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| 9301 | {geni:about_me} http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_%28Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach%29 George the Pious (German: Georg der Fromme; 4 March 1484 X 27 December 1543) was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern. Early life He was born in Ansbach, the third of eight sons of Margrave Frederick the Elder and his wife Sophie Jagiello, daughter of Casimir IV of Poland and Elisabeth of Habsburg. Through his mother, he was related to the royal court in Buda. He entered the service of his uncle, King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary, living at his court from 1506. The king received him as an adopted son, entrusted him in 1515 with the duchy of Oppeln, and in 1516 made him member of the tutelary government instituted for Hungary, and tutor of his son Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia. [edit] Territories and influence At the court of Hungary there were two parties arrayed against each other: the Magyar party under the leadership of Zápolyas and the German party under the leadership of George of Brandenburg, whose authority was increased by theacquisition of the duchies of Ratibor and Oppeln by hereditary treaties with their respective dukes and of the territories of Oderberg, Beuthen, and Tarnowitz as pledges from the king of Bohemia, who could not redeem his debts. By the further appropriation of the duchy of Jägerndorf, George came into possession of all Upper Silesia. As the owner and mortgagee of these territories he prepared the way for the introduction of the Protestant Reformation, here as well as in his native Franconia. At an earlier time than any other German prince and any other member of the Hohenzollern line, even before his younger brother Albert, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, he turned his eyes and heart to the new faith proceeding from Wittenberg. | von Brandenburg, Juraj George Markgraf zu Brandenburg-Ansbach (I96212)
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| 9302 | {geni:about_me} http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_von_Brandenburg Hedwig von Brandenburg aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche Hedwig von Brandenburg, Herzogin von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Ausschnitt aus einem Familienbildnis Hedwig von Brandenburg (* 23. Februar 1540 in Cölln; X 21. Oktober 1602 in Wolfenbüttel) war Markgräfin von Brandenburg und durch Heirat Herzogin von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. Inhaltsverzeichnis [Anzeigen] * 1 Leben * 2 Nachkommen * 3 Literatur * 4 Einzelnachweise Leben [Bearbeiten] Hedwig war eine Tochter des brandenburgischen Kurfürsten Joachim II. (1505X1571) aus dessen zweiter Ehe mit Hedwig (1513X1573), Tochter des Königs Sigismund I. von Polen. Sie heiratete am 25. Februar 1560 in Cölln an der Spree Herzog Julius von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1528X1589). Das Paar hatte sich am Hof des Markgrafen Johann in Küstrin kennen gelernt, wohin Julius vor seinem unberechenbaren Vater geflohen war. Nach der Versöhnung Julius' mit seinem Vater Heinrich II., der nur widerwillig in die protestantische Heirat seines Sohnes eingewilligt hatte, erhielt das Paar Schloss Hessen und Schladen als Wohnsitz übereignet. Nachdem Julius ältere Brüder in der Schlacht bei Sievershausen gefallen waren, soll Heinrich II. auf Schloss Hessen erschienen sein und sich Zutritt zum Zimmer seiner Schwiegertochter verschafft haben, den von ihr gerade geborenen Sohn aus der Wiege genommen und ausgerufen haben: XDu sasst nu min leiwe Son sin.X[1] Später wandte sich Julius von seiner Gemahlin ab, als er unter den betrügerischen Einfluss des Philipp Sömmering und der Anne Marie Schulfermanns (XSchlüter-LieseX) geriet.[2] Hedwig wurde als fromm und bescheiden beschrieben, die sich mit Vorliebe häuslichen Tätigkeiten widmete.[3] Der Theologe Stephan Prätorius widmete Hedwig seine 1598 erschienene Schrift XDer Witwen TrostX.[4] Nachkommen [Bearbeiten] Aus ihrer Ehe hatte Hedwig folgende Kinder: * Sophie Hedwig (1561X1631) X 1577 Herzog Ernst Ludwig von Pommern-Wolgast (1545X1592) * Heinrich Julius (1564X1613), Herzog von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel X 1. 1585 Prinzessin Dorothea von Sachsen (1563X1587) X 2. 1590 Prinzessin Elisabeth von Dänemark (1573X1625) * Maria (1566X1626) X 1582 Herzog Franz II. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1547X1619) * Elisabeth (1567X1618) X 1. 1583 Graf Adolf XIII. von Holstein-Schauenburg (X 1601) X 2. 1604 Herzog Christoph von Braunschweig-Harburg (X 1606) * Philipp Sigismund (1568X1623), Bischof von Verden und Osnabrück * Margarete (1571X1580) * Joachim Karl (1573X1615) * Sabine Catharina (1574X1590) * Dorothea Auguste (1577X1625), Äbtissin von Gandersheim * Julius August (1578X1617), Abt von Michaelstein * Hedwig (1580X1657) X 1621 Herzog Otto III. von Braunschweig-Harburg (1572X1641) Literatur [Bearbeiten] * Inge Mager: Die Konkordienformel im Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993, S. 22 f. Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten] 1. X O. von Heinemann: Das Königreich Hannover und das Herzogthum Braunschweig, 1858, S. 254 2. X Carl Eduard Vehse: Geschichte der deutschen Höfe seit der Reformation, Teil 5, Hoffman und Campe, 1854, S. 281 3. X Pernille Arenfeldt, Regina Schulte, Xenia von Tippelskirch: Der Körper der Königin: Geschlecht und Herrschaft in der höfischen Welt, Campus Verlag, 2002, S. 141 4. X Eckhard Düker: Freudenchristentum: Der Erbauungsschriftsteller Stephan Praetorius, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, S. 123 Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 13. September 2010 um 20:06 Uhr geändert. | von Hohenzollern, Hedwig Herzogin zu Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (I96196)
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| 9303 | {geni:about_me} http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_VI._%28Anhalt-Zerbst%29 ohann VI. (Anhalt-Zerbst) aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche Johann von Anhalt-Zerbst Johann VI. von Anhalt-Zerbst (* 24. März 1621 in Zerbst; X 4. Juli 1667 in Zerbst) aus dem Hause der Askanier war ein Fürst von Anhalt-Zerbst. Inhaltsverzeichnis [Verbergen] * 1 Leben * 2 Ehe und Nachkommen * 3 Literatur * 4 Weblinks Leben [Bearbeiten] Johann war der einzige Sohn des Fürsten Rudolf von Anhalt-Zerbst (1576X1621) aus dessen zweiter Ehe mit Magdelene (1585X1657), Tochter des Grafen Johann XVI. von Oldenburg. Er folgte seinem Vater als Fürst von Anhalt-Zerbst nominell schon kurz nach seiner Geburt und stand dabei unter Vormundschaft des Fürsten August von Anhalt-Plötzkau. Seine Erziehung wurde nicht nur durch Hauslehrer, sondern vor allem durch seine lutherische Mutter beeinflusst, die ihn auch in diesem Glauben erzog, ohne dass die anhaltische, der reformierten Kirche angehörenden Verwandtschaft etwas dabei ausrichten konnte. 1626 hatte Margarete in dieser Angelegenheit den Kaiser eingeschaltet. Die herrschenden Wirren des Dreißigjährigen Krieges brachten es mit sich, dass Johann in Zerbst, Coswig und Wittenberg erzogen wurde. Ab 1633 fand der Unterricht am Hof seines Onkels Graf Anton Günther von Oldenburg statt. Sofort nach der Übernahme der Regierungsgeschäfte gestaltete Fürst Johann sein reformiertes Fürstentum im lutherischen Sinne um. Um die Huldigung der reformierten Stände zu erzwingen musste der Kaiser einschreiten. Er konnte gegenüber den Ständen seinen Herrschaftsanspruch nicht nur durchsetzen, sondern auch durch die Einnahme verschiedener Lehen sein Territorium merklich vergrößern. Fürst Ludwig I. von Anhalt-Köthen nahm Fürst Johann 1642 zusammen mit Hofrat Konrad Balthasar Pichtel und Hofjunker Joachim von Boeselager in die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft auf. Er verlieh Fürst Johann den Gesellschaftsnamen der Wohlgestaltete und das Motto anmutiger Schärfe. Als Emblem wurde ihm indianische Kresse mit ihrer schönen Blüte (Tropaeolum majus L.) zugedacht. Im Köthener Gesellschaftsbuch findet sich Fürst Johanns Eintrag unter der Nr. 398. Hier findet sich auch das Reimgesetz, das der Fürst anlässlich seiner Aufnahme verfasst hatte: Die Kreß' aus India hat eine schöne blüht' Jst wolgestalt, drumb ich der Wolgestaltet' heiße: Anmutig ihre schärff' ist draus dan ihre güt' Jngleichen wird gespürt: Ein tapfer geist sich reiße Und in geberden sey: Auch nimmer nichts verheiße Er woll' es halten dan, das wird sein recht bedacht Und wolgestaltet hat drauf gute frucht gebracht. Nach dem Aussterben der Grafen von Barby erwarb Johann 1659 Mühlingen, später auch Walternienburg, Dornburg und Möckern. Im Alter von 46 Jahren starb Fürst Johann von Anhalt-Zerbst in Zerbst an den Kinderpocken. Kurz vor seinem Ableben war er nach dem Tod seines Onkels Anton Günther von Oldenburg Erbe der Herrschaft Jever geworden. Die Vormundschaft über seinen minderjährigen Erstgeborenen übernahm neben seiner Witwe Landgraf Ludwig VI. von Hessen-Darmstadt und Fürst Johann Georg II. von Anhalt-Dessau. Johann wurde in der Zerbster Bartholomaikirche bestattet. Ehe und Nachkommen [Bearbeiten] Johann heiratete am 16. September 1649 in Gottorf Sophie Auguste (1630X1680), Tochter des Herzogs Friedrich III. von Holstein-Gottorp, mit der er folgende Kinder hatte: * Johann Friedrich (1650X1651) * Georg (1651X1652) * Karl Wilhelm (1652X1718), Fürst von Anhalt-Zerbst X 1676 Prinzessin Sophie von Sachsen-Weißenfels (1654X1724) * Anton (1653X1714) X 1705 Auguste Antonie Marschall von Biberstein (1659X1736), XFrau von GünthersfeldX * Johann Adolf (1654X1726) * Johann Ludwig I. (1656X1704), Fürst von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg X 1687 Christine Eleonore von Zeutsch (1666X1669) * Joachim Ernst (1657X1658) * Magdalene Sophie (1658X1659) * Friedrich (*/X 1660) * Hedwig Marie Eleonore (*/X 1662) * Sophie Auguste (1663X1694) X 1685 Herzog Johann Ernst von Sachsen-Weimar (1664X1707) * Albrecht (*/X 1665) * August (1666X1667) Literatur [Bearbeiten] * Ferdinand Siebigk: Johann, Fürst von Anhalt-Zerbst. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, S. 117 f. Weblinks [Bearbeiten] * Druckschriften von und über Johann VI. (Anhalt-Zerbst) im VD 17 Vorgänger Amt Nachfolger Rudolf Fürst von Anhalt-Zerbst 1621X1667 Karl Wilhelm Normdaten: PND: 102309833 (PICA) | WP-Personeninfo Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 11. Oktober 2010 um 18:56 Uhr geänd | von Anhalt-Zerbst, Johann VI (I96762)
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| 9304 | {geni:about_me} http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Sibylle_von_Brandenburg-Bayreuth Magdalena Sibylle von Brandenburg-Bayreuth aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche Magdalena Sibylle von Brandenburg-Kulmbach/Bayreuth (* 1. November 1612 in Bayreuth; X 20. März 1687 in Dresden) war die Ehefrau von Kurfürst Johann Georg II. von Sachsen. Leben [Bearbeiten] Die Tochter des Markgrafen Christian zu Brandenburg-Kulmbach/Bayreuth (1581-1655) und Marie heiratete am 13. November 1638 zu Dresden den Kurprinzen Johann Georg II. (2. Ehe). Sie hatten drei Kinder, darunter: * Erdmuth Sophie, 1662 verheiratet mit Markgraf Christian Ernst von Brandenburg-Bayreuth * Johann Georg III. (1647-1691) Magdalena Sibylle war mit der schwedischen Königsfamilie befreundet und konnte so 1639 die Stadt Pirna durch einen Brief an den schwedischen Feldherrn vor der Zerstörung retten. 1680 starb ihr Mann und sie nahm ihren Witwensitz zu Freiberg-Colditz sowie im "Residenzhause" zu Dresden, besaß auch das Vorwerk zu Fischersdorf (später Birckholzens). Ihr Grab befindet sich im Freiberger Dom. Siehe auch: * Magdalena Sibylle von Preußen (X 1659), Tochter von Albrecht Friedrich von Preußen Literatur [Bearbeiten] * Stichart, Franz Otto: Galerie der sächsischen Fürstinnen; biogr. Skizzen sämtlicher Ahnfrauen des kgl. Hauses Sachsen, Leipzig 1857 * Fritz Roth: Restlose Auswertungen von Leichenpredigten für genealogische und kulturhistorische Zwecke. Selbstverlag, Boppard/Rhein, 1980, Bd. 10, S. 492, R 9803 Weblinks [Bearbeiten] * Druckschriften von und über Magdalena Sibylle von Brandenburg-Bayreuth im VD 17 Vorgänger Amt Nachfolger Magdalena Sibylle von Preußen Kurfürstin von Sachsen 1656-1680 Anna Sophie von Dänemark und Norwegen Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 15. Juli 2010 um 23:53 Uhr geändert. | Saxony, Magdalene Sibylle Electress Of (I96143)
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| 9305 | {geni:about_me} http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Elisabeth_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf_%281678%E2%80%931755%29 Marie Elisabeth von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1678X1755) aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche Marie Elisabeth von Holstein-Gottorf, Fürstäbtissin von Quedlinburg Marie Elisabeth von Holstein-Gottorf (* 21. März 1678 in Hamburg; X 17. Juli 1755 in Quedlinburg) war von 1718 bis 1755 Äbtissin des reichsunmittelbaren und freiweltlichen Stifts Quedlinburg. Leben [Bearbeiten] Marie Elisabeth war eine Tochter des Herzogs Christian Albrecht von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1641X1695) und dessen Frau Prinzessin Friederike Amalie (1649X1704), Tochter des Königs Friedrich III. von Dänemark. Im Jahr 1718 wurde Marie Elisabeth zur 37. Äbtissin von Quedlinburg gewählt. Bereits seit 1704 versuchte vor allem das Königreich England die Wahl der Prinzessin gegen Preußen durchzusetzen. Das während der Sedisvakanz durch Aurora von Königsmarck geführte Stift, wählte zwar Marie Elisabeth mehrfach, doch scheiterte ihre Amtseinführung bis 1718 an den Protesten Preußens und der Nichtbestätigung der Wahl durch den Kaiser. Unter Marie Elisabeth erfolgte ein umfangreicher Aus- und Umbau des Stiftsschlosses und der Repräsentationsräume. Ihre Amtszeit war geprägt von territorialen Auseinandersetzungen mit König Friedrich Wilhelm I. von Preußen, in denen sich Marie Elisabeth vergeblich an den Kaiser wandte. Die Äbtissin wurde in der Fürstengruft der Stiftskirche St. Servatius bestattet. Literatur [Bearbeiten] * H. Lorenz: Werdegang von Stift und Stadt Quedlinburg Quedlinburg 1922 Weblinks [Bearbeiten] * H. Fritsch: Geschichte des vormaligen Reichsstifts und der Stadt Quedlinburg * guide2womenleaders Vorgänger Amt Nachfolger Anna Dorothea von Sachsen-Weimar Äbtissin von Quedlinburg 1718X1755 Amalie von Preußen Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 31. Juli 2010 um 22:55 Uhr geändert. | von Holstein-Gottorp, Marie Elisabeth (I36089)
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| 9306 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no/ft/person/pf01036392063912 | Dahl, Laura (I37462)
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| 9307 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no/ft/person/pf01036708096655 | Blindheim, Baste Johannessen (I85750)
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| 9308 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no/ft/person/pf01038023003434 | Daae, Jess (I20341)
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| 9309 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=DP03011820gar&personpostnr=1267&merk=1267 | von Mansbach, Carl Adalberth (I72403)
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| 9310 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=DP03011820gar&personpostnr=8252&merk=8252 | von Mansbach, Eleonore (I72404)
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| 9311 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=dp12011816&personpostnr=198794&merk=198794 | Øen, Sofie Endresdotter (I67932)
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| 9312 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=EMIBERG&personpostnr=75080&merk=75080 http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f01301&personpostnr=36430&merk=36430 | Antoniazzi, Helga Theresia (I1710)
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| 9313 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f01135&personpostnr=649&merk=649 | Sjursdotter, Kari (I45168)
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| 9314 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f01425&personpostnr=1895&merk=1895 | Olson Lingjerde, Johannes (I147)
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| 9315 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=samn1885&personpostnr=1440&merk=1440 | Høisæter, Sjur Samuelsen (I2964)
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| 9316 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=skifshor&personpostnr=12290&merk=12290 | Monsen, Sjur (I5591)
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| 9317 | {geni:about_me} http://digitalarkivet.no/cgi-win/WebCens.exe?slag=visbase&sidenr=21&filnamn=vigd1663_1&gardpostnr=5910&merk=5910#ovre http://genealogy.hagerup.com/genealogy_base/fam/fam05480.html | Falch, Anne Margrete (inger) (I70309)
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| 9318 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Vilhelm_B%C3%B8gh http://geelmuyden.info/slektstre/i94.htm#i4115 | Sagen, Anna Dorothea Sagen (I27100)
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| 9319 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Bicker | Bicker, Andries (I46806)
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| 9320 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Stuttgart http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg | von Württemberg-Stuttgart, Antonia (I49065)
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| 9321 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rudolf,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Neuenstadt Carl Rudolf (Neuenstadt am Kocher, 29 May 1667 X Neuenstadt am Kocher, 17 November 1742) was third and last Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, army commander in Danish service and Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Life Carl Rudolf was the youngest son of Frederick, who had founded the Württemberg-Neuenstadt branch in 1649, and his wife Clara Augusta von Braunschweig. The young Duke studied in Tübingen and Strassburg. His Grand Tour brought him to Geneva, the south of France, the court of Louis XIV, London and northern Germany. Military career Already in 1687 he raised a Württemberger Regiment, to support the Republic of Venice in their war against the Ottoman Empire in Greece. Carl Rudolf personally led a company of 150 men and fought during two years in Morea and Negroponte, until he was shot in the chest during the siege of Negroponte. He survived, but the bullet remained in his lungs for the rest of life. When Carl Rudolf returned to Württemberg in the beginning of 1690, the War of the Grand Alliance had already started. Carl Rudolf entered in Danish service and went to Ireland to support the Protestant William of Orange against the deposed Catholic King James II of England. The commander of the Danish troops was Carl Rudolf's elder brother Ferdinand Wilhelm. Both brothers fought in the victorious Battle of the Boyne. In 1692 both brothers fought the French in Flanders and participated in the battles of Steenkerke and Neerwinden. When the war ended in 1697, the Danish King sent them to present-day Ukraine, where they supported the Polish-Saxontroops in the PolishXOttoman War (1683-1699) against the Turks. In 1700 they fought in the Great Northern War against Sweden, but Denmark was forced to retreat from the war in the same year. One year later the War of Spanish Succession broke out, where France was opposed by a British-Dutch-Habsburg coalition. Denmark supported the coalition and Carl Rudolf was sent at the head of an army of 12,000 men to the Netherlands. For his actions in 1702, he was awarded the highest Danish award, the Order of the Elephant. In 1704 he led the Danish troops in the Battle of Blenheim. In the Battle of Ramillies (1706) and Malplaquet (1709) he distinguishedhimself and played an important part in both victories. By the end of the war, he was in command of the entire Danish Army. In the meanwhile, Denmark had reentered the Great Northern War and Carl Rudolf was ordered to take Stralsund from the Swedish, which he accomplished in 1715 after a long siege. Ruler in Neuenstadt In 1716 Carl Rudolf's eldest brother Frederick August died. He had ruled Neuenstadt since 1682. Because Frederick August had left no male successors, and the second brother Ferdinand Wilhelm had died in 1701, the Duchy passed to Carl Rudolf. After 25 years in service, he left the Danish army and returned home. In 1734 he was recalled once more as Generalfeldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire to defend the Upper Rhine against the French in the War of Polish Succession. In 1737, the Duke of the main line of the house of Württemberg, Carl Alexander, died unexpectedly in Stuttgart. His son Carl Eugen was only 9 years old, and Carl Rudolf was appointed Regent. Carl Alexander had left the Duchy in adisastrous financial state and was hated by the population. To prevent an uprising, Carl Rudolf accused the Jewish Finance-minister, Joseph Süß Oppenheimer, and had him executed. Shortly after, Carl Rudolf passed on the Regency to Carl Friedrich of Württemberg-Oels, for health reasons. Carl Rudolf died of catarrh in November 1742, and was buried in the Nikolauskirche in Neuenstadt am Kocher. Carl Rudolf never married, but lived together with Marie Therese de La Contry. They had no children. | von Württemberg, Carl Rudolf (I68425)
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| 9322 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_of_Brunswick Christian the Younger (September 20, 1599 X June 16, 1626), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Bishop of Halberstadt, was a German Protestant military leader during the Thirty Years' War. During the war, he earned a reputation as a dangerous fanatic. Life Christian was born in Gröningen (in today's Saxony-Anhalt), the third son of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. After his father's death, he was educated by his maternal uncle, King Christian IV of Denmark, and attended the University of Helmstedt. After the death of his brother, Rudolf, Bishop of Halberstadt, in 1616, he was elected his successor as Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt. This position provided him the necessary finances to start a military career. In 1621 Christian joined the army of Maurice of Orange and fought in the Netherlands against a Spanish army. Later he raised his own army and, in liege to Frederick V, Elector Palatine, he carried out three significant battles: the Battle of Höchst (1622), the Battle of Fleurus (1622), and lastly at the Battle of Stadtlohn (1623). He participated in a number of plunderings and burnings along the France-Germany border and throughout the Netherlands. Christian fought alongside the Count of Mansfeld in the first two engagements, and suffered two losses to the Count of Tilly: an arguable one at Höchst, and his final one at Stadtlohn. Christian's major success was at Fleurus, where hisactions directly led to the relieving of the Protestant stronghold of Bergen op Zoom. A lover of cavalry warfare, Christian gained a reputation for cruelty and violence, especially against the Catholic church. His Catholic opponents dubbed him der Tolle ("the mad") due to his excesses in war. This has been disputed and considered by some to be undeserved as it was probably started by pro-Imperial pamphlets at the time. Christian died childless of wounds sustained in battle in 1626. Campaigns of 1622-23 In 1621, Christian was one of the few men to continue rallying behind Frederick V, who had only the year before claimed and been deposed from the throne of Bohemia following his crushing loss at the Battle of White Mountain. Frederick was still leader of the Protestant resistance rooted from the 1618 crushed Bohemian Revolution. What attracted Christian to the cause is arguable, but something that may have had to do with it was the fact that before his campaigning, Christian declared a chivalric love for Elizabeth, Frederick's wife and daughter of James I of England, who at this point of the war had sent several thousand troops under Sir Horace Vere to the Palatinate. By the end of 1621 he had managed to raise 10,000 troops, with whom he wintered in Westphalia, gathering a great treasure from the dioceses of Münster and Paderborn. Christian's military actions began in 1622 when Ernst von Mansfeld began organizing his forces and expressed interest in linking up with his army, especially after his ally Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, was crushingly defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen. They were caught at the Battle of Höchst, June 22, 1622, and although Christian was arguably defeated, he was able to escape with much of his army despite crossing a river under heavy fire and losing all of his baggage. The newly united Protestant army moved into Alsace, leaving Heidelberg, the capital of the Palatinate, to fall to Count von Tilly in September 1622, effectively forcing Frederick V out of the war. After intense foraging and ravaging of the Alsace region, Christian and Mansfeld moved north in Lorraine, and upon the news of the Spanish siege of Bergen op Zoom, they marched to the relief of the city, fighting the Battle of Fleurus (August 29, 1622) and in the midst of the battle, Christian displayed his well-known courage and stubbornness on the field by leading four unsuccessful cavalry charges against the Spanish lines under Fernández de Córdoba. Itwas on the fifth charge that the Protestant horsemen broke the Spanish lines and paved the way for the Protestant relief of Bergen op Zoom that October. This came at a cost of most of Christian's infantry and one of Christian's arms. Fresh from that victory, Christian spent the winter of 1622-23 in the Spanish Netherlands resting and replenishing his army to what would be in spring 1623 set at roughly 15,000. Spring 1623 saw a plan between Christian, Mansfeld, the Hungarian general Bethlen Gabor, and his ally Count Thurn to retake Bohemia for the Protestants and to breathe new life into the ailing Protestant cause. The campaign faltered from the start as Count von Tilly received news of the troop movements and positioned himself in Lower Saxony, with reports from Mansfeld coming to Christian that he did not have the money to pay his armies or to campaign, leaving Christian to himself in the north. Outnumbered again, and leading an army that was not as disciplined as Tilly's, Christian made a break for the relative safety of the United Provinces. He was outrun and out-maneuvered 10 miles short of the Dutch border, and in a stand typical of Christian's bravery, he was nonetheless decisively defeated at the Battle of Stadtlohn on August 6, 1623, when he lost all but 2,000 of this 15,000 man army. Broken, he fled for The Hague with the remnants of his army. Defeat and death Christian's defeat signalled the "Palatine Phase" of the Thirty Years' War, and the end of the Protestant rebellion as a whole. Three days after Stadtlohn, Frederick V signed an armistice with Ferdinand II, ending the former's resistance to what seemed as impending Catholic domination of the Holy Roman Empire. Mansfeld shortly thereafter disbanded his army on the Rhine with the entrance of Denmark, the United Provinces, and England into the war in 1625. Under a plan that involved Christian, Mansfeld, and Christian IV, King of Denmark, pushing from the United Provinces and from Denmark, Christian found himself with ample financial backing. Ordered to advance on the Rhineland, he undertook this mission but quickly found himself checked by Tilly in Hesse, and opted this time to retreat rather than fight. Ill from the outset of the campaign, he died at Wolfenbüttel on June 16, 1626, at the age of 26. Ancestors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_of_Brunswick#Ancestors | of Brunswick, Christian (I49130)
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| 9323 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Ludwig,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg Duke Eberhard Louis (18 September 1676 X 31 October 1733) was the tenth duke of Württemberg, from 1692 until 1733. Biography Eberhard Louis was born in Stuttgart the third child of Duke William Louis and his wife, Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt. After the early and unexpected death of his father in 1677, the royal court decided to give guardianship to his uncle, Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental. In 1693, Magdalena Sibylla had the 16-year-old Eberhard Louis prematurely proclaimed Duke of Württemberg by Emperor Leopold I. The young duke showed no excessive interest in governmental affairs. Eberhard Louis was described by his contemporaries as superficial and easily influenced. Most importantly, his behavior led to the political fate of the land being greatly decided by his council. The duke preferred hunting and left the administration of his county in the hands his advisors. In 1697, he married Joanna Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach. In 1707 he became the field marshal of the Swabian troops in the War of the Spanish Succession. He served under Eugene of Savoy at the Battle of Blenheim. Shortly before 1700, he visited Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles and planned to make an absolutist state out of Württemberg. He raised taxes, but financing still remained an obstacle. In 1704, he laid the foundation for his Ludwigsburg Palace. To save money, he allowed the workers to reside tax-free around the palace for 15 years. Later, the city of Ludwigsburg developed out of these residences. As of 1711, Eberhard Louis spent ever more time in Ludwigsburg, usually in the company of his mistress, Wilhelmine von Grävenitz, whom he married in 1707. Because of pressure from the emperor, the marriage had to be quickly dissolved, and Grävenitz went into exile. Eberhard Louis followed her to Switzerland, where they stayed until 1710. The influential mistress was only allowed to return to the royal court once she had married another man, Graf von Würben. For over two decades, Grävenitz had a strong influence on the government of the land, and it was she who, together with Eberhard Ludwig, moved the royal residence and capital of the duchy from Stuttgart to the sparsely populated city of Ludwigsburg. Duchess Joanna Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach stayed in the royal palace in Stuttgart. Because of the early death of his heir, Prince Frederick Louis, in 1731, the power threatened to shift into Catholic hands, which was unthinkable for Protestant Württemberg. Thus Duke Eberhard Louis dissolved his relations with Wilhelmine von Grävenitz and hoped to receive an heir from his legitimate and long ignored wife, Joanna Elisabeth. However, as he died in Ludwigsburg of a stroke on October 31, 1733, he left no heir behind. The duchy then fell intothe hands of his converted nephew, Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg of the bloodline Württemberg-Winnental, though only for a few years. Ancestors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Ludwig,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg | Duke of Württemberg, Eberhard Ludwig (I96344)
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| 9324 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Willem,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Neuenstadt Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Wurttemberg-Neuenstadt (September 12, 1659, Neuenstadt am Kocher X June 7, 1701, Sluis) was a general in the Dutch army. Ferdinand Wilhelm (original German spelling) was the sixth child of Frederick (Württemberg-Neuenstadt). He fought at the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692. Appointed general on August 20, 1693 after the Battle of Neerwinden, he became commander of the Garde te Voet as successor of Count Solms, who was killed at the battle. | von Württemberg, Ferdinand Willem (I68424)
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| 9325 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_(W%C3%BCrttemberg-Neuenstadt) Frederick of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (Stuttgart,, 19 December 1615 X 24 March 1682 in Neuenstadt am Kocher) was Duke of Württemberg and founder of the second branch line Duchy of Württemberg-Neuenstadt. | von Württemberg, Friedrich Herzog zu Württemberg-Neuenstadt (I49067)
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| 9326 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Rutowsky Frederick Augustus, Count Rutowsky (also written Rutowski) (Warsaw/Dresden [?], 19 June 1702 X Pillnitz, 16 March 1764), was a Saxon Field Marshal who commanded Saxon forces in the Siege of Pirna during the Seven Years War. Early years He was an illegitimate son of August the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, by the Turk Fatima (or Fatime), who was captured during the Battle of Buda (1686) by Hans Adam von Schöning. After she became the King's mistress, she was christened Maria Anna and moved to the Dresden court. The child got the name of his father, but shortly after the birth Fatima was married at the instigation of Augustus to his chamberman Johann Georg of Spiegel. Frederick Augustus moved to the estates of the Spiegel Family, but hisfather cared about his education, which led him among other things to go to Paris, where he found his half-sister Anna Karolina (the later countess Orzelska) and bring her to Dresden. Fatima, despite her marriage, remained a mistress of Augustus. In 1706, she gave birth to the King's second child, a daughter, called Maria Anna Katharina. However, soon Frederick Augustus and his sister became orphans: Johann Georg of Spiegel died in 1715 and their mother Fatima five years later. Augustus the Strong took the guardianship of the children, but he only recognized and legitimized them both in 1724. Shortly after, he raised both, as his right of King of Poland, with the Polish title of Count Rutowski and Countess Rutowska. The coat of arms awarded to them shows a Saxon rhombus wreath as well as a Polish White Wagle. On 8 October 1724 Frederick August, now Count Rutowski, obtained of his father the highest condecoration of the Wettin lands, the Order of the White Eagle, which gave him the rank of an Oberst of the Saxon Army. Military career After a journey to Munich and Venice, Rutowski arrived in February 1725 at the court of the King of Sardinia and Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II in Turin, where he took command of the Piedmont regiment and was garrisoned in Alessandria. He really enjoyed his time there, and maybe that was the reason why he wrote his father asking to give to him the permission to enter in French services in order to remain in Turin. His father refused this request and demanded his return. On 26 May 1727 he became a Major-General in the Saxon Army and shortly after he served under the Prussians; however, in 1729 he returned again to the Saxon Army. During the following years, in the War of Polish Succession, he participated in the campaigns in Poland and on the Rhine, becoming Lieutenant-General on 1 January 1736 and Commander of the Garde du Corps. As such he was in 1737 the leader of the Saxon Contingent in the War against the Turks in Hungary. On 21 April 1738 he became General of the Cavalry, on 9 August 1740 Governor of Dresden and Commander of the Grenadier Guard, Obristhaus on 10 Augustand Landzeugmeister. On 10 January 1742 he was appointed Commander of a Dragoon's Regiment. During the First Silesian War he commanded the Saxon troops in Bohemia and participated on the 26 November 1742 in the storming of Prague. Frederick Augustus commanded the troops which stayed behind in Saxony, and fought with these troops and the biggest part of the Saxon Army coming back from Bohemia the battle of Kesselsdorf near Dresden (15 December 1745), where they suffered a crucial defeat in the Second Silesian War against the Prince Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau. On 6 January 1746 he was ranked General en Chef, and on 11 January 1749, at last, he was appointed Field Marshal. During the next peace years, he did not succeed in spite of multiple efforts, to avert the cutbacks in the Saxon Army by the prime minister Brühl, which seriously reduced its effectiveness. Siege of Pirna Main article: Siege of Pirna At the sudden outbreak of the Seven Years' War, he concentrated the Saxon Army of only 18,100 men in a strong defensive position near Pirna. He withstood a siege of 6 weeks, but had to capitulate on 16 October 1756, and became a prisoner of King Frederick II of Prussia. During the years of war Rutowsky stayed in Saxony and renounced all his military functions directly after the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 8 March 1763. He died one year later, aged sixty-two. Marriage and issue On 4 January 1739 Frederick Augustus married with the Princess Ludovika Amalie Lubomirska. Their only child, August Joseph, Count Rutowsky (b. 2 August 1741) died of smallpox in Brunswick, 17 January 1755. | Graf Rutowski, Frederick Augustus (I49022)
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| 9327 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Christian%2C_Elector_of_Saxony | von Sachsen, Friedrich Christian Kurfüst (I68277)
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| 9328 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Louis_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Winnental Frederick Louis of Württemberg-Winnental (November 5, 1690 in Stuttgart X September 19, 1734 in Guastalla) was a German army commander of the eighteenth century. He was the third son of Frederick Charles of Württemberg-Winnental and Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach. He learned the art of warfare in Dresden, Saxony. In 1708 he joined the Dutch Army and fought in the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1715 he returned to Saxony and fought against Sweden. In 1716 he fought under Prince Eugene ofSavoy against the Turks and participated in the Siege of Belgrade (1717). In 1732 he led an army of 7,000 men for Genoa against the insurgents in Corsica. War of the Polish Succession In the War of the Polish Succession, he commanded an army corps on the Italian front under Marshal Claudius Florimund Mercy. They suffered a defeat in the Battle of San Pietro and Mercy was killed. Then Württemberg and Marshal Koenigsegg struggled for command, disturbing the preparations and readiness of the Austrian troops. This contributed to a second defeat in the Battle of Guastalla, where Württemberg was killed. Frederick Louis had married on 22 October 1722 the 42-year-old Ursula Catharina von Altenbockum , divorced Countess Lubomirski. She was one of the many ex-mistresses of August II the Strong. Ursula was 10 years older than Frederick, and the marriage had pure financial reasons. They had no children. | Württemberg-Winnental, Friedrich Ludwig (I96354)
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| 9329 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen Gabriel Bethlen (de Iktár) (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Romanian: Gabriel Bethlen, German: Gabriel Bethlen von Iktár; 1580 X November 15, 1629)[1] was a king of Hungary as Gabriel I (1620-1621), prince of Transylvania (1613X1629), duke of Opole (1622X1625) and leader of an anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary. His last armed intervention in 1626 was part of the Thirty Years' War. He led an active Protestant-oriented foreign policy. Gabriel Bethlen, the most famous representative of the Iktári branch of the ancient Hungarian Bethlen family, was born at Marosillye (today Ilia in Romania) and educated at Szárhegy (today LXzarea in Romania) at the castle of hisuncle András Lázár. Thence he was sent to the court of the Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, whom he accompanied on his famous Wallachian campaign. Subsequently he assisted István Bocskay to become Prince of Transylvania in1605 and remained his chief counsellor. Bethlen also supported Bocskay's successor Gabriel Báthory (1608X1613), but the prince became jealous of Bethlen's superior abilities and Bethlen was obliged to take refuge with the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. In 1613, Bethlen led a large army against Prince Báthory, but in the same year Báthory was murdered by two of his officers. Bethlen was placed on the throne by the Ottomans in opposition to the wishes of the Austrian Habsburg emperor, who preferred a prince who would incline more toward Vienna than toward Ottoman Constantinople. On October 13, 1613, the Transylvanian Diet at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), confirmed the choice of the Turkish sultan. In 1615, Bethlen was also officially recognized by the Emperor Matthias as the Prince of Transylvania; Bethlen promised in secret that he would help the Habsburgs against the Ottomans. While avoiding the cruelties and excesses of many of his predecessors, Bethlen established a singular variant of patriarchal but sufficiently enlightened absolutism. He developed mines and industry and nationalised many branches of Transylvania's foreign trade. His agents bought up many products at fixed prices and sold them abroad at a profit, almost doubling his revenues. He built himself a grand new palace in his capital, Gyulafehérvár (today Alba Iulia), kept a sumptuous court, composed hymns, and patronised the arts and learning, especially in connection with his own Calvinist faith. He founded an academy to which he invited any pastor and teacher from Royal Hungary; sent students abroad to the Protestant universities of England, the Low Countries, and the Protestant principalities of Germany;, conferred hereditary nobility on all Protestant pastors; and forbade landlords to prevent their serfs from having their children schooled. Other parts of his revenue he devoted toward keeping an efficient standing army of mercenaries, with whose help he conducted an ambitious foreign policy. Keeping peace with the Ottoman Porte, he struck out to the north and west. There were several reasons for his anti-Habsburg interventions in neighbouring Royal Hungary (1619X1626) which took place during Central Europe's Thirty Years' War: He was partly motivated by personal ambition. Habsburg absolutism in Royal Hungary. The Habsburgs had started a successful Counter-Reformation in Royal Hungary which confiscated properties of local Protestants. Bethlen seems also to have been genuinely anxious to protect Protestant liberties. The Habsburgs had violated the Peace of Vienna of 1606 that put an end to the anti-Habsburg uprising of Bethlen's "predecessor" István Bocskay. The Habsburgs had violated the secret agreement with Bethlen of 1615 and prolonged the peace with Ottoman Empire in July 1615, and even entered into an alliance with George Druget, the captain of Upper Hungary (i.e. present-day Slovakia and adjacent territories) against Bethlen. While Emperor Ferdinand was occupied with the Bohemian rebellion of 1618, Bethlen led his armies into Royal Hungary in August 1619 and occupied the town of Kassa(KoXice) in September, where his Protestant supporters declared him "head" of Hungary and protector of the Protestants. He soon won over the entirety of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), even securing the capital of Royal Hungary, Pozsony (Bratislava), in October, where the palatine even handed over the Crown of St Stephen to Bethlen. Bethlen's troops joined with the troops of the Czech and Moravian estates (led by Count Jindrich Matyas Thurn), but they failed to conquer Vienna in November X Bethlen was forced to leaveAustria after being attacked by George Druget and Polish mercenaries (lisowczycy) in Upper Hungary. Although he had conquered most of Royal Hungary, Bethlen was not averse to a peace, nor to a preliminary suspension of hostilities, and negotiations were opened at the conquered towns of Pressburg, Kassa and Besztercebánya (Banská Bystrica). Initially, they led to nothing because Bethlen insisted on including the Czechs in the peace, but finally a truce wasconcluded in January 1620 under which Bethlen received 13 counties in the east of Royal Hungary. On 20 August 1620 the estates elected him King of Hungary at the Diet in Besztercebánya with the consent of the Ottomans and he wanted to reconcile with the Habsburgs and reunite Hungary. However, the war with the Habsburgs resumed in Royal Hungary and Lower Austria in September. The defeat of the Czech rebels by Ferdinand IIXs troops at the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620 (to which Bethlen had sent 3,000 troops which arrived too late) gave a new turn to BethlenXs insurrection against the Habsburgs. Ferdinand II took a fearful revenge upon the Protestant nobility in Bohemia and reconquered Royal Hungary (Pozsony reconquered in May 1621, central part of the country with the mining towns in June 1621). Because the Protestant nobles had not received the confiscated property of the Catholics on Bethlen's territory and thus rescinded their support for Bethlen, and because Bethlen was not directly supported by the Ottomans, Bethlen started peace negotiations. As a result, the Treaty of Nikolsburg was concluded on December 31, 1621, under which Bethlen renounced the royal title on condition that Ferdinand confirmed the 1606 Peace of Vienna (which had granted full liberty of worship to the Hungarian Protestants) and engaged to summon a general diet within six months). The treaty granted full liberty of worship to the Protestants of Hungarian Transylvania and agreed on the summoning of a general diet within six months. In addition, Bethlen secured the (purely formal) title of XImperial PrinceX (of Hungarian Transylvania), seven counties around the Upper Tisza River and the fortresses of Tokaj, Munkács, and Ecsed, and a duchy in Silesia. Subsequently Bethlen twice (1623X1624 and 1626) launched further campaigns against Ferdinand to the territory of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), this time as a direct ally of the anti-Habsburg Protestant powers. The first war was concluded by the 1624 Peace of Vienna, the second by the 1626 Peace of Pressburg- both confirmed the 1621 Peace of Nikolsburg. After the second of these campaigns, Bethlen attempted a rapprochement with the court of Vienna on the basis of an alliance against the Turks and his own marriage with an archduchess of Austria, but Ferdinand rejected his overtures. Bethlen was obliged to renounce his anti-Turkish projects, which had always remained a goal of his. Accordingly, on his return from Vienna he wedded Catherine of Brandenburg, the daughter of the elector of Brandenburg, and still more closely allied himself with the Protestant powers, including his brother-in-law Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who, he hoped, would aid him in obtaining the Polish crown. Bethlen died on November 15, 1629 before he could accomplish any of his great designs to unite Transylvania and Hungary, having previously secured theelection of his wife Catherine as princess. His first wife, Zsuzsanna Károlyi, died in 1622. Gabriel Bethlen was one of the most striking and original personages of his century. A zealous Calvinist who boasted he had read the Bible twenty-five times, he was not a bigot and had helped the Jesuit György Káldy to translate and print his version of the Scriptures. He was in communication all his life with the leading contemporary statesmen, so that his correspondence is one of the most interesting and important of historical documents. He also composed hymns and employed the composer Johannes Thesselius as kapellmeister from 1625. -------------------- ElXnév:Iktári FEJEDELEM | Bethlen, Gabor fejedelem (I68395)
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| 9330 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Potyomkin Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavricheski (Russian: XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX, pronounced Patyomkin but known as Potemkin or Potyomkin; October 11 [O.S. September 30] 1739[nb 1] X October 16 [O.S. October 5] 1791,) was a Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman and favorite of Catherine the Great. He died during negotiations over the Treaty of Jassy, which ended a war with the Ottoman Empire that he had overseen. Potemkin was born into a family of middle-income noble landowners. He first attracted Catherine's favor for helping in her 1762 coup, then distinguished himself as a military commander in the Russo-Turkish War (1768X1774). He became Catherine's lover, favorite and possibly her consort. After their passion cooled, he remained her lifelong friend and favored statesman. Catherine obtained for him the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and gave him the title of Prince of the Russian Empire among many others : he was both a Grand Admiral and the head of all of Russia's land and irregular forces. Potemkin's defining achievements include the peaceful annexation of the Crimea (1783)and the successful second Russo-Turkish War (1787X1792). The fall of Ottoman stronghold Izmail that he orchestrated prompted Gavrila Derzhavin and Osip Kozlovsky to write Russia's first national anthem, "Let the thunder of victory sound!". In 1774, Potemkin became the governor-general of Russia's new southern provinces. An absolute ruler, he worked to colonize the wild steppes, controversially dealing firmly with the Cossacks who lived there. He founded the towns of Kherson, Nikolayev, Sevastopol, and Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipropetrovsk). Ports in the region became bases for his new Black Sea Fleet. His rule in the south is associated with the "Potemkin village", a largely fictional method of ruse involving the construction of painted façades to mimic real villages. Potemkin was known for his love of women, gambling and material wealth; he oversaw the construction of many historically significant buildings, includingthe Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg. A century after Potemkin's death, his name was given to the Battleship Potemkin, which featured in the 1905 Russian Revolution and was fictionalized in The Battleship Potemkin by Sergey Eisenstein. | XXXXX, Grigory XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX Potemkin-Tavricheski XXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX (I96118)
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| 9331 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir_I Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz (Arnhem, 21 January 1612 X Hulst, 13 July 1640) was count of Nassau-Dietz and Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe. He was the eldest son of Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz and Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and like his father, died in battle. On July 12, 1640, he was wounded in Sint Jansteen at the battle of Hulst. He died the next day. Hendrik Casimir is buried in Leeuwarden, and was succeeded in his titles by William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz. His death at age 28 caused a series of memorials to his name and the battle in which he died. The Rijksmuseum keeps a blood-stained shirt in the collection supposedly worn by him when he was wounded. Similarly, the bullet hole in his father's hat is also kept there for posterity. | van Nassau-Dietz, Hendrik Albertus Casimir (I68559)
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| 9332 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortense_Mancini Hortense Mancini, duchesse Mazarin (6 June 1646, Rome X 9 November 1699, Chelsea), was the favourite niece of Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, and a mistress of Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland. She was the fourth of the five famous Mancini sisters, who along with two of their female Martinozzi cousins, were known at the court of King Louis XIV of France as the Mazarinettes. Early life, family and marriage One of five sisters noted for their great beauty, she was born Ortensia in Rome to Baron Lorenzo Mancini, an Italian aristocrat. After his death in 1650, her mother, Girolama Mazzarini, brought her daughters from Rome to Paris inthe hope of using the influence of her brother, Cardinal Mazarin, to gain them advantageous marriages. Hortense's four famous sisters were: Laure (1636-1657), who married Louis de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme and became the mother of the famous French general Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme, Olympe (1638 - 1708), who married Eugène-Maurice of Savoy-Carignano and became the mother of the famous Austrian general Prince Eugene of Savoy, Marie (1639 - 1715), who married Lorenzo Colonna and was the first romantic love of King Louis XIV of France, Marie Anne (1649 - 1714), who married Maurice Godefroy de la Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon, a nephew of the famous field marshal Turenne. The sisters' cousins, the Martinozzis, also moved to France at the same time, for the same goal (to marry well). The elder, Laura, married Alfonso IV d'Este, duke of Modena and became the mother of Mary of Modena, second wife of James II of England. The younger, Anne Marie Martinozzi, married Armand de Bourbon, Prince de Conti. The Mancini also had three brothers: Paul, Philippe, and Alphonse. Marriage proposals Charles II of England, the first cousin of Louis XIV, proposed to Hortense in 1659, but his offer was rejected by Cardinal Mazarin who believed the exiled king to have little in the way of prospects. Mazarin realised his mistake when Charles was reinstated as King of England only months later. Mazarin then became the supplicant and offered a dowry of 5 million livres, but Charles refused. While a marriage did not materialize, the two were to cross paths later. Hortense's hand was also requested by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, another first cousin of Louis XIV, but arrangements fell through when Cardinal Mazarin refused to include the stronghold-castle of Pigneol in her dowry. For similar reasons, an offer made by the Duke of Lorraine was broken off as well. Failed marriage On 1 March 1661, fifteen-year-old Hortense was married to one of the richest men in Europe, Armand-Charles de la Porte, duc de La Meilleraye. Upon marriage to Hortense, he was granted the title of duc Mazarin. On the death of Cardinal Mazarin soon after, he gained access to his wife's huge inheritance, which included the Palais Mazarin in Paris, home to many pieces of fine art. The marriage was not a success. Hortense was young, bright, and popular; Armand-Charles was miserly and extremely jealous, not to mention mentally unstable. His strange behaviour included preventing milkmaids from going about their job (to his mind, the cows' udders had strong sexual connotations),[citation needed] having all of his female servants' front teeth knocked out to prevent them from attracting male attention, and chipping off and painting over all the "dirty bits" in his fantastic art collection. He forbade his wife to keep company with other men, made midnight searches for hidden lovers, insisted she spend a quarter of her day at prayer, and forced her to leave Paris and move with him to the country. It was at this point that Hortense began a lesbian love affair with the sixteen-year-old Sidonie de Courcelles. In attempt to remedy his wife's 'immorality', her husband sent both girls to a convent. This tactic failed, as the two plagued the nuns with pranks: they added ink to the holy water, flooded the nuns' beds, and headed for freedom up the chimney Despite their differences, Hortense and her husband had four children: Marie Charlotte de La Porte Mazarin (28 March 1662 - 13 May 1729), who married Louis Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, comte d'Agénias, duc d'Aiguillon, Marie Anne de La Porte Mazarin (1663 - October 1720), who became an abbess, Marie Olympe de La Porte Mazarin (1665 - 24 January 1754), who married Louis Christophe Gigault, marquis de Bellefonds et de Boullaye, Paul Jules de La Porte, duc Mazarin et de La Meilleraye (25 January 1666 - 7 September 1731), who married Félice Armande Charlotte de Durfort. Flight from marriage Leaving her small children behind, Hortense finally made a bid to escape from her hellish marriage on the night of June 13, 1668, with help from her brother, Philippe, Duc de Nevers, who procured horses and an escort to help her travel to Rome, where she counted on being able to take refuge with her sister Marie Mancini, now the Princess Colonna. Under the protection of Louis XIV and of the Duke of Savoy The French king Louis XIV declared himself her protector and granted an annual pension of 24 thousand livres. Her former suitor, Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, also declared himself her protector. As a result, Hortense retired to Chambéry in Haute-Savoie and established her home as a meeting place for authors, philosophers, and artists. After the death of the duke, though, she was turned out by his widow, Marie Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie-Nemours, due to Hortense's romantic involvement with her husband. Charles II After the death of Savoy, Hortense had no source of income; her husband froze all of her income, including the pension from Louis XIV. The English ambassador to France, Ralph Montagu, aware of Hortense's desperate situation, enlisted her help in increasing his own standing with Charles II. He hoped she would replace the king's current mistress, Louise de Kerouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. Hortense was willing to try. In 1675, she traveled to London under the pretext of a visit to her young cousin, Mary of Modena, the new wife of Charles II's younger brother, James, Duke of York. She was dressed as a man; her penchant for cross-dressing is thought to be an outward expression of her bisexuality. Maîtresse en titre By mid-1676, Hortense had fulfilled her purpose; she had taken the place of Louise de Kerouaille in Charles's affections. He provided her a pension of £4,000, which considerably lightened her financial troubles. Montagu recounted: I went to see Madame de Portsmouth [Louise de Kerouaille]. She opened her heart to meX explained to me what grief the frequent visits of the King of England to Madame de Sussex [Hortense Mancini] cause her every day. Fall from favour Such state of affairs might have continued had it not been for Hortense's promiscuity. Firstly, there was her almost certainly lesbian relationship with Anne, Countess of Sussex, the king's illegitimate daughter by the Duchess of Cleveland. This culminated in a very public, friendly fencing match in St James Park, with the women clad in nightgowns, after which Anne's husband ordered his wife to the country. There she refused to do anything but lie in bed, repeatedly kissing a miniature of Hortense. Secondly, she began an affair with Louis I de Grimaldi, Prince de Monaco. Charles remonstrated with her and cut off her pension, although within a couple of days he repented and restarted the payments. However, this signified theend of Hortense's position as the king's favourite. Though she and Charles remained friends, the Duchess of Portsmouth returned to her role as Xmaitresse en titreX. The introduction to Aphra Behn's "The History of the Nun" has been taken as a suggestion that Behn too had romantic relations with Hortense during this same time. It reads: to the Most Illustrious Princess, The Dutchess of Mazarine...how infinitely one of Your own Sex ador'd You, and that, among all the numerous Conquest, Your Grace has made over the Hearts of Men, Your Grace had not subdu'd a more intire Slave; I assure you, Madam, there is neither Compliment, nor Poetry, in this humble Declaration, but a Truth, which has cst me a great deal of Inquietude, for that Fortune has not set me in such a Station, as might justifiemy Pretence to the honour and satisfaction of being ever near Your Grace, to view eternally that lovely Person, and here that surprising Wit; what can be more grateful to a Heart, than so great, and so agreeable, an Entertainment? And how few Objects are there, that can render it so entire a Pleasure, as at once to hear you speak, and to look upon your Beauty? Hortense, however, maintained good relations with the king until his death. The Sunday before, the diarist John Evelyn wrote: the King sitting and toying with his concubines, Portsmouth, Cleveland, and Mazarin [Hortense Mancini being the Duchesse Mazarin]... Six days after, all was in dust. After Charles II's death Following the death of Charles II, Hortense was well-provided for by James II, possibly because of her kinship with the new queen, Mary of Modena. Even when James fled England and William and Mary came to power, she remained in place, albeit with a much reduced pension. During this time, she presided over a salon of intellectuals. Charles de Saint-Évremond, the great poet and epicurean, was a close friend and brought to her door all the learned men of London. Evelyn recorded her eventual death in 1699: June 11th, 1699. Now died the famous Duchess of Mazarin. She had been the richest lady in Europe; she was niece to Cardinal Mazarin, and was married to the richest subject in Europe, as was said; she was born at Rome, educated inFrance, and was an extraordinary beauty and wit, but dissolute, and impatient of matrimonial restraint, so as to be abandoned by her husband, and banished [note the 17th-century male views on the topic]: when she came to England for shelter, lived on a pension given her here, and is reported to have hastened her death by intemperate drinking strong spirits. She has written her own story and adventures, and so has her other extravagant sister, wife to the noble family of Colonna. With the exception of Marguerite de Valois, Hortense and her sister, Marie Mancini, were the first women in France to put their memoirs into print. Both women were partly motivated by the help that producing a body of evidence would bring to the cause of separation from their abusive husbands. Hortense may have committed suicide, keeping her life dramatic until the very end. Her husband managed to continue the drama after her death; he carted her body around with him on his travels in France, before finally allowing itto be interred by the tomb of her uncle, Cardinal Mazarin. Descendants Hortense's son, Paul Jules de La Porte, duc Mazarin et de La Meilleraye, had two surviving children. His daughter, Armande Félice de La Porte Mazarin (1691 - 1729), married Louis de Mailly, marquis de Nesle et de Mailly, Prince d'Orange in 1709. Through this marriage, she became the mother of five daughters, four of whom would become mistresses of King Louis XV of France: 1. Louise Julie de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Mailly, comtesse de Mailly (1710 - 1751), 2. Pauline Félicité de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Nesle, marquise de Vintimille (1712 - 1741), 3. Diane Adélaïde de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Montcavrel, duchesse de Lauraguais (1714 - 1769), 4. Hortense Félicité de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Chalon, marquise de Flavacourt (1715 - 1763), 5. Marie Anne de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Monchy, marquise de La Tournelle, duchesse de Châteauroux (1717 - 1744). The only one of the de Nesle sisters not to become one of Louis XV's mistresses was the marquise de Flavacourt. (#4 above) Louise Julie was the first sister to attract the king followed by Pauline Félicité, but it was Marie Anne, the youngest and prettiest one, who was the most successful in manipulating him and becoming politically powerful. Armande Félice also had an illegitimate daughter, Henriette de Bourbon (1725 - 1780), Mademoiselle de Verneuil, from her relationship with the duc de Bourbon, the chief minister of Louis XV from 1723 to 1726. Paul Jules' 2nd child, a son, Guy Jules Paul de La Porte, duc Mazarin et de La Meilleraye (1701 - 1738), married Louise Françoise de Rohan in 1716. Their great-granddaughter, Louise Félicité Victoire d'Aumont, duchesse Mazarin etde La Meilleraye (1759 - 1826), married Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco in 1777. From this marriage, the present Sovereign Princes of Monaco, including Prince Albert II of Monaco, are descended. -------------------- Hortense Mancini1 F, #348144, b. 6 June 1646, d. 1699 Last Edited=18 Apr 2010 Hortense Mancini by Jacob Ferdinand Voet 1 Hortense Mancini was born on 6 June 1646 at Rome, Italy.1 She was the daughter of Michele Lorenzo Mancini and Girolama Mazzarini.1 She married Armand de la Porte, Duc de la Meilleraye on 1 March 1661.1 She died in 1699 at Chelsea, London, England.1 From 1 March 1661, her married name became Porte.1 She and Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain were associated in 1675.1 Citations [S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family." Armand de la Porte, Duc de la Meilleraye1 M, #348145, b. 1632, d. 1713 Last Edited=10 Apr 2009 Armand de la Porte, Duc de la Meilleraye was born in 1632.1 He married Hortense Mancini, daughter of Michele Lorenzo Mancini and Girolama Mazzarini, on 1 March 1661.1 He died in 1713.1 Armand de la Porte, Duc de la Meilleraye gained the title of Duc de la Meilleraye. Citations [S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family." | Mancini, Hortense Royal Mistress of Charles II (I96724)
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| 9333 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth Monmouth was executed in 1685 after making an unsuccessful attempt to depose King James II, commonly called the Monmouth Rebellion. Declaring himself the legitimate King, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his position as the son (albeit illegitimate) of Charles II, and his Protestantism, in opposition to James, who was Catholic. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion | Scott, James 1st Duke of Monmouth (I96702)
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| 9334 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Frederick,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg ----------------------------------------------------- Johann Frederick, Duke of Württemberg was born on 5 May 1582 in Mömpelgard and was the 7th Duke of Württemberg from 4 February 1608 until his death on 18 July 1628 whilst en route to Heidenheim. Johann Frederick of Württemberg was the eldest son of Frederick I and Sibylla of Anhalt. He was born in Mömpelgard castle which he left at the age of four when his family moved its residence to Stuttgart. Johann Frederick married Barbara Sophia of Brandenburg (1584X1636), daughter of prince-elector Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg. To mark his marriage on 5 November 1609, he had Castle Urach converted, turning the Golden Room intoone of the finest surviving examples of renaissance banqueting halls in Germany. Johann Frederick was a well-meaning, peace-loving ruler but he displayed a number of personal weaknesses and was often ill equipped to deal with the challenges of the era. Despite this he restored the constitution (which had beensuspended by his father, Frederick I, subject to changes that were never implemented). He also restored the power of the councils of Duke Ludwig (which had been abolished by Frederick I). Most importantly, he had FrederickXs powerful chancellor Matthäus Enzlin condemned to a fortress for life for embezzlement and extortion, subjecting him later to an embarrassing trial on a count of high treason for which he was executed on the market place in Urach in 1613. He achieved little improvement in the state of affairs within the ducal household, however. In fact the duchy ran into further debt leading to unruly debate within the family and even the ranks of servants and eventually problems with the mint. Johann Frederick continued the long-standing negotiations held by his father with other evangelical princes, resulting in talks in Auhausen near Nördlingen in May 1608 and the subsequent signing of the Union of Auhausen. In 1621 he moved with a Unionist army into the Palatinate region, although the alliance crumbled in the same year with little to show for its efforts. Duke Johann Frederick continued to swear allegiance to the union. At the battle of Wimpfen (26 April 1622), Georg Frederick, the margrave (Markgraf) of Baden-Durlach , was defeated by Marshall Tilly and the dukeXs youngest brother fell in battle. Despite a neutrality accord, the victors of this battle went on to sack the north western areas of the Duke's region and in the years that followed it suffered repeatedly under harmful raids and settlement. On 28 May 1617, Johann Frederick entered into an agreement with a number of his many brothers; his eldest brother, Ludwig Frederick was given the countship of Mömpelgard - still not totally inseparable from the Duchy of Württemberg; the next brother down, Julius Frederick inherited the recently acquired sovereignty over Brenz and Weiltingen, leading to two new branch lines in the Duchy: Württemberg-Mömpelgard (which disappeared in 1723) and Württemberg-Weiltingen (which disappeared in 1792). His other brothers, Frederick Achilles and Magnus inherited the castles of Neuenstadt and Neuenbürg respectively. As both of the latter brothers were unmarried when they died their possessionswere subsequently brought back into the main line of the Duchy. | von Württemberg, Johann Friedrich Herzog (I49062)
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| 9335 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Andersdatter | Vincke, Karen Plade (I36126)
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| 9336 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_FitzRoy | Lee, Charlotte Countess of Lichfield (I96712)
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| 9337 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_France_%281751-1761%29 Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751X1761) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Louis of France (1751-1761)) Jump to: navigation, search Louis Joseph Xavier Duke of Burgundy Louis wearing the L'Ordre du Saint-Esprit and the Order of the Golden Fleece Father Louis Ferdinand de France Mother Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony Born 13 September 1751(1751-09-13) Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France Died 22 March 1761 (aged 9) Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France Louis Joseph Xavier de France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September, 1751, Palace of Versailles - 22 March, 1761, Palace of Versailles) was a French Prince du Sang of the House of Bourbon. Contents [show] * 1 Life * 2 Siblings * 3 Ancestors * 4 Titles, styles, honours and arms o 4.1 Titles and styles * 5 Tiltes [edit] Life Louis Joseph Xavier de France, duc de Bourgogne was the third surviving child and eldest son of Dauphin Louis Ferdinand de France and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, and was thus the oldest brother to the future kings Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X. He was put in the care of Marie Isabelle de Rohan, duchesse de Tallard. Louis Joseph Xavier was given the title of Duke of Burgundy by his grandfather, Louis XV of France, and was next in line to the throne of France after his father. He was much loved by those who were close to him, especially his older sister Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France, who died at the age of five in 1755. He died at the age of nine at Versailles after having fallen from a toy horse in 1760. He started limping and a tumour began to grow on his hip. This was operated on, but he never recovered the use of his legs. He was buried at the Basilica of St Denis. [edit] Siblings * Stillborn son in 1748 * Stillborn son in 1749 * Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 X 1 September 1755) * Stillborn daughter in 1752 * Xavier of France (8 September 1753 X 22 February 1754) * Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 X 21 January 1793) * Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 X 16 September 1824) * Stillborn son in 1756 * Charles X of France (9 October 1757 X 6 November 1836) * Clothilde of France (23 September 1759 X 7 March 1802), married King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Prince of Piedmont * Miscarriage of a son in 1762 * Princess Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 X 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth (guillotined) This page was last modified on 11 July 2010 at 13:35. | de Bourbon, Louis Joseph Xavier duc de Bourgogne (I96061)
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| 9338 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_J%C3%B3zefa_Habsbur%C5%BCanka http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_von_%C3%96sterreich_%281699%E2%80%931757%29 http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4803 | of Austria, Maria Josepha Queen consort of Poland (I68276)
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| 9339 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange http://thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101389 http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=4017 http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=36429362 | Stuart, Mary Henrietta Princess Royal of Great Britain (I68590)
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| 9340 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Christina_of_Saxony_%281770%E2%80%931851%29 -------------------- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Christina_of_Saxony_%281770%E2%80%931851%29 Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (1770X1851) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Maria Christina Princess of Montléart Princess of Carignan Spouse Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan Julius Maximilian de Montléart, Prince of Montléart Issue Charles Albert, King of Sardinia Maria Elisabeth, Archduchess of Austria Full name Maria Christina Albertina Carolina Father Charles of Saxony Mother Countess Franziska von Corvin-Krasinski Born 7 December 1770(1770-12-07) Dresden Died 24 November 1851 (aged 80) Paris Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (Maria Christina Albertina Carolina; 7 December 1770 X 24 November 1851) was a Princess of Saxony and Duchess of Courland. She was the only child of Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland, and his morganatic wife, Franziska von Corvin-Krasinska. Maria Christina was the daughter of Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, himself son of August III of Poland, and his morganatic wife Franziska von Corvin-Krasinski. Her parents married secrely in Warsaw in 1760. Her mother was created a princess (Princess Franziska von Corvin-Krasinski) in her own right due to her marriage. She married on 24 October 1797 in Turin Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano. They had two children: * Charles Albert (1798 X 1849), Prince of Carignan, and King of Sardinia and had issue. * Maria Francesca Elisabetta Carlotta Giuseppina (1800 X 1856), married Archduke Rainer of Austria and had issue. Charles Emmanuel died three years after his marriage in a French prison. On 1 February 1816 she was remarried in Paris to Julius Maximilian de Montléart, Prince of Montléart (1787-1865). They had no children. Maria Christina died in Paris on 24 November 1851 at age 80. This page was last modified on 22 July 2010 at 13:55. | von Sachsen, Maria Christina Albertina (I96083)
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| 9341 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Francis_Xavier_of_Saxony Franz Xavier of Saxony (b. Dresden, 25 August 1730 - d. Dresden, 21 June 1806), was a German prince and member of the House of Wettin. He was the fourth but second surviving son of Augustus III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and Maria Josepha of Austria. In the Second Battle of Lutterberg (1762-07-23), the Franco-Saxon contingent under General the Comte de Lusace (Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony) were defeated by Prince Ferdinand. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lutterberg_(1762) Life Regent of Saxony His older brother, the Elector Frederick Christian, died on 17 December 1763 after a reign of only 74 days. Franz Xavier took over the regency of the Electorate together with his sister-in-law, the Dowager Electress Maria Antoniaof Bavaria, on behalf of his infant nephew, the new Elector Frederick Augustus III. As co-regent, Franz Xavier continued the rationalistic reforms of his brother. In October 1765, Franz Xavier performed in the name of the young Elector a formal renunciation of the Polish Crown in favor of Stanislaus Poniatowski, as was required by the treaty signed between Prussia and Russia on 11 April 1764. This was done against the wishes of the boy's mother, the Dowager Electress Maria Antonia. During the regency, Franz Xavier attempted to introduce a plan of army reform based upon the Prussian model of Frederick the Great. This brought him into conflict with the estates of the country, who violently refused to implement his proposal because of the high expense associated with his reorganization plan. According to the regulations imposed by the Golden Bull of 1356, the regency of an underage Elector ended when he reached his eighteenth birthday. As a result, in 1768, the Elector Frederick Augustus III was formally proclaimed an adult, and Franz Xavier ended his functions as the regent of the Electorate of Saxony. Secret Marriage, Exile and Return to Saxony In Dresden on 9 March 1765 Franz Xavier married morganatically an Italian lady-in-waiting to his sister-in-law, the Dowager Electress, the contessa Maria Chiara Spinucci. The union was keep secret until 1777 when it was formally announced and legitimized. In 1769, Franz Xavier moved his family to France, the home of his younger sister, the Dauphine Marie-Josèphe, who had died two years earlier. He lived in France for almost twenty years under the assumed title of Count of Lusatia (fr: Comte de Lusace, de: Gräf von der Lausitz). In 1774, his nephew, Louis XVI, became the king of the country. Franz Xavier and his family chose to flee France at the beginning of the French Revolution. They moved to Rome. Afterthe death of his wife in 1792, he remained in Rome for some years. Eventually, though, he returned to Saxony and settled into Schloss Zabeltitz. Franz Xavier lived there until his death, aged seventy-five. Issue http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Francis_Xavier_of_Saxony#Issue | Wettin, Franz Xavier (I68281)
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| 9342 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark#Issue | Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Mary Princess of England, Ireland, Scotland (I36095)
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| 9343 | {geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Woldemar,_Comte_de_Lowendal Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar, Comte de Lowendal (1700X1755) was a German-born French soldier and statesmen. Born in Hamburg, he served in the armies of several countries, but is best known for his service in the French army during the War of the Austrian Succession. In the French campaign in the Austrian Netherlands against the Pragmatic Army he served as a subordinate to Maurice de Saxe. He led French forces that captured Ghent in 1745 and Bergen-op-Zoom in 1747. The King of France, Louis XV, made him a Marshal of France for his success in capturing Bergen op Zoom. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747) In 1755 Louis XV gave Lowendal instructions to act as a Plenipotentiary in negotiations with Prussia, designed to prevent the Seven Years War from breaking out. However Lowendal died before he could carry out his orders and was replaced by Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini, Duc de Nivernais. | von Løwendal, Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar (I27220)
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| 9344 | {geni:about_me} http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/o/r/Leif-G-Morland/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0669.html | Brekkhus, Kari Larsdatter (I84267)
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| 9345 | {geni:about_me} http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/o/r/Leif-G-Morland/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0669.html | Knappskog, Kari Larsdatter (I84269)
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| 9346 | {geni:about_me} http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I12029&tree=2 http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/showmedia.php?mediaID=1438&medialinkID=4211 -------------------- Karen Mortensdatter http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I36907&tree=2 -- Danmarks Adels Aarbog, Thiset, Hiort-Lorenzen, Bobé, Teisen., (Dansk Adelsforening), [1884 - 2005]., DAA 1955:II:29. | Forbes (Forbus), Karen Willumsdatter (I75145)
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| 9347 | {geni:about_me} http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I1787&tree=2 lensgreve Christian Ahlefeldt, som i 1785 ved Højesteret havde fået tilkendt arveretten til Grevskabet Laurvig (nutidens Larvik)) i Norge og dermed navnet Ahlefeldt-Laurvigen. Elisabeth Juel. | Juel, Elisabeth til Stamhuset Lundsgaard & Bjørnemose (I48907)
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| 9348 | {geni:about_me} http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I203&tree=2 | Rosenkrantz, Anne Nielsdatter (I98061)
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| 9349 | {geni:about_me} http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I23584&tree=2 Født Mar 1495 Død Mellom 1550 og 1590 Flensborg Gift 1519 | Thomasdatter, Brigitta (I92838)
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| 9350 | {geni:about_me} http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I25227&tree=2 | Jensdatter Juul, Maren (I92940)
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