekter til Vega og deres røtter (1981), Kanskje datter av Jon Sinclair på Tjøtta. {geni:about_me} Anne Benkestok, levde i 1599 ved Faderens Skifte. [Wilhelmine Brandt, Slægten Benkestok.] Muligens gift med Ulrik Meier i Fana som hun fikk et barn med i 1599. [Jens Christensen lesemesters dagbok.] Jon Benkestoks datter Anna. Anna sin mor giftet seg på nytt før 1599 med Jens Christenssøn, lesemester i Bergen og senere prest i Nordfjordeid 1603-1611. De må ha blitt gift etter 3. nov. 1593, da hans første hustru, Elisabeth, døde. I sine opptegnelser skriver jens at "XVI Septem Anno Domini 1599 bleff Anna Benckestock forløst paa Phana (Fana) met en Vng Søn ved Vlrich Meyer." Siden Anna Jonsdatter Benkestok var steddatter av Jens Christenssøn, er det rimelig å tro at det er hun som nevnes her. Kåre sin konklusjon: Dette gjør at det er lite trolig at Anne Jonsdatter på Tjøtta er identisk med Anna Jonsdatter Benkestok. | Benkestok, Anna Jonsdatter (I75072)
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| 16142 | {geni:occupation} King co-ruler 1689-1702, King of Great Britain, King of England/Scotland/Ireland & Stadtholder of the Netherlands, comte de Moers, King of England, Scotland and ireland (1689 - 1702) {geni:about_me} King of England, Scotland and Ireland - Prince of Orange - Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, and Overijssel William III (14 November 1650 X 8 March 1702)[1] was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 onwards, he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the DutchRepublic. From 1689 onwards, he reigned as King William III over England and Ireland, and as King William II over Scotland.[2] He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic King Louis XIV of France in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. Largely due to that reputation, William was able to take the British crowns when many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James. William's victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by the Orange Institution in Northern Ireland to this day. His reign marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centred rule of the House of Hanover. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England] -------------------- ''' William III Henry of Orange''', King of Great Britain was born on 4 November 1650.4 He was the son of '''Willem II von Nassau-Dillenburg''', Prince of Orange and '''Mary Henrietta Stuart,''' Princess Royal of Great Britain. He married '''Mary II Stuart, Queen of Great Britain''', daughter of James II Stuart, King of Great Britain and Lady Anne Hyde, on 4 November 1677 at St. James's Palace, St. James's, London, England.5 He died on 8 March 1702 at age 51 at Kensington Palace, Kensington, London, England, in a hunting accident.4 He was buried at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England.4 William III Henry of Orange, King of Great Britain and Elizabeth Villiers were associated.6 He succeeded to the title of Stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands on 6 November 1650.4 He was invested as a Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.) on 25 April 1653.4 He gained the title of Graf von Nassau-Dillenburg in 1672.4 He gained the title of Prince of Orange from 1672 to 1702. He gained the title of King William III of Great Britain on 13 February 1689.1 He was crowned King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith on 11 April 1689 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England.1 William and Mary were joint sovereigns as both had a good claim to the throne. William's object in taking the throne was to ensure that England remained part of the Grand Alliance against France who had territorial ambitionsin Europe. William agreed to a Parliamentary demand for constitutional changes which permitted non-conformist Christians the right of worship; ensured that the Commons controlled Royal expenditure; provided for a new parliament to be called every 3 years; made the appointment of judges subject to parliamentary approval and, perhaps most important, laid down that only Protestants could succeed to the throne. William fought against the French and although reducing their power they were not decisively beaten. In 1690 William defeated James II and his French allies at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland and the expenses of these wars necessitated the creation of the National Debt and this partly led to the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694. Queen Mary died of smallpox in 1694 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. The menace of France remained and William appointed John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Alliance. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.7 Children of William III Henry of Orange, King of Great Britain and Mary II Stuart, Queen of Great Britain # child1 Stuart b. Apr 1678, d. Apr 1678 # child2 Stuart b. Sep 1678, d. Sep 1678 # child3 Stuart b. Feb 1680, d. Feb 1680 ===Citations=== [S4] C.F.J. Hankinson, editor, DeBretts Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 147th year (London, U.K.: Odhams Press, 1949), page 21. Hereinafter cited as DeBretts Peerage, 1949. [S332] Artcyclopedia, online http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists. Hereinafter cited as Artcyclopedia. [S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message from unknown author e-mail (France) to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family". [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 265. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family, page 266. [S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 2, page 2096. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition. [S18] Matthew H.C.G., editor, Dictionary of National Biography on CD-ROM (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1995), reference "William III, 1650-1702". Hereinafter cited as Dictionary of National Biography. -------------------- Born after the death of his father. Undersized, asthamtic & with a hook-nose. After his wife's death he began drinking alot. It was hard for him to breathe as he was asthmatic. He became very thin & his legs swelled to an immensesize. In Feb. 1702 William was riding at Hampton Court when his horse stumbled on a mole hill & there he broke his collar bone. After it had been set, he insisted on returning to Kensington Palace by coach, which aggravated his condition. He became feverish & some days later died of pleuro-pneumonia. His funeral was held at midnight. Sources: The book, 'The Island Race', by Winston Churchill The book, 'Louis 14th, An Informal Portrait' The book, 'The Princes of Wales' | van Oranje-Nassau, Willem Hendrik King of England, Ireland, Scotland (I96728)
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| 16143 | {geni:occupation} King of Denmark and Norway 1746-1766, Dansk-Norsk-Isländsk kung 1746-1766, Konge av Danmark og Norge, Kung i Danmark och Norge 1746-1766, King of Denmark and Norway (1746-1766) {geni:about_me} ==Links:== *[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10100.htm#i100991 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5038 Geneall] *[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik5 Burial] In Danish *[http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/frederik-5-1723-1766/ Danmarkshistorien] In Danish *[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king45.htm Kings of Denmark] *[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#321 Johnn the Younger #494] *'''King of Denmark and Norway:''' Reign 1746X1766 >'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000003561796189 Christian VI] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000002014597291 Christian VII] *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_5 Dansk ] [http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_V_av_Danmark_og_Norge Norsk ] [http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_5._Danakonungur Íslenska] | af Danmark og Norge von Oldenburg, Frederik V Konge af Danmark og Norge (I68257)
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| 16144 | {geni:occupation} King of Denmark and Norway 1766-1808, Dansk-Norsk-Isländsk kung 1766-1808, Konge av Danmark og Norge, Kung i Danmark och Norge 1766-11808, King of Denmark and Norway, King of Denmark and Norway (1766-1808) {geni:about_me} ==Links:== *[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10141.htm#i101409 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5203 Geneall] *[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg16.htm#327 Johann the Younger #630] *[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian7 Burial] in danish *[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king46.htm Kings of Denmark] in danish *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_7 Dansk ] [http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VII_av_Danmark_og_Norge Norsk] *'''King of Denmark and Norway''' Reign 14 January 1766 X 13 March 1808 >'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4105251 Frederick V ] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000000695737064 Frederick VI] | af Danmark og Norge von Oldenburg, Christian VII Konge af Danmark og Norge (I96011)
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| 16145 | {geni:occupation} King of Denmark, Iceland and Norway 1670-1699, Konge av Danmark, Kung i Danmark 1670-99, Dansk kung 1670-, Konge av Danmark-Norge {geni:about_me} *By the grace of God King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Ditmarsken, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. (Af Guds Nåde Konge af Danmark og Norge, de Venders og Gothers, hertug udi Slesvig, Holsten, Stormarn og Ditmarsken, greve udi Oldenburg og Delmenhorst.) ==Links:== *[http://thepeerage.com/p10227.htm#i102267 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4170 Geneall] *[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian5 Burial] In Danish *[http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/christian-5-1646-1699/ Danmarkshistorien] In Danish *[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king42.htm Kings of Denmark] *'''wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_5 Dansk] *'''King of Denmark and Norway:''' Reign 1670-1699 >'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederik-III-af-Danmark-Oldenburg/6000000004377641319 Frederick III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederik-IV-von-Oldenburg/4105044 Frederick IV] | af Danmark og Norge von Oldenburg, Christian V Konge af Danmark og Norge (I27242)
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| 16146 | {geni:occupation} King of England, Scotland & Ireland {geni:about_me} Charles I of England http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England (English) Charles Ier d'Angleterre http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ier_d%27Angleterre (French) Karl I av England http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I_av_England (Norweigan) Charles I (November 19, 1600 X January 30, 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from March 27, 1625 until his execution. Charles famously engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England. He was an advocate of the Divine Right of Kings, and many citizens of England feared that he was attempting to gain absolute power. Many of his actions, particularly the levying of taxes without Parliament's consent, caused widespread opposition. Religious conflicts permeated Charles's reign. He married a Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria of France, over the objections of Parliament and public opinion. He further allied himself with controversial religious figures, including the ecclesiastic Richard Montagu and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to Roman Catholicism. Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars that weakened England's government and helped precipitate his downfall. His last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he was opposed by the forces of Parliament, which challenged his attempts to augment his own power, and by Puritans, who were hostile to his religious policies and supposed Catholic sympathies. Charles was defeated in the first Civil War (1642 - 1645), after which Parliament expected him to accept demands for a constitutional monarchy. He instead remained defiant by attempting to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. This provoked a second Civil War (1648 - 1649) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. Charles's son, Charles II, became King after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.[6] Early life The second son of James VI, King of Scots and Anne of Denmark and Norway, Charles was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on November 19, 1600.[3][7]He was an underdeveloped child who was still unable to walk or talk at the age of 3. When Elizabeth I died in March 1603 and James VI became King of England as James I, Charles was originally left in Scotland in the care of nurses and servants because it was feared that the journey would damage his fragile health. He did make the journey in July 1604 and was subsequently placed under the charge of Alletta (Hogenhove) Carey, the Dutch-born wife of courtier Sir Robert Carey, who taught him how to walk and talk and insisted that he wear boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. When Charles was an adult he was 5 feet 4 inches (162 cm) tall. Charles was not as well-regarded as his elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales; Charles himself adored Henry and tried to emulate him. In 1603, Charles was created Duke of Albany in Scotland. Two years later, Charles was created Duke of York, as was then customary in the case of the Sovereign's second son. When his elder brother died at the age of 18 of typhoid in 1612, two weeks before Charles's 12th birthday, Charles became heir apparent and was subsequently created the Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in November 1616. His sister Elizabeth married Frederick V, Elector Palatine in 1613 and moved to Heidelberg. The new Prince of Wales was greatly influenced by his father's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.[8] The two of them travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match between Charles and the daughter of the Spanish King Philip III, Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. The trip ended badly, however, as the Spanish demanded that Charles convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as a sort of hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty. Charles was outraged, and upon their return in October, he and Buckingham demanded that James I declare war on Spain. With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned Parliament so that he could request subsidies for a war effort. James also requested that Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and PrincessHenrietta Maria of France, whom Charles met in Paris whilst en route to Spain. It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII (their father, Henry IV, had died during her childhood). Parliament agreed to the marriage, but was extremely critical of the prior attempt to arrange a marital alliance with Spain. James was growing senile and as a result was finding it extremely difficult to control ParliamentXthe same problem would later haunt Charles during his reign. During the last year of James' reign, actual power was held not by him but by Charles and the Duke of Buckingham. Both Charles and James were advocates of Divine Right monarchy, but James listened to the views of his subjects and favoured compromise and consensus. Charles I was shy and diffident, but also self-righteous, stubborn, opinionated, determined and confrontational. Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even explain his rules and that he was only answerable to God. He famously said: "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone", "I mean to show what I should speak in actions". Those actions were open to misinterpretation, and there were fears as early as 1626 that he was a potential tyrant. Early reign On 11 May 1625 Charles was married by proxy to Henrietta Maria of France, nine years his junior. In his first Parliament, which he opened in May, many members were opposed to his marriage to Henrietta Maria, a Roman Catholic, fearing that Charles would lift restrictions on Roman Catholics and undermine the official establishment of Protestantism. Although he stated to Parliament that he would not relax restrictions relating to recusants, he promised to doexactly that in a secret marriage treaty with Louis XIII. The couple were married in person on 13 June 1625, in Canterbury. Charles was crowned on 2 February 1626 at Westminster Abbey, but without his wife at his side due to the controversy. Charles and Henrietta had nine children, with three sons and three daughters surviving infancy.[11] Distrust of Charles's religious policies increased with his support of a controversial ecclesiastic, Richard Montagu. In a pamphlet, Montagu had argued against the teachings of John Calvin, thereby bringing himself into disreputeamongst the Puritans. After a Puritan, John Pym, attacked Montagu's pamphlet during debate, Montagu requested the king's aid in another pamphlet entitled "Appello Caesarem" (Latin "I appeal to Caesar", a reference to an appeal against Jewish persecution made by Saint Paul the Apostle).[12] Charles made the cleric one of his royal chaplains, increasing many Puritans' suspicions as to where Charles would lead the Church. Charles's primary concern during his early reign was foreign policy. The Thirty Years' War, originally confined to Bohemia, was spiralling out of control into a wider war between Protestants and Catholics in Europe. In 1620, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the husband of Charles's sister Elizabeth, had lost his hereditary lands in the Palatinate to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. Having agreed to help his brother-in-law regain the Palatinate, Charles declared war on Spain, hoping to force the Catholic Spanish King Philip IV to intercede with the Emperor on Frederick's behalf. Parliament preferred an inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the New World, hoping that the capture of the Spanish treasure fleets could finance the war. Charles, however, preferred more aggressive (and more expensive)action on the Continent. Parliament only voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000; an insufficient sum for Charles. Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorization for royal collection of tonnage and poundage (two varieties of customs duties) to a period of one year, although previous sovereigns since 1414 had been granted the right for life. In this manner, Parliament could keep a check on expenditures by forcing Charles to seek the renewal of the grant each year. Charles's allies in the House of Lords, led by the Duke of Buckingham, refused to pass the bill. Although no Parliamentary authority for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties anyway. The war with Spain went badly, largely due to Buckingham's incompetent leadership. Despite Parliament's protests, however, Charles refused to dismiss him, dismissing Parliament instead. He then provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan" -- a tax levied without Parliamentary consent. Although partially successful in collecting the tax, Charles let the money dribble away in yet another military fiasco led by Buckingham. Summoned again in 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right, calling upon the King to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes. Charles assented to the petition, though he continued to claim the right to collect customs duties without authorization from Parliament. Then, on 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated. Although the death of Buckingham effectively ended the war and eliminated his leadership as an issue, it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament over taxation and religious matters.[13] Personal rule In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the Parliament, which had been prorogued in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice their opposition in light of the Rolle case. Rolle was an MP who had his goods confiscated for not paying tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the confiscation as a breach of the Petition of Right, arguing that the petition's freedom-from-arrest privilege extended to goods. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment in March, members held the Speaker, John Finch, down in his chair whilst three resolutions against Charles were read aloud. The last of these resolutions declared that anyone who paid tonnage or poundage not authorised by Parliament would "be reputed a betrayer of the liberties of England, and an enemy to the same". Though the resolution was not formally passed, many members declared their approval. The fact that a number of MPs had to be detained in Parliament is relevant in understanding that there was no universal opposition towards the King. Nevertheless, the provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved parliament the same day.[15][16] Charles resolved never again to rely on Parliament. Immediately, he made peace with France and Spain. The following eleven years, during which Charles ruled without a Parliament, have been known as both the Eleven Years Tyranny or simply as the Personal Rule. (Ruling without Parliament, though an exceptional exercise of the royal prerogative, was supported by precedent. By the middle of the 17th century, opinionhad shifted, and many held the Personal Rule to be an illegitimate exercise of arbitrary, absolute power.) Economic problems Even after making peace, Charles still had to acquire funds in order to maintain his treasury. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles first resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood," promulgated in 1279, which required anyone who earned £40 or more each year to present himself at the King's coronation to join the royal army as a knight. Relying on this outdated statute, Charles fined all individuals who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626. Later, Charles reintroduced an obsolete feudal tax known as ship money, which proved even more unpopular. Under statutes of Edward I and Edward III, collection of ship money had been authorized only during wars. Charles, however,sought to collect the tax during peacetime. Although the first writ levying ship money, issued in 1634, did not provoke much immediate opposition, the second and third writs, issued in 1635 and 1636, aroused strong opposition, asit was now clear that the ancient prohibition on collecting ship money during peacetime had been swept away. Many attempted to resist payment, but the royal courts declared that the tax was within the King's prerogative. The collection of ship money during peacetime was a major cause of concern among the ruling class. Personal Rule ended after the attempted enforcement of the Anglican and increasingly Arminian styled prayer book under Laud that precipitated a rebellion in Scotland in 1640. Religious conflicts Charles wished to move the Church of England away from Calvinism in a more traditional and sacramental direction. This goal was shared by his main political adviser, Archbishop William Laud. Laud was appointed by Charles as the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633 and started a series of unpopular reforms in an attempt to impose order and authority on the church. Laud attempted to ensure religious uniformity by dismissing non-conformist clergymen and closing Puritan organizations. This was actively hostile to the Reformist tendencies of many of his English and Scottish subjects. His policy was obnoxious to Calvinist theology, and insisted that the Church of England's liturgy be celebrated using the form prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer. Laud was also an advocate of Arminian theology, a view whose emphasis on the ability to reject salvation was viewed as heretical and virtually "Catholic" by strict Calvinists. To punish those who refused to accept his reforms, Laud used the two most feared and most arbitrary courts in the land, the Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber. The former could compel individuals to provide self-incriminating testimony, whilst the latter could inflict any punishment whatsoever (including torture), with the sole exception of death. The lawlessness of the Court of Star Chamber under Charles far exceeded that under any of his predecessors. Under Charles's reign, defendants were regularly hauled before the Court without indictment, due process of the law, or right to confront witnesses, and their testimonies were routinely extracted by the Court through torture. The first years of the Personal Rule were marked by peace in England, to some extent due to tighter central control. Several individuals opposed Charles's taxes and Laud's policies. For example, in 1634, the ship Griffin left forAmerica carrying religious dissidents, such as the Puritan minister Anne Hutchinson. However, the overall trend of the early Personal Rule period is one of peace. When, however, Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. The King ordered the use of a new Prayer Book modelled on the English Book of Common Prayer, which, although supported by the Scottish Bishops, was resisted by many Presbyterian Scots, who saw the new Prayer Book as a vehicle for introducing Anglicanism to Scotland. When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished Episcopalian government (that is, governance of the Church by bishops) in 1638, replacing it with Presbyterian government (that is, governance by elders and deacons), Charles sought to put down what he saw as a rebellion against his authority. In 1639, when the First Bishops' War broke out, Charles sought to collect taxes from his subjects, who refused to yield any further. Charles's war ended in a humiliating truce in June of the same year. In the Pacification of Berwick, Charles agreed to grant his Scottish subjects civil and ecclesiastical freedoms. Charles's military failure in the First Bishops' War in turn caused a financial and military crisis for Charles, which caused the end of Personal Rule. Due to his financial weakness, Charles was forced to call Parliament into session by 1640 in an attempt to raise funds. While the ruling class grievances with the changes to government and finance during the Personal Rule period were a contributing factor in the Scottish Rebellion, the key issue of religion was the main reason that forced Charles to confront the ruling class in Parliament for the first time in eleven years. In essence, it was Charles's and Laud's confrontational religious modifications that ended what the Whig historians refer to as "The Eleven Years of Tyranny". The "Short" and "Long" Parliaments Disputes regarding the interpretation of the peace treaty between Charles and the Church of Scotland led to further conflict. To subdue the Scots, Charles needed more money; therefore, he took the fateful step of recalling Parliament in April 1640. Although Charles offered to repeal ship money, and the House of Commons agreed to allow Charles to raise the funds for war, an impasse was reached when Parliament demanded the discussion of various abuses of power during the Personal Rule. As both sides refused to give ground on this matter, Parliament was dissolved in May 1640, less than a month after it assembled; thus, the Parliament became known as the "Short Parliament." In the meantime, Charles attempted to defeat the Scots, but failed miserably. The humiliating Treaty of Ripon, signed after the end of the Second Bishops' War in October 1640, required the King to pay the expenses of the Scottisharmy he had just fought. Charles took the unusual step of summoning the magnum concilium, the ancient council of all the Peers of the Realm, who were considered the King's hereditary counsellors. The magnum concilium had not beensummoned for centuries. On the advice of the peers, Charles summoned another Parliament, which, in contrast with its predecessor, became known as the Long Parliament. The Long Parliament assembled in November 1640 under the leadership of John Pym, and proved just as difficult for Charles as the Short Parliament. Although the members of the House of Commons thought of themselves as conservatives defending the King, Church and Parliamentary government against innovations in religion and the tyranny of Charles's advisors, Charles viewed many of them as dangerous rebels trying to undermine his rule. To prevent the King from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the Triennial Act, to which the Royal Assent was granted in February 1641. The Act required that Parliament was to be summoned at least once every three years, andthat when the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. In May, he assented to an even more far-reaching Act, which provided that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent. Charles was forced into one concession after another. He agreed to bills of attainder authorising the executions of Thomas Wentworth and William Laud. Ship money, fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans were declared unlawful, and the hated Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission were abolished. Although he made several important concessions, Charles improved his own military position by securing the favour of the Scots. He finally agreed to the official establishment of Presbyterianism; in return, he was able to enlist considerable anti-parliamentary support. In November 1641, the House of Commons passed the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against actions by Charles' ministers that were asserted to be abuses of royal power Charles had committed since the beginning of hisreign. The tension was heightened when the Irish rebelled against Protestant English rule and rumours of Charles's complicity reached Parliament. An army was required to put down the rebellion but many members of the House of Commons feared that Charles might later use it against Parliament itself. The Militia Bill was intended to wrest control of the army from the King, but Charles refused to agree to it. However, Parliament decreed The Protestation as an attempt to lessen the conflict. When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his Catholic Queen, Henrietta Maria, he took drastic action. It was possibly Henrietta who persuaded him to arrest the five members of the House of Commons who wereperceived to be the most troublesome on charges of high treason, but the MPs had already slipped away by the time Charles arrived. Charles entered the House of Commons with an armed force on 4 January 1642, but found that his opponents had already escaped, with exception to Oliver Cromwell who had not fled the house of commons, but avoided arrest. He asked the Speaker, William Lenthall, where the MPs had fled, and Lenthall famously replied, "May it pleaseyour Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here."[18] This move was politically disastrous for Charles. It caused acute embarrassment for the monarch and essentially triggered the total breakdown of government in England. Afterwards, Charles could no longer feel safe in London and he began travelling north to raise an army against Parliament; the Queen, at the same time, went abroad to raise money to pay for it. English Civil War The English Civil War had not yet started, but both sides began to arm. Following futile negotiations, Charles raised the royal standard (an anachronistic mediæval gesture) in Nottingham on 22 August 1642. He then set up his court at Oxford, when his government controlled roughly the north and west of England, Parliament remaining in control of London and the south and east. Charles raised an army using the archaic method of the Commission of Array. The Civil War started on 26 October 1642 with the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill and continued indecisively through 1643 and 1644, until the Battle of Naseby tipped the military balance decisively in favour of Parliament. There followed a great number of defeats for the Royalists, and then the Siege of Oxford, from which Charles escaped in April 1646.[19] He put himself into the hands of the Scottish Presbyterian army at Newark, and was taken to nearby Southwell while his "hosts" decided what to do with him. The Presbyterians finally arrived at an agreement with Parliament and delivered Charles to them in 1647. He was imprisoned at Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, until cornet George Joyce took him by force to Newmarket in the name of the New Model Army. At this time, mutual suspicion had developed between the New Model Army and Parliament, and Charles was eager to exploit it. He was then transferred first to Oatlands and then to Hampton Court, where more involved but fruitless negotiations took place. He was persuaded that it would be in his best interests to escape X perhaps abroad, perhaps to France, or perhaps to the custody of Colonel Robert Hammond, Parliamentary Governor of the Isle of Wight.[20] He decided on the last course, believing Hammond to be sympathetic, and fled on 11 November.[21] Hammond, however, was opposedto Charles, whom he confined in Carisbrooke Castle.[22] From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties, eventually coming to terms with the Scottish Presbyterians that he would allow the establishment of Presbyterianism in England as well as Scotland for a trial period. The Royalists rose in July 1648 igniting the Second Civil War, and as agreed with Charles the Scots invaded England. Most of the uprisings in England were put down by forces loyal to Parliament after little more than skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges. But with the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Preston, the Royalists lost any chance of winning the war. Trial Charles was moved to Hurst Castle at the end of 1648, and there after to Windsor Castle. In January 1649, in response to Charles's defiance of Parliament even after defeat, and his encouraging the second Civil War while in captivity, the House of Commons passed an Act of Parliament creating a court for Charles's trial. After the first Civil War, the parliamentarians still accepted the premise that the King, although wrong, had been able to justify his fight, and that he would still be entitled to limited powers as King under a new constitutional settlement. It was now felt that by provoking the second Civil War even while defeated and in captivity, Charles showed himself incorrigible, dishonourable, and responsible for unjustifiable bloodshed. The idea of trying a king was a novel one; previous monarchs had been deposed, but had never been brought to trial as monarchs. The High Court of Justice established by the Act consisted of 135 Commissioners but only about half of that number ever sat in judgement (all firm Parliamentarians); the prosecution was led by Solicitor General John Cooke. His trial on charges of high treason and "other high crimes" began on 20 January 1649, but Charles refused to enter a plea, claiming that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch.[23] He believed that his own authority to rule had been given to him by God when he was crowned and anointed, and that the power wielded by those trying him was simply that which grew out of a barrel of gunpowder. In fact, when urged to enter a plea stated his objection to entering a plea: "I would know by what power I am called hither, by what lawful authority...?"[23] The court, by contrast, proposed that no man is above the law. Over a period of a week, when Charles was asked to plead three times, he refused. It was then normal practice to take a refusal to plead as [pro confesso]: an admission of guilt, which meant that the prosecution could not call witnesses to its case. However, the trial did hear witnesses. Fifty-nine of the Commissioners signed Charles's death warrant, possibly at the Red Lion Inn in Stathern, Leicestershire[24] on 29 January 1649. When Cooke began to read the indictment, Charles I tried to stop him using the poke of his cane. The ornate silver tip of the cane fell off and Cooke refused to pick it up. After a long pause, King Charles I stooped to retrieve it. This is considered an important moment that may symbolize the divine monarch bowed before the human law.[23] After the ruling, he was led from St. James's Palace, where he was confined, to the Palace of Whitehall, where an execution scaffold had been erected in front of the Banqueting House. Execution Charles was beheaded on Tuesday 30 January 1649,[25][26][27]though at the time the new year did not occur until March, so his death is often recorded as occurring in the year 1648.[28] At the execution it is reputed that he wore two cotton shirts as to prevent the cold weather causing any noticeable shivers that the crowd could have mistaken for fear or weakness. He put his head on the block after saying a prayer and signalled the executioner when he was ready; he was then beheaded with one clean stroke. His last words were, "I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be."[3] Philip Henry records that moments after the execution, a moan was heard from the assembled crowd, some of whom then dipped their handkerchiefs in his blood, thus starting the cult of the Martyr King. However no other eyewitness source, including Samuel Pepys records this. Henry's account was written during the Restoration, some 12 years after the event though Henry was 19 when the King was executed and he and his family were Royalist propaganda writers.[29] There is some debate over the identity of the man who beheaded the King, who was masked at the scene. It is known that the Commissioners approached Richard Brandon, the common Hangman of London, but that he refused, and contemporary sources do not generally identify him as the King's headsman. Ellis's Historical Inquiries, however, names him as the executioner, contending that he stated so before dying. It is possible he relented and agreed to undertake the commission, but there are others who have been identified. An Irishman named Gunning is widely believed to have beheaded Charles, and a plaque naming him as the executioner is on show in the Kings Head pub in Galway, Ireland. William Hewlett was convicted of regicide after the Restoration.[30] In 1661, two people identified as "Dayborne and Bickerstaffe" were arrested but then discharged. Henry Walker, a revolutionary journalist, or his brother William,were suspected but never charged. Various local legends around England name local worthies. An examination performed in 1813 at Windsor suggests that the execution was done by an experienced headsman. It was common practice for the head of a traitor to be held up and exhibited to the crowd with the words "Behold the head of a traitor!"; although Charles's head was exhibited, the words were not used. In an unprecedented gesture, one of the revolutionary leaders, Oliver Cromwell, allowed the King's head to be sewn back on his body so the family could pay its respects. Charles was buried in private and at night on 7 February 1649, in the Henry VIII vault inside St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. The royal retainers Sir Thomas Herbert, Capt. Anthony Mildmay, Sir Henry Firebrace, William Levett Esq. and Abraham Dowcett (sometimes spelled Dowsett) conveyed the King's body to Windsor.[31][32] The King's son, King Charles II, later planned an elaborate royal mausoleum, but it was never built. Ten days after Charles's execution, a memoir purporting to be from Charles's hand appeared for sale. This book, the Eikon Basilike (Greek: the "Royal Portrait"), contained an apologia for royal policies, and proved an effective piece of royalist propaganda. William Levett, Charles's groom of the bedchamber, who had accompanied Charles on the day of his execution, would later swear in a statement that he had witnessed the King writing the Eikon Basilike.[33] John Cooke published the speech he would have delivered if Charles had entered a plea, while Parliament commissioned John Milton to write a rejoinder, the Eikonoklastes ("The Iconoclast"), but the response made little headway against the pathos of the royalist book.[1] Various prodigies were recorded in the contemporary popular press in relation to the execution - a beached whale at Dover died within an hour of the King; a falling star appeared that night over Whitehall; a man who had said thatthe King deserved to die had his eyes pecked out by crows. Legacy With the monarchy overthrown, power was assumed by a Council of State, which included Oliver Cromwell, then Lord General of the Parliamentary Army. The Long Parliament (known by then as the Rump Parliament) which had been called by Charles I in 1640 continued to exist until Cromwell forcibly disbanded it in 1653. Cromwell then became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland; a monarch in all but name: he was even "invested" on the royal coronation chair. Upon his death in 1658, Cromwell was briefly succeeded by his son, Richard Cromwell. Richard Cromwell was an ineffective ruler, and the Long Parliament was reinstated in 1659. The Long Parliament dissolved itself in 1660, and the first elections in twenty years led to the election of a Convention Parliament which restored Charles I's eldest son to the monarchy as Charles II. The Colony of Carolina in North America was named for Charles I. Carolina later separated into North Carolina and South Carolina, which eventually declared independence from Great Britain during the formation of the United States. To the north in the Virginia Colony, Cape Charles, the Charles River, Charles River Shire, and Charles City Shire were named for him. Charles himself named the Charles River after himself.[34] Charles City Shire survives almost 400 years later as Charles City County, Virginia. The Virginia Colony is now the Commonwealth of Virginia (one of the four U.S. states that are called commonwealths), and retains its official nickname of "The Old Dominion" bestowed by Charles II because it had remained loyal to Charles I during the English Civil War. -------------------- Charles I (19 November 1600 X 30 January 1649) was the second son of James VI of Scots and I of England. He was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.[1] Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish Churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent which grew to be seen as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.[2] Religious conflicts permeated Charles's reign. His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War, coupled with such actions as marrying a Catholic princess,[3][4] generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma. Charles further allied himself with controversial religious figures, such as the ecclesiastic Richard Montagu, and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles' subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to the Catholic Church. Charles' later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish Parliaments and helped precipitate the king's downfall. Charles' last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish Parliaments, which challenged the king's attempts to overrule and negate Parliamentary authority, whilst simultaneously using his position as head of the English Church to pursue religious policies which generated the antipathy of reformed groups such as the Puritans. Charles was defeated in the First Civil War (1642X45), after which Parliament expected him to accept its demands for a constitutional monarchy. He instead remained defiant by attempting to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. This provoked the Second Civil War (1648X49) anda second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. Charles' son, Charles II, though he became king at the death of his father, did not take up the reins of government until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.[2] In that same year, Charles I was canonised as Saint Charles Stuart and King Charles the Martyr by the Church of England and is venerated throughout the Anglican Communion.[5] Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Early reign 3 Personal rule 3.1 Economic problems 4 Religious conflicts 5 The Second Bishops' War 6 The "Long Parliament" 6.1 The Irish Rebellion 7 English Civil War 8 Trial 9 Execution 10 Legacy 10.1 Sainthood 10.2 Assessments 11 Titles, styles, honours and arms 11.1 Titles and styles 11.2 Honours 11.3 Arms 12 Ancestry 13 Marriage and issue 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links 18.1 Books about Charles I available online [edit] Early lifeThe second son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife on 19 November 1600.[2][6] His paternal grandmother was Mary, Queen of Scots. Charles was baptised on 2 December 1600 by the Bishop of Ross, in a ceremony held in Holyrood Abbey and was created Duke of Albany, Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch.[7] Charles was a weak and sickly infant. When Elizabeth I of England died in March 1603 and James VI of Scotland became King of England as James I, Charles was not considered strong enough to survive the journey to London due to hisfragile health. While his parents and older siblings left for England in April and May that year, Charles remained in Scotland, with his father's friend and the Lord President of the Court of Session, Alexander Seton, Lord Fyvie,appointed as his guardian.[7] By the spring of 1604, Charles was three and a half and was by then able to walk the length of the great hall at Dunfermline Palace unaided. It was decided that he was now strong enough to make the journey to England to be reunited with his family, and on 13 July 1604 Charles left Dunfermline for England, where he was to spend most of the rest of his life.[8] In England, Charles was placed under the charge of Alletta (Hogenhove) Carey, the Dutch-born wifeof courtier Sir Robert Carey, who taught him how to walk and talk, and insisted that he wear boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles.[9] However, Charles apparently eventually conquered his physical infirmity,[10] which may be attributable to rickets[9] and grew to an about average height of 5 feet 4 inches (162.56 cm). Charles as Duke of York and Albany, c. 1611Charles was not as valued as his physically stronger, elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales; whom Charles personally adored and attempted to emulate.[11] In 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, which is customary in the case of the sovereign's second son. However, when Henry died of suspected typhoid (or possibly porphyria)[12] at the age of 18 in 1612, two weeks before Charles' 12th birthday, Charles became heir apparent. As the eldest living son of the sovereign Charles automatically gained several titles (including Duke of Cornwall[13] and Duke of Rothesay), and subsequently was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in November 1616.[14] Charles as Prince of Wales by Isaac Oliver, 1615.In 1613, his sister Elizabeth married Frederick V, Elector Palatine and moved to Heidelberg.[15] In 1617 the Catholic Ferdinand II was elected king of Bohemia. The following year, the people of Bohemia rebelled against their monarch, choosing to crown Frederick V of the Palatinate, and leader of the Protestant Union in his stead. Frederick's acceptance of the crown in November 1619 thus marked the beginningof turmoil which would develop into the Thirty Years' War. This conflict made a great impression upon the English Parliament and public, who quickly grew to see it as a polarised continental struggle between Catholic and Protestant.[16] James, who was supportive of Frederick, and had been seeking marriage between the new Prince of Wales and the Spanish Infanta, Maria Anna of Spain, since Prince Henry's death,[15] began to see the Spanish Match as a possible means of achieving peace in Europe. Unfortunately for James, this diplomatic negotiation with Spain proved generally unpopular, both with the public and James' court,[17] with 'Arminian' divines providing a unique source of support for the proposed union.[18] Parliament was actively hostile towards the Spanish throne, and thus, when called by James, hoped for a crusade under the leadership of the king[19] to rescue Protestants on the continent from Habsburg rule.[20] Attacks upon the monopolists by Parliament for the abuse of prices led to the scapegoating of Francis Bacon by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham,[21] leading to Bacon's impeachment before the Lords; the first of its kind which was not officially sanctioned by the King in the form of a Bill of attainder since 1459. The incident set an important precedent in terms of the apparent authority of Parliament to safeguard the nation's interests and its capacity to launch legal campaigns, as it later did against Buckingham, Archbishop Laud, the Earl of Strafford and Charles I. However, parliament and James came to blows when the issue of foreign policy was discussed, with James insisting that the Commons beexclusively concerned with domestic affairs. The members of the Commons, meanwhile, protested that they had the privilege of free speech within the Commons' walls.[22] In January 1622 James dissolved the Parliament.[23] Charles, and the Duke of Buckingham, James' favourite[24] and a man who had great influence over the prince, together travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 in an attempt to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match.[25] The trip ended as an embarrassing failure however as the Spanish demanded that Charles must convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty. Moreover, a personal quarrel erupted between Buckingham and the Spanish nation between whom was mutual misunderstanding and ill temper.[26] Charles was outraged, and upon their return in October, he and Buckingham demanded that King James declare war on Spain.[25] With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned Parliament in 1624 so that he could request subsidies for a war.[27] At the behest of Charles and Buckingham, James assented to the impeachment of the Lord Treasurer, Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex by the House of Commons, who quickly fell in much the same manner as Bacon had.[27] James also requested that Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and Princess Henrietta Maria of France,[28] whom Charles had met in Paris while en route to Spain.[29] It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII[30] (their father, Henry IV, had died during her childhood). Parliament reluctantly agreed to the marriage,[30] with the promise from both James and Charles that the marriage would not entail a liberty of religion being accorded to any Roman Catholic not of the Princess' own household.[30] By 1624, James was growing sick, and as a result was finding it extremely difficult to control Parliament. By the time of his death, February 1625, Charles and the Duke of Buckingham had already achieved de facto control of the kingdom.[31] Scottish and English Royalty House of Stuart Charles I Charles II James II & VII Henry, Duke of Gloucester Mary, Princess Royal Henriette, Duchess of Orléans Elizabeth Both Charles and James were advocates of the divine right of kings, but whilst James' lofty ambitions concerning absolute prerogative[32] were tempered by compromise and consensus with his subjects, Charles I believed that he hadno need of Parliamentary approval, that his foreign ambitions (which were greatly expensive and fluctuated wildly) should have no legal impediment, and that he was himself above reproach. Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even explain his actions and that he was answerable only to God, famously stating: "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone".[33][34] [edit] Early reignOn 11 May 1625, Charles was married by proxy to Henrietta Maria in front of the doors of the Notre Dame de Paris,[35] before his first Parliament could meet to forbid the banns.[35] Many members were opposed to the king marrying a Roman Catholic, fearing that Charles would lift restrictions on Roman Catholics and undermine the official establishment of Protestantism. Although he stated to Parliament that he would not relax restrictions relating to recusants, he promised to do exactly that in a secret marriage treaty with Louis XIII of France.[36] Moreover, the price of marriage with the French princess was a promise of English aid for the French crown in the suppressing of the Protestant Huguenots at La Rochelle, thereby reversing England's long held position in the French Wars of Religion. The couple were married in person on 13 June 1625 in Canterbury. Charles was crowned on 2 February 1626 at Westminster Abbey, but without his wife at his side due to the controversy. Charles and Henrietta had seven children, with three sons and three daughters surviving infancy.[37] Sir Anthony Van Dyck: Charles I painted in April 1634Distrust of Charles' religious policies increased with his support of a controversial ecclesiastic, Richard Montagu. In his pamphlets A New Gag for an Old Goose, a reply to theCatholic pamphlet A New Gag for the new Gospel, and also his Immediate Addresse unto God alone, Montagu argued against Calvinist predestination, thereby bringing himself into disrepute amongst the Puritans.[38] After a Puritan member of the House of Commons, John Pym, attacked Montagu's pamphlet during debate, Montagu requested the king's aid in another pamphlet entitled "Appello Caesarem"(1625), (a reference to an appeal against Jewish persecution made by Saint Paul the Apostle).[39] Charles made the cleric one of his royal chaplains, increasing many Puritans' suspicions as to where Charles would lead the Church, fearing that his favouring of Arminianism was a clandestine attempton Charles' part to aid the resurgence of Catholicism within the English Church.[40] Charles' primary concern during his early reign was foreign policy. The Thirty Years' War, originally confined to Bohemia, was spiralling into a wider European war. In 1620 Frederick V was defeated at the Battle of White Mountain[41] and by 1622, despite the aid of English volunteers, had lost his hereditary lands in the Palatinate to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.[42] Having agreed to help his brother-in-law regain the Palatinate, Charles declared war on Spain, which under the Catholic King Philip IV had sent forces to help occupy the Palatinate.[43] Parliament preferred an inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the New World, hoping that the capture of the Spanish treasure fleets could finance the war. Charles, however, preferred more aggressive (and more expensive)action on the Continent.[44] Parliament only voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000; an insufficient sum for Charles.[45] Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorisation for royal collection of tonnage and poundage (two varieties of customs duties) to a period of one year, although previous sovereigns since 1414 had been granted the right for life.[45] In this manner, Parliament could keep a check on expenditures by forcing Charles to seek the renewal of the grant each year. Charles' allies in the House of Lords, led by the Duke of Buckingham, refused to pass the bill. Although no Parliamentary Act for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties.[46] The war with Spain under the leadership of Buckingham went badly, and the House of Commons began proceedings for the impeachment of the duke.[47] Charles nominated Buckingham as Chancellor of Cambridge University in response[48] and on 12 June 1626, the House of Commons launched a direct protestation, stating, 'We protest before your Majesty and the whole world that until this great person be removed from intermeddling with the great affairs of state, we are out of hope of any good success; and we do fear that any money we shall or can give will, through his misemployment, be turned rather to the hurt and prejudice of your kingdom.'[48] Despite Parliament's protests, however, Charles refused to dismiss his friend, dismissing Parliament instead. Charles provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan": a tax levied without Parliamentary consent. In November 1627, the test case in the King's bench, the 'Five Knights' Case' X which hinged on the king's prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced load X was on a general basis, upheld.[49] Summoned again in 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right on 26 May, calling upon the king to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes.[50] Charles assented to the petition,[51] though he continued to claim the right to collect customs duties without authorisation from Parliament. Despite Charles' agreement to suppress La Rochelle as a condition of marrying Henrietta Maria, Charles reneged upon his earlier promise and instead launched a poorly conceived and executed defence of the fortress under the leadership of Buckingham in 1628[52] X thereby driving a wedge between the English and French Crowns that was not surmounted for the duration of the Thirty Years' War.[53] Buckingham's failure to protect the Huguenots X indeed, his attempt to capture Saint-Martin-de-Ré then spurred Louis XIII's attack on the Huguenot fortress of La Rochelle[54] X furthered Parliament's detestation of the Duke and the king's close proximity to this eminence grise. On 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated.[55] The public rejoicing at his death accentuated the gulf between the court and the nation, and between the crown and the Commons.[56] Although the death of Buckingham effectively ended the war with Spain and eliminated his leadership as an issue, it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament over taxation and religious matters.[57][58] [edit] Personal rule Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles, the Triple Portrait by Anthony van Dyck.In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the Parliament, which had been prorogued in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice their opposition in light of the Rolle case, in which the eponymous MP had had his goods confiscated for failing to pay tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the confiscation as a breach of the Petition of Right,[59] arguing that the petition's freedom-from-arrest privilege extended to goods. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment on 10 March, members held the Speaker, Sir John Finch, down in his chair so that the dissolving of Parliament could be delayed long enough for resolutions against Catholicism, Arminianism and poundage and tonnage to be read out.[60] The lattermost resolution declared that anyone who paid tonnage or poundage not authorised by Parliament would "be reputed a betrayer of the liberties of England, and an enemy to the same", and, although the resolution was not formally passed, many members declared their approval. Nevertheless, the provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved parliament the same day.[61] Moreover, eight parliamentary leaders, including John Eliot, were imprisoned on the foot of the matter,[62] thereby turning these men into martyrs, and giving popular cause to a protest that had hitherto been losing its bearings. Shortly after the proroguing of Parliament, without the means in the foreseeable future to raise funds for a European War from Parliament,[63] or the influence of Buckingham, Charles made peace with France and Spain.[64] The following eleven years, during which Charles ruled without a Parliament, are referred to as the Personal Rule or the Eleven Years' Tyranny.[65] (Ruling without Parliament, though an exceptional exercise of the royal prerogative, was supported by precedent. By the middle of the 17th century, opinion shifted, and many held the Personal Rule to be an illegitimate exercise of arbitrary, absolute power.) [edit] Economic problemsThe reigns of Elizabeth I and James I had generated a large fiscal deficit for the kingdom.[66] Notwithstanding the failure of Buckingham in the short lived campaigns against both Spain and France, there was in reality little economic capacity for Charles to wage wars overseas. England was still the least taxed country in Europe, with no official excise and no regular direct taxation.[67] Without the consent of Parliament, Charles'capacity to acquire funds for his treasury was theoretically hamstrung, legally at least. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles first resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood", promulgated in 1279, which required anyone who earned £40 or more each year to present himself at the King's coronation to join the royal army as a knight.[68] Relying on this old statute, Charles fined all individuals who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626. Later, Charles reintroduced obsolete feudal taxes such as purveyance, wardship, and forest laws.[69] Chief among these taxes was one known as Ship Money,[69] which proved even more unpopular, and lucrative, than poundage and tonnage before it. Under statutes of Edward I and Edward III, collection of ship money had been authorised only during wars, and only on coastal regions. Charles, however, argued that there was no legal bar to collecting the tax during peacetime and throughout the whole of the kingdom. Ship Money provided between £150,000 to £200,000 annually between 1634X1638, after which yields declined steeply.[70] This was paid directly to Treasury of the Navy, thus makingNorthumberland the most direct beneficiary of the tax.[71] Opposition to Ship Money steadily grew, with John Hampden's legal challenge in 1637 providing a platform of popular protest.[70] However, the royal courts declared that the tax was within the King's prerogative. The king also derived money through the granting of monopolies, despite a statute forbidding such action (The Monopolies Act, 1624), which, though inefficient, raised an estimated £100,000 a year in the late 1630s in royal revenue.[72] Charles also gained funds through the Scottish nobility, at the price of considerable acrimony, by the Act of Revocation (1625), whereby all gifts of royal or church land made to the nobility were revoked, with continued ownership being subject to an annual rent.[73] [edit] Religious conflictsThroughout Charles's reign, the issue of how far the English Reformation should progress was constantly brought to the forefront of political debate. Arminian theology contained an emphasis on clerical authority and the individual's capacity to reject salvation, and was consequently viewed as heretical and a potential vehicle for the reintroduction of Roman Catholicism by its opponents. Charles's sympathy to the teachings of Arminianism, and specifically his wish to move the Church of England away from Calvinism in a more traditional and sacramental direction,[74] consistently affirmed Puritans' suspicions concerning the perceived irreligious tendencies of the crown. A long history of opposition to tyrants who oppressed Protestants had developed since the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, most notably during the French Wars of Religion (articulated in the Vindiciae contra tyrannos),[75][76] and more recently in the Second Defenestration of Prague and eruption of the Thirty Years' War.[77] Such cultural identifications resonated with Charles's subjects. These allegations would haunt Charles because of the continued exacerbating actions of both king and council, particularly in the form of Archbishop William Laud. William Laud was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633,[78][79] and began a series of unpopular reforms such as attempting to ensure religious uniformity by dismissing non-conformist clergymen, and closing Puritan organisations.[80] His policy was opposed to Calvinist theology, and he insisted that the Church of England's liturgy be celebrated using the form prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer, and that the internal architecture of English churches be reorganised so as to emphasise the sacrament of the altar, thereby attacking predestination.[81] To punish those who refused to accept his reforms, Laud used the two most feared and most arbitrary courts in the land, the Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber.[80] The former could compel individuals to provide self-incriminating testimony, whilst the latter, essentially an extension of the Privy Council, could inflict any punishment whatsoever (including torture), with the sole exception of death. William Laud shared Charles's views on CalvinismThe first years of the Personal Rule were marked by peace in England, partly because of tighter central control. Several individuals opposed Charles's taxes and Laud's policies, andsome left as a result, such as the Puritan minister Thomas Hooker, who set sail for America along with other religious dissidents in the Griffin (1634). By 1633 Star Chamber had, in effect, taken the place of High Commission as the supreme tribunal for religious offences as well as dealing with Crown cases of a secular nature.[82] Under Charles's reign, defendants were regularly brought before the Court without indictment, due process of the law, or rightto confront witnesses, and their testimonies were routinely extracted by the Court through torture. However, when Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. Although born in Scotland, Charles had become estranged from his kingdom; not even paying visit until his Scottish coronation in 1633.[83] In 1637 the king ordered the use of a new Prayer Book to be used within Scotland that was almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer, without consultation with either the Scottish Parliament or Kirk.[83] Although this move was supported by the Scottish Bishops,[84] it was resisted by many Presbyterian Scots, who saw the new Prayer Book as a vehicle for introducing Anglicanism to Scotland.[85] In 1637, spontaneous unrest erupted throughout the Kirk upon the first Sunday of its usage, and the public began to mobilise around rebellious nobles in the form of the National Covenant.[84] When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished Episcopalian government (that is, governance of the Church by bishops) in 1638, replacing it with Presbyterian government (that is, governance by elders and deacons),[86] Charles sought to put down what he saw as a rebellion against his authority. In 1639, when the First Bishops' War broke out, Charles did not seek subsidies to wage war, but instead raised an army without Parliamentary aid.[71] However, Charles's army did not engage the Covenanters as the king was afraid of the defeat of his forces, whom he believed to be significantly outnumbered by the Scots.[87] In the Pacification of Berwick, Charles regained custody of his Scottish fortresses, and secured the dissolution of the Covenanters' interim government, albeit at the decisive concession whereby both the Scottish Parliament and General Assembly of the Scottish Church were called.[88] Charles's military failure in the First Bishops' War in turn caused a financial and military crisis for Charles, which ultimately ended the period of Personal Rule.[89] Charles's peace negotiations with the Scots were merely a bid by the king to gain time before launching a new military campaign. However, because of his financial weakness, Charles was forced to call Parliament into session by 1640 in an attempt to raise funds for such a venture. The risk for the king lay in the forum that Parliament would provide to his opponents, whilst the intransigence of the 1628 Parliament augured badly for the prospects of obtaining the necessary subsidy for war. [edit] The Second Bishops' WarMain article: Bishops' Wars Charles collectively summoned both English and Irish parliaments in the early months of 1640.[90] In March, 1640 the Irish Parliament duly voted in a subsidy of £180,000 with the promise to raise an army 9,000 strong by the end of May.[90] However, in the English General Election in March, court candidates fared badly,[91] and Charles' dealings with the English Parliament in April quickly reached stalemate. Northumberland and Strafford together attempted to reach a compromise whereby the king would agree to forfeit Ship Money in exchange for £650,000 (although the coming war was estimated at around £1 million).[92] Nevertheless, this alone was insufficient to produce consensus in the Commons.[93] The Parliamentarians' calls for further reforms were ignored by Charles, who still maintained the support of the House of Lords. Despite the protests of Northumberland,[94] Parliament was dissolved less than a month after it assembled, in May 1640; thus causing it to be known as the "Short Parliament".[95] Portrait of Charles I with Seignior de St AntoineBy this stage Thomas Wentworth, created Earl of Strafford and elevated to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in January 1640,[96] had emerged as Charles' right hand man and together with Laud, pursued a policy of 'Thorough' in support of absolute monarchy.[97] Although originally a major critic of the king, Strafford defected to royal service in 1628 (due in part to Buckingham's persuasion),[98] and had since emerged as the most capable of Charles' ministers. Having trained up a large army in Ireland in support of the king and seriously weakened the authority of the Irish Parliament, particularly those members of parliament belonging to theOld English,[99] Strafford had been instrumental in obtaining an independent source of both royal revenue and forces within the three kingdoms.[71] As the Scottish Parliament declared itself capable of governing without the king's consent and, in September 1640, moved into Northumberland under the leadership of Montrose,[100] Strafford was sent north to command the English forces following Northumberland's illness.[101] The Scottish soldiery, many of whomwere veterans of the Thirty Years' War,[102] had far greater morale and training compared to their English counterparts, and met virtually no resistance until reaching Newcastle where, at the Battle of Newburn, Newcastle-upon-Tyne X and hence England's coal supply X fell into the hands of the Covenanter forces.[103] At this critical juncture, the English host based at York was unable to mount a counterattack because Strafford was incapacitated by a combination of gout and dysentery.[101] On 24 September Charles took the unusual step of summoning the magnum concilium, the ancient council of all the Peers of the Realm, who were considered the King's hereditary counsellors, who recommended making peace with the Scots and the recalling of Parliament.[104] A cessation of arms, although not a final settlement, was agreed in the humiliating Treaty of Ripon, signed October 1640.[105] The treaty stated that the Scots would continue to occupy Northumberland and Durham and be paid £850 per day, until peace was restored and the English Parliament recalled (which would be required to raise sufficient funds to pay the Scottish forces).[104] Consequently, in November Charles summoned what was later to become known as the Long Parliament. Of the 493 MPs of the Commons, 399 were opposed to the king, and only 94 could be counted on, by Charles, for support. [edit] The "Long Parliament"Main article: Long Parliament See also: Wars of the Three Kingdoms The Long Parliament assembled in November 1640 and proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. The Parliament quickly began proceedings to impeach Laud of High Treason, which it succeeded in doing on 18 December.[106] Lord Keeper Finch was impeached the following day, and he consequently fled to the Hague with Charles' permission on 21 December. To prevent the king from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the Triennial Act, to which the Royal Assent was granted in February 1641.[107] The Act required that Parliament was to be summoned at least once every three years, and that when the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. On 22 March 1641, Strafford, who had become the immediate target of the Parliamentarians, particularly that of John Pym, went on trial for high treason.[108] The incident provided a new departure for Irish politics whereby Old English, Gaelic Irish and New English settlers joined together in a legal body to present evidence against Strafford.[109] However, the evidence supplied by Sir Henry Vane in relation to Strafford's alleged improper use and threat to England via the Irish army was not corroborated and on 10 April Pym's case collapsed.[110] Pym immediately launched a Bill of Attainder, simply stating Strafford's guilt and that the Earl be put to death.[111] Charles, however guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder, without which the bill could not be passed.[112] Furthermore, the Lords were opposed to the severity of the sentence of death imposed upon Strafford. Yet, increased tensions and an attempted coup by the army in support of Strafford began to sway the issue.[112] On 21 April, in the Commons the Bill went virtually unopposed (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 250 abstained),[113] the Lords acquiesced, and Charles, fearing for the safety of his family, signed on 10 May.[113] The Earl of Strafford was beheaded two days later.[114] In May 1641, Charles assented to an | Stuart, Charles I King of England (I49135)
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| 16147 | {geni:occupation} king of Great Britain, King of Great Britain / Duke of Hanover, King of Great Britain and Ireland, King of Great Britian, King of England, King of England/Elector of Hanover, Elector of Hanover; King of Great Britain and Ireland {geni:about_me} *George Ludwig of Brunswik-Lüneburg *By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Prince-Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick ==Links:== *[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10099.htm#i100988 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=4338 Geneall] *'''King of Great Britain and Ireland:''' Reign 1 August 1714 X 11 June 1727 Coronation 20. October 1714 >'''Predecessor:'''[http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000003285572645 Anne] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4555899 George II] *'''Elector of Hanover:''' Reign 23 January 1698 X 11 June 1727 >'''Predecessor: '''[http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003890906681 Ernest Augustus] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4555899 George II] *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_I._(Gro%C3%9Fbritannien)_ Deutsch] | von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Georg I Ludwig King of Great Britain and Ireland, Kurf? (I96683)
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| 16148 | {geni:occupation} King of Poland, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX {geni:about_me} *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_III._%28Polen%29 Deutsch ] [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_III_Sas Polski] -------------------- August III. (Polen) aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche August III., gemalt von Pietro Antonio Rotari, 1755 Bildnis des Kurprinzen August im Harnisch aus dem Jahre 1715, gemalt von Nicolas de Largillière Ludwig XIV. von Frankreich empfängt den späteren König von Polen und Kurfürsten von Sachsen, August III. im Schloss Fontainebleau 1714 August III. von Polen und Sachsen in polnischer Tracht August III. von Polen zu Pferde (Stich nach Johann Elias Ridinger) Friedrich August von Sachsen als Kurprinz im Harnisch und mit einem Mohr, gemalt von Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1715, Öl auf Leinwand, 250 × 173 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden Friedrich August von Sachsen Friedrich August II. (* 17. Oktober 1696 in Dresden; X 5. Oktober 1763 ebenda) war seit 1733 Kurfürst von Sachsen und als August III. auch König von Polen und Großherzog von Litauen. Er führte nach dem Tod seines Vaters, August I. als zweiter wettinischer Herrscher, die Personalunion Sachsen-Polen fort. Der in Polen auch als August der Sachse (August Sas) bekannte Regent gehörte zu den größten Kunstmäzenen seiner Zeit, stürzte jedoch durch die Fortführungder väterlichen Außenpolitik den Kurstaat Sachsen in die Katastrophe des Siebenjährigen Kriegs. Inhaltsverzeichnis [Anzeigen] * 1 Leben * 2 Baumaßnahmen in Sachsen * 3 Baumaßnahmen in Warschau * 4 Nachkommen * 5 Trivia * 6 Literatur * 7 Weblinks Leben [Bearbeiten] Gewöhnlich wird vom Sohn Augusts des Starken und der Christiane Eberhardine von Brandenburg-Bayreuth behauptet, dass er sich wenig um Politik gekümmert hätte. Solche Probleme hätten ihn überfordert. Betont wird, dass er gern Jagden veranstaltete, häufig in die Oper ging, sich um seine umfangreichen Kunstsammlungen kümmerte sowie großen Familiensinn bewies. Auch wenn dies nicht in Zweifel gezogen werden soll, zeigt die neuere polnische Forschung, dass August III. ein sehr fleißiger polnischer König gewesen ist (siehe die Veröffentlichungen von Jacek Staszewski). Der Kurfürst wurde mit Unterstützung Österreichs und Russlands und den üblichen Bestechungen gegen den Kandidaten Schwedens und Frankreichs, StanisXaw LeszczyXski, zum König von Polen gewählt, was den Polnischen Thronfolgekrieg auslöste. August III. wurde am 17. Januar 1734 gekrönt und behauptete die Krone im Frieden von Wien 1738. Seine Durchsetzung fand also im Rahmen eines deutlichen Souveränitätsverlusts Polen-Litauens statt, das einst einer der mächtigsten Staaten gewesen war. Die Spielräume für seine Regierung in Polen-Litauen waren angesichts des Streits zwischen den Magnatengruppen der Czartoryski und Potocki im Sejm äußerst eng. Die Magnatenparteiungen genossen ihrerseits ausländische Unterstützung, so dass Polen-Litauen zum Spielball rivalisierender Nachbarmächte wurde. Fast alle Reichstage blieben ergebnislos (vergleiche Liberum Veto). Ein Beispiel waren die Reichstage von 1744 und 1746, in denen die Krone und der Großkanzler vorsichtig definierte Reformen im Wirtschafts- und Militärsektor auf den Weg bringen wollten. Sie waren jedoch außerstande, die verfeindeten Magnatenparteien überhaupt an einen Tisch zu bringen. Letztlich scheiterten sie im Sejm, unter ausländischer Einmischung. Ohne ordnungsgemäß abgehaltene Sejms mussten die Minister auch keine Rechenschaft ablegen, was die Korruption förderte. Angesichts dieser Sachlage hofften sich der König und sein Premierminister Brühl in Polen mit dem XMinisterialsystemX sachsentreuer Magnaten (die in Schlüsselpositionen gesetzt wurden) über Wasser zu halten und beide Länder politisch verbinden zu können. Sie erlangten im Siebenjährigen Krieg sogar die Zustimmung ihrer drei Verbündeten für eine erneute Thronkandidatur Sachsens, aber die Erfolge waren nur scheinbar und nicht von Dauer. Ein bescheidener Wirtschaftsaufschwung war in Polen weiterhin bemerkbar, später beeinträchtigt durch die Auswirkungen des Siebenjährigen Krieges (preußische Münzfälschung, Kontributionen, Requisitionen und teilweise Plünderungen durch russische Truppen). In Sachsen führte Heinrich von Brühl nach dem Sturz Graf Sulkowskis von 1738 bis 1756 die alleinige Regierung, 1746 wurde er formell Premierminister. Er war ein erfolgreicher Diplomat und festigte die Verwaltung, wurde aber wegenfalscher Finanzpolitik im Landtag 1749 scharf angegriffen. Trotz rücksichtsloser finanzieller Maßnahmen Brühls steuerte Sachsen in eine Staatskrise. Der Zwangsumtausch von Vermögenswerten in staatliche Schuldverschreibungen erschütterte die Wirtschaft, die ohnehin zu kleine Armee musste abgerüstet und ein bedeutender Anteil der Steuern verpfändet werden. Dazu kam der Druck von außen, denn der sächsische Export wurde durch die preußische (Zoll-)Politik jener Zeit stark behindert. Aber erst der Siebenjährige Krieg brachte für Sachsen 1756 den Absturz. Die zu kleine sächsische Armee kapitulierte unter Graf Rutowski kampflos am Lilienstein, August III. und sein Hof zogen nach Warschau um, wo sie bis zum Endedes Krieges in relativer politischer Ohnmacht verblieben. Sachsen, nun behelfsweise von den Preußen und von einigen Kabinettsministern verwaltet, wurde zum Kriegsschauplatz und litt unter den hohen Kontributionen beider Seiten. Es bezahlte zweifellos einen großen Teil der preußischen Kriegskosten (XSachsen ist wie ein Mehlsack, egal wie oft man draufschlägt, es kommt immer noch etwas heraus.X Zitat: Friedrich II. v. Preußen zugeschrieben). Dresden selbst wechselte die Besatzung und wurde von Friedrich II. 1760 belagert, was umfangreiche Zerstörungen zur Folge hatte. Als der Siebenjährige Krieg im Hubertusburger Frieden 1763 zu Ende ging, war das bis dahin recht wohlhabende Sachsen ruiniert, was der Hof nur ungern zur Kenntnis nahm. Auf die Vergabe der polnischen Krone hatte Sachsen zudem keinerlei Einfluss: Polen-Litauen war mehr denn je unter die Vorherrschaft Russlands geraten; den Nachfolger August III., StanisXaw August Poniatowski, bestimmte die Zarin Katharina II. Dauerhafteren Nachruhm bescherte jedoch dem Kurfürst-König seine eingangs erwähnte Liebe zur Kunst. Baumaßnahmen in Sachsen [Bearbeiten] * Schloss Hubertusburg * Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden * Spitzhaus in Radebeul 1749 nach Plänen von Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann Baumaßnahmen in Warschau [Bearbeiten] * Sächsisches Palais (zerstört 1944) * Brühlsches Palais (zerstört 1944) Nachkommen [Bearbeiten] Am 20. August 1719 heiratete er in Wien * Maria Josefa Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine (1699X1757), Erzherzogin von Österreich. Sie hatten gemeinsam folgende fünfzehn Kinder, von denen elf das Kindesalter überlebten: o Friedrich August Franz Xaver (* 18. November 1720 in Dresden; X 22. Januar 1721 ebd.), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Kurprinz von Sachsen o Joseph August Wilhelm Friedrich Franz Xaver Johann Nepomuk (* 24. Oktober 1721 in Pillnitz; X 14. März 1728 in Dresden), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Kurprinz von Sachsen o Friedrich Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xaver (1722X1763), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Kurfürst von Sachsen o totgeborene Tochter (*/X 23. Juni 1723 in Dresden) o Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga (1724X1760), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen X Karl, Herzog von Parma und Piacenza, König von Spanien, Neapel und Sizilien o Maria Margareta Franziska Xaveria (* 13. September 1727 in Dresden; X 1. Februar 1734 ebd.), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen o Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (1728X1797), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen X Maximilian III. Joseph, Kurfürst von Bayern o Franz Xaver Albert August Ludwig Benno (1730X1806), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Prinz von Sachsen, Graf von der Lausitz, Administrator von Sachsen o Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria (1731X1767), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen X Ludwig Ferdinand, Dauphin von Frankreich o Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xaver (1733X1796), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Prinz von Sachsen, Herzog von Kurland und Semgallen o Maria Christina Anna Theresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria (1735X1782), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen, Sternkreuzordensdame und Fürstäbtissin in Remiremont o Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Kasimira Franziska Xaveria (* 9. Februar 1736 in Warschau; X 24. Dezember 1818 in Dresden), Prinzessin von Polen und Sachsen, Sternkreuzordensdame o Albert Kasimir August Ignaz Pius Franz Xaver (1738X1822), Königlicher Prinz von Polen, Prinz von Sachsen, Herzog von Teschen und Generalstatthalter der Österreichischen Niederlande o Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertus Franz Xaver (1739X1812), Königlicher Prinz von Polen und Prinz von Sachsen, Domherr zu Köln, Propst von St. Johann und Ellwangen, Fürstbischof von Freising, Regensburg und Augsburg, Kurfürst und Erzbischof von Trier o Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina (1740X1826), Königliche Prinzessin von Polen und Prinzessin von Sachsen, Sternkreuzordensdame, Kanonisse zu Münsterbilsen, Fürstäbtissin von Thorn und Essen Trivia [Bearbeiten] In der Filmreihe Sachsens Glanz und Preußens Gloria wurde er vom Schauspieler Rolf Hoppe verkörpert. Literatur [Bearbeiten] * Jacek Staszewski: August III. Kurfürst von Sachsen und König von Polen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-05-002600-6 * Thomas Niklas: Friedrich August II (1733-1763) und Friedrich Christian (1763). In: Frank-Lothar Kroll (Hrsg.): Die Herrscher Sachsens Markgrafen, Kurfürsten, Könige 1089 - 1918. C. H. Beck, München 2005, ISBN 3-406-52206-8,S. 192X222. * Ariane James-Sarazin, « Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659-1743), portraitiste et conseiller artistique des princes Électeurs de Saxe et rois de Pologne, Auguste II et Auguste III », dans catalogue de lXexposition Dresde ou le rêve desprinces, la Galerie de peintures au XVIIIe siècle, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, Paris, RMN, 2001, p. 136-142. * Heinrich Theodor Flathe: Friedrich August II.. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 7. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1877, S. 784X786. Weblinks [Bearbeiten] * Commons Commons: August III. (Polen) X Sammlung von Bildern und/oder Videos und Audiodateien * Literatur von und über August III. (Polen) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Datensatz zu August III. (Polen) X PICA-Datensatz X Apper-Personensuche) * Biographie über August III. (Polen) Vorgänger Friedrich August I. Kurfürst von Sachsen 1733X1763 Nachfolger Friedrich Christian Vorgänger August II. und Stanislaus I. (als Gegenkönig) König von Polen und Großherzog von Litauen 1733/36X1763 Nachfolger Stanislaus II. Normdaten: PND: 118505092 X weitere Informationen | LCCN: n85330554 | VIAF: 35247491 Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 24. Mai 2010 um 10:50 Uhr geändert. -------------------- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland Augustus III of Poland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) Augustus III (Frederick Augustus II) King of Poland; Elector of Saxony King of Poland Reign 1734 X 5 October 1763 Predecessor StanisXaw LeszczyXski Successor StanisXaw August Poniatowski Elector of Saxony Predecessor Frederick Augustus I Successor Frederick Christian Spouse Maria Josepha of Austria More Issue Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony Maria Amalia, Queen of Spain Maria Anna Sophia, Electress of Bavaria Prince Franz Xavier Maria Josepha, Dauphine of France Carl, Duke of Courland Maria Christina, Princess-Abbess of Remiremont Albert, Duke of Teschen Clemens Wenceslaus, Archbishop of Trier Princess Maria Kunigunde, Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen House House of Wettin Father Augustus II the Strong Mother Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth Born 17 October 1696 Dresden, Saxony, Germany Died 5 October 1763 Dresden, Saxony, Germany Burial Dresden, family vault at Katholische Hofkirche Signature Coat of arms of PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of House of Wettin Augustus III, known as the Saxon Polish: August III Sas; German: August III. von Polen; also Prince-elector Friedrich August II (Dresden, 17 October 1696 X 5 October 1763 in Dresden) was the Elector of Saxony in 1733-1763, as Frederick Augustus II (German: Kurfürst Friedrich August II.), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1734-1763. Contents [show] * 1 Biography * 2 Marriage and children * 3 Royal titles * 4 Ancestry * 5 Construction work at castles * 6 See also * 7 References [edit] Biography Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Imperial Prince-Elector of Saxony and monarch of the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth, by his wife, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. He was groomed to succeed his father as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and thus in 1721, converted to Catholicism. After his father's death, he inherited Saxony and was elected King of Poland, with the support of Russian and Austrian military forces in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738). As King, Augustus III was uninterested in theaffairs of his Polish-Lithuanian dominion, focusing on interests like hunting, opera and collecting paintings (see Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister). During his 30-year reign, he spent less than a total of three years in Poland, wherethe struggle between the House of Czartoryski and the Potocki paralysed the Sejm (Liberum Veto), fostering internal political anarchy and further weakening the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth. Augustus III delegated most of his powers and responsibilities to Heinrich von Brühl, who became quasi-dictator of Poland. The thirty years of Augustus III's reign saw the Seven Years' War (1754 and 1756X1763) among them. His eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian, eventually succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony, but not as King of Poland. It was StanisXaw August Poniatowski, who was elected King of the PolishXLithuanian Commonwealth, after a coup d'état by the House of Czartoryski, supported by Russian troops on 7 September 1764. [edit] Marriage and children In Dresden on 20 August 1719, Augustus married the Archduchess, Maria Josepha of Austria, daughter of Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor. They had fifteen children: * Frederick Augustus Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 18 November 1720 - d. Dresden, 22 January 1721). * Joseph Augustus Wilhelm Frederick Franz Xavier Johann Nepomuk (b. Pillnitz, 24 October 1721 - d. Dresden, 14 March 1728). * Frederick Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 5 September 1722 - d. Dresden, 17 December 1763), successor to his father as Elector of Saxony. * Stillborn daughter (Dresden, 23 June 1723). * Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga (b. Dresden, 24 November 1724 - d. Buen Retiro, 27 September 1760); married on 19 June 1738 to Charles VII, King of Naples, later King Charles III of Spain. * Maria Margaretha Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 13 September 1727 - d. Dresden, 1 February 1734). * Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 29 August 1728 - d. Munich, 17 February 1797); married on 9 August 1747 to Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria. * Franz Xavier Albert August Ludwig Benno (b. Dresden, 25 August 1730 - d. Dresden, 21 June 1806), Regent of Saxony (1763-1768). * Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 4 November 1731 - d. Versailles, 13 March 1767); married on 9 February 1747 to Louis, Dauphin of France (1729X1765), son of Louis XV of France (she was the mother of Kings Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X) of France. * Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 13 July 1733 - d. Dresden, 16 June 1796), Duke of Courland and Zemgale (1758-1763). * Maria Christina Anna Teresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 12 February 1735 - d. Brumath, 19 November 1782), Princess-Abbess of Remiremont. [1] * Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Casimira Francisca Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 9 February 1736 - d. Dresden, 24 December 1818). [2] * Albert Kasimir August Ignaz Pius Franz Xavier (b. Moritzburg, near Dresden, 11 July 1738 - d. Vienna, 10 February 1822), Duke of Teschen and Governor of the Austrian Netherlands (1781-1793). * Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertus Franz Xavier (b. Schloss Hubertusburg, Wermsdorf, 28 September 1739 - d. Marktoberdorf, Allgäu, 27 July 1812), Archbishop of Trier. * Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina (b. Warsaw, 10 November 1740 - d. Dresden, 8 April 1826), Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen; nearly married Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans; Philippe Égalité. [edit] Royal titles * Royal titles in Latin: Augustus tertius, Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniæ, Russiæ, Prussiæ, Masoviæ, Samogitiæ, Kijoviæ, Volhiniæ, Podoliæ, Podlachiæ, Livoniæ, Smolensciæ, Severiæ, Czerniechoviæque, nec non hæreditarius dux Saxoniæ et princeps elector. [3] * English translation: August III, by the grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia (i.e. Galicia), Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia, Chernihiv,and also hereditary Duke of Saxony and Prince-elector. Construction work at castles * Hubertusburg * Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden * Saxon Palace, Warsaw (destroyed 1944) * Brühl Palace, Warsaw (destroyed 1944) [edit] See also * History of Poland (1569X1795) * Mass in B Minor This page was last modified on 3 July 2010 at 11:28. -------------------- Augustus III of Poland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Augustus III (Augustus III the Saxon or the Corpulent; German: August III. von Polen; Polish: August III Sas, August III Gruby; b. Dresden, 17 October 1696 - d. Dresden, 5 October 1763) was the Elector of Saxony in 1733-1763 (as Frederick Augustus II (German: Kurfürst Friedrich August II.) and also King of Poland in 1734-1763. Royal titles Royal titles in Latin: Augustus III, Dei Gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russie, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Kijoviae, Volhyniae, Podoliae, Podlachiae, Livoniae, Smolensciae, Severiae, Czerniechoviae, nec non haereditarius dux Saxoniae princeps et elector etc. English translation: August III, by the grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia (i.e. Galicia), Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Kyiv, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia, Chernihiv, and also hereditary Duke of Saxony, prince and Elector, etc. Biography Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Imperial Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, by his wife, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. He was groomed to succeed his father as King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thus in 1721 converted to Catholicism. After his father's death, he inherited Saxony and was elected King of Poland with the support of Russian and Austrian military forces in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738). As King, August III was uninterested in the affairs of his Polish-Lithuanian dominion, focussing on interests like hunting, opera, and collecting paintings (see Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister). During his 30-year reign, he spent less than a total of three years in Poland, where the struggle between the Czartoryski and the Potocki paralysed the Sejm (Liberum Veto), fostering internal political anarchy and further weakening the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. August delegated most of his powers and responsibilities to Heinrich, Count von Brühl, who became quasi-dictator of Poland. The thirty years of August III's reign saw the Seven Years' War (1754 and 1756X1763), and neighboring Prussia, Austria, and Russia refined their plans to partition the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth among them. His eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian, eventually succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony, but not as King of Poland. It was StanisXaw August Poniatowski who was elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after a coup d'état by the Czartoryski Familia X supported by Russian troops X on September 7, 1764. [edit]Marriage and children In Dresden on 20 August 1719, Augustus married with the Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria, daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I. They had fifteen children: Frederick Augustus Franz Xavier (b. Dresden, 18 November 1720 - d. Dresden, 22 January 1721). Joseph Augustus Wilhelm Frederick Franz Xavier Johann Nepomuk (b. Pillnitz, 24 October 1721 - d. Dresden, 14 March 1728). Frederick Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xaver (b. Dresden, 5 September 1722 - d. Dresden, 17 December 1763), succesor of his father as Elector of Saxony. Stillborn daughter (Dresden, 23 June 1723). Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga (b. Dresden, 24 November 1724 - d. Buen Retiro, 27 September 1760); married on 19 June 1738 to Charles VII, King of Naples, later King Charles III of Spain. Maria Margaretha Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 13 September 1727 - d. Dresden, 1 February 1734). Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 29 August 1728 - d. Munich, 17 February 1797); married on 9 August 1747 to Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria. Franz Xavier Albert August Ludwig Benno (b. Dresden, 25 August 1730 - d. Dresden, 21 June 1806), Regent of Saxony (1763-1768). Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria (b. Dresden, 4 November 1731 - d. Versailles, 13 March 1767); married on 9 February 1747 to the Dauphin Louis, son of King Louis XV of France (she was the mother of King Louis XVIof France). Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xaver (b. Dresden, 13 July 1733 - d. Dresden, 16 June 1796), Duke of Courland and Semigallia (1758-1763). Maria Christina Anna Teresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 12 February 1735 - d. Brumath, 19 November 1782), Princess-Abbess of Remiremont. [1] Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Casimira Francisca Xaveria (b. Warsaw, 9 February 1736 - d. Dresden, 24 December 1818). [2] Albert Kasimir Augustus Ignaz Pius Franz Xavier (b. Moritzburg, near Dresden, 11 July 1738 - d. Vienna, 10 February 1822), Duke of Teschen and Governor of the Austrian Netherlands (1781-1793). Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertum Franz Xavier (b. Schloss Hubertusburg, Wermsdorf, 28 September 1739 - d. Marktoberdorf, Allgäu, 27 July 1812), Archbishop-Elector of Trier. Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina (b. Warsaw, 10 November 1740 - d. Dresden, 8 April 1826), Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen. | von Sachsen, Friedrich August II Kurfürst zu Sachsen, Król Polski (I49016)
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| 16149 | {geni:occupation} King of Saxony 1827-1836, Kung i Sachen {geni:about_me} Name/title: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar Prince(Prinz) of Sachsen König von Sachsen in 1827 '''Links:''' '''The Peerage:''' http://thepeerage.com/p11154.htm#i111538 '''Geneall:''' http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=9417 '''Predecessor Frederick Augustus I:''' http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-Augustus-I-king-of-Saxony/6000000002240806179 '''Successor Frederick Augustus II:''' '''Wikipedia:''' '''English:''' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony '''Deutsch:''' http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_(Sachsen) | von Sachsen, Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xaver Aloys König von Sachsen (I96040)
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| 16150 | {geni:occupation} King of Sweden 1523 - 1560, Riksföreståndare 1521-1523 och kung 1523-1560, Rey de Suecia 1523-1560, Konge av Sverige, King of Sweden, Kung (1521-1560), Kung i Sverige 1523-1560, Kung 6 juni 1523 - 29 sept 1560, Kung, Sveriges kung år 1523-1560, King {geni:about_me} ==Links:== *[http://thepeerage.com/p11313.htm#i113122 The Peerage] *[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=2550 Geneall] *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=81493796 Find a Grave] *[http://www.historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=217 History short] In swedish *'''King of Sweden:''' Reign 6 June 1523 X 29 September 1560 (37 years, 115 days) Coronation 12 January 1528 >'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4104123 Christian II] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Index/6000000010624178649 Eric XIV] *'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden English ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Vasa Svenska] {geni:hair_color} Blond | Eriksson Vasa av Sverige, Gustav I Eriksson Kung (I96465)
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