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- {geni:occupation} Prince of Wales, Claimant to the thrones of Scotland, England, and Ireland
{geni:about_me} Prince James, Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 X 1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed James II and VII. As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France.
James Francis Edward, about 1703, portrait in the Royal Collection attributed to Alexis Simon BelleFrom the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning king, James II of England and VII of Scots, and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena, and as such was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay among other titles.
James II had two adult daughters from his first marriage who had been brought up in the Protestant faith. As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule as only a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange.
When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a "warming-pan" had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. On 10 December, within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena left London and took him to France for safety, while his father continued to fight (unsuccessfully) to retain his crown.
With his sister Louisa Maria, the prince was brought up in France. There, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement.
James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."On his father's death in 1701, he declared himself King, with the name of James III and VIII and recognised as such by France, Spain, the Papal States and Modena. All of these states refused to recognise William III, Mary II or Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign. As a result of this, he was attainted for treason, 2 March 1702, and his titles forfeited under British law.
Having been delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted an invasion, trying to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. His French ships were driven back by the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng.
Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have strengthened the existing support of Tory, pro-Restoration forces in England,[2] but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became KingXGeorge I of Great Britain.
French forces were defeated, and Louis XIV of France was forced to accept peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.
In the following year, the Jacobites started "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron,Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him a political embarrassment.
Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti in Rome as his residence, and he accepted. Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to the mediation of a close friend of his, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio, James was granted a life annuity of eight thousand Roman scudi. Such help enabled him to organise a Roman Jacobite court, where the Pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti of Siena, was the Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain).
On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702X35), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:
Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 X 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 X 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "the Young Pretender", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.
James died in Rome on 1 January 1766, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican. From 14 January the Papacy recognized the Hanoverian dynasty as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland.
Upon his father's deposition he lost his automatic titles as eldest son of the Sovereign (i.e. Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland). Thus he was Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter until his attainture for treason.
KG: Knight of the Garter, 1692 X 2 March 1702
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Prince James, Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 X 1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed James II and VII. As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. Following his death in 1766 he was succeeded by his son Charles Edward Stuart in the Jacobite Succession.
Contents [hide]
1 Birth and childhood
2 Struggle for the throne
2.1 Jacobite rising
2.2 The Fifteen
3 Life as the "Pretender"
3.1 Marriage
3.2 Bonnie Prince Charlie
3.3 Death
4 Titles and honours
4.1 Titles
4.2 Honours
4.3 Arms
5 Ancestry
6 See also
7 In Fiction
8 Notes and sources
[edit] Birth and childhood
James Francis Edward, about 1703, portrait in the Royal Collection attributed to Alexis Simon BelleFrom the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning king, James II of England (and VII of Scotland), and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena, and as such was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay among other titles.
James II had two adult daughters from his first marriage who had been brought up in the Protestant faith. As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule as only a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange.
When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a warming pan had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. On 10 December, within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena left London and took him to France for safety, while his father continued to fight (unsuccessfully) to retain his crown.
With his sister Louisa Maria, the prince was brought up in France. There, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement.
[edit] Struggle for the throne
James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."On his father's death in 1701, he declared himself King, with the name of James III and VIII and recognised as such by France, Spain, the Papal States and Modena. All of these states refused to recognise William III, Mary II or Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign. As a result of this, he was attainted for treason, 2 March 1702, and his titles forfeited under English law.[1]
[edit] Jacobite rising
Having been delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted an invasion, trying to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. His French ships were driven back by the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng.
Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have strengthened the existing support of Tory, pro-Restoration forces in England,[2] but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became KingXGeorge I of Great Britain.
In 1713 the Spanish War of Succession ended indecisively although the French forces and allies,(of which Spain was one) were in complete control they failed to retake Spanish European territories. Louis XIV of France accepted peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.
[edit] The Fifteen
In the following year, the Jacobites started "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron,Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him a political embarrassment.
[edit] Life as the "Pretender"
Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti in Rome as his residence, and he accepted. Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to the mediation of a close friend of his, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio, James was granted a life annuity of eight thousand Roman scudi. Such help enabled him to organise a Roman Jacobite court, where the Pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti of Siena, was the Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain).
[edit] Marriage
On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702X35), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:
Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 X 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 X 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
[edit] Bonnie Prince Charlie
Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "the Young Pretender", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.
Tomb of James Francis Edward Stuart
[edit] Death
James died in Rome on 1 January 1766, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican. From 14 January the Papacy recognized the Hanoverian dynasty as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland.
[edit] Titles and honours
[edit] Titles
10 June X 4 July 1688: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
4 July 1688 [3] X 2 March 1702: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
2 March 1702 X 1 January 1766: James Francis Edward Stuart
Jacobite, 11 December 1688 X 16 September 1701: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
Jacobite, 16 September 1701 X 1 January 1766: His Majesty The King
James's full titles before his father's deposition were: His Royal Highness Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
Upon his father's deposition he lost his automatic titles as eldest son of the Sovereign (i.e. Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland). Thus he was His Royal Highness Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter until his attainture for treason.[citation needed]
[edit] Honours
KG: Knight of the Garter, 1692 X 2 March 1702
[edit] Arms
As Prince of Wales, James bore a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points.[4]
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart
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Born on a Sunday at 10:00 am. Raised at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris. Christened Oct. 1688 in England & blessed by Papal Nuncio. Frequently called 'James Edward Stuart'. Aka 'The Pretender' to the throne, Jacabite 'James III'& the 'Chevalier de Saint George'. Tall & lean in figure, black hair/black eyes & dark complexion. He had been a sickly child (lack of oxygen as an infant & a rash). Burial ~ a marble tomb shared with his sons Charles Edward & Henry. It was paid for by King George III.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart
- He was frequently called James Edward Stuart. He was a pretender to the
throne, also called James III, the Old Pretender, and the Chevalier de
Saint George; for more than half a century he was regarded by his Jacobite
followers as the rightful king of Great Britain.
When his father, King James II, was driven from England by the so-called
Glorious Revolution later the same year, James Edward was taken to the
French court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In 1701, on the death of James II,
Louis XIV of France proclaimed the young prince the rightful successor to
the English throne.
English sentiment was strongly against James Edward, however, because of
his Roman Catholicism. That same year the English Parliament, to prevent
the return of a Roman Catholic to the throne, passed the Act of
Settlement, and the following year it enacted a bill of attainder against
James Edward. In 1708, supported by the French and by a group of his
adherents known as Jacobites, James Edward attempted unsuccessfully to
invade Scotland and was driven back to France. In 1715 a rebellion was
launched by the Jacobites in Scotland and in December of that year James
Edward went to Scotland, where he was to be crowned. The movement failed,
however, in the face of superior forces under John Campbell, 2d duke of
Argyll, and James Edward again retired to France.
After 1719 James Edward lived in Rome, where he was given royal honors.
The struggle on behalf of the Stuart cause was renewed by his older son,
Charles Edward Stuart. James Edward's younger son, Henry Benedict Stuart,
Cardinal York, became the last of the Stuarts in the male line of
succession after his brother's death, and called himself Henry IX.
- STYLED 13TH PRINCE OF WALES 1688; "OF ST. JAMES'S"; "THE OLD PRETENDER"
"CHEVALIER OF ST. GEORGE"; KG
- DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE; KG
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1688 - 1766 (77 år)
