Notater:

{geni:occupation} Hertig i Holstein-Gottorp 1616-1659

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p11317.htm#i113162 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3674 Geneall]
*'''Duke of Holstein-Gottorp:''' Reign 1616X1659
'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000000679723667 Johan Adolf]
'''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000000722232334 Christian Albert]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp English ][http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III._(Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)_ Deutsch ][http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_3._af_Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp Dansk]

Friedrich giftet seg med Maria Elisabeth von Sachsen, Herzogin zu Holstein-Gottorp 21 Feb 1630, Reinbeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Deutschland. Maria ble født 22 Nov 1610 , Dresden, Sachsen, Deutschland(HRR); døde 24 Okt 1684, Schloss Husum; ble begravet , Schleswiger Dom. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p301.htm#i3008 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=3988 Geneall]

Sofie giftet seg med Johann VI von Anhalt-Zerbst 16 Sep 1649, Schloss Gottorp. Johann ble født 24 Mar 1621 , Zerbst, Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland; døde 4 Jul 1667, Zerbst, Anhalt, Germany. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Magdalene Sibylle Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottort
*By marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow


==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11297.htm#i112969 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4018 Geneall]
*[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Sibylla_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf Wikipedia in Deutsch]

Magdalene giftet seg med Gustav Adolf von Mecklenburg, Herzog zu Mecklenburg-Güstrow 28 Des 1654, Schloss Gottorp. Gustav ble født 25 Feb 1633 , Güstrow, Mecklenburg, Deutschland(HRR); døde 5 Nov 1695, Güstrow, Mecklenburg, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Marie giftet seg med Ludwig VI von Hessen-Darmstadt, Landgraf 24 Nov 1650, Schloss Gottorf,Schleswig-Holstein,Prussia. Ludwig ble født 25 Jan 1630 , Darmstadt, Hessen, Deutschland; døde 24 Apr 1678, Hesse-Darmstadt - Landgrave from 1661. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk drottning 1654-1660, Queen Consort of Sweden

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11317.htm#i113166 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4063 Geneall]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedvig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf Deutsch ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedvig_Eleonora_av_Holstein-Gottorp Svenska]

Hedvig giftet seg med Karl X Gustav von der Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg, Kung av Sverige 24 Okt 1654, Stockholms slott. Karl ble født 8 Nov 1622 , Nyköpingshus; ble døpt cirka 1654 , Sweden - est. House of Palatine in Sweden; døde 13 Feb 1660, Göteborg, Sverige; ble begravet 4 Nov 1660, Kungshuset. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Hertig i Holstein-Gottorp 1659-95, Hertig

{geni:about_me} *Christian Albrecht Prinz von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.
*Bishop of Lübeck between 1655 and 1666.
*Herzog zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 1659.

'''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109325 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4131 Geneall]
*[http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/Christian_Albrecht Den Store Danske] In Danish
>'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Albrecht_of_Holstein-Gottorp English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Albrecht_(Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)_ Deutsch ][http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Albrecht_af_Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp Dansk]

DUKE OF HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP

Christian giftet seg med Frederikke Amalie Oldenburg, Prinsesse, Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstei 24 Okt 1667, Glückstadt, Schleswig-Holstein, Deutshland. Frederikke (datter av Frederik III af Danmark og Norge, von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Sophie Amalie von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Dronning til Danmark og Norge) ble født 11 Apr 1649 , København, Danmark; døde 30 Okt 1704, Kiel, Holstein, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

August giftet seg med Christine, Princess Of Saxony Weissenfels 21 Jun 1676, Halle,Sachsen,Prussia. Christine, ble født 25 Aug 1656 , Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Tyskland; døde 27 Apr 1698, Eutin,Schleswig-Holstein,Prussia; ble begravet , Lubeck,Lubeck,Germany. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11317.htm#i113161 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4207 Geneall]
*[http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Auguste_Marie_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf_(1649-1728)_ Familypedia]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Marie_of_Holstein-Gottorp Wikipedia]

Auguste giftet seg med Freidrich VII Magnus von Baden-Durlach, Markgraf 15 Apr 1670, Husum, Holstein, Deutschland(HRR). Freidrich ble født 24 Sep 1647 , Ueckermünde, Mecklenburg, Deutschland(HRR); døde 25 Jun 1709, Karlsburg; ble begravet , Pforzheim, Baden, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Johann Ludwig I von Anhalt-Zerbst, Fürst zu Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg. Johann (sønn av Johann VI von Anhalt-Zerbst og Sofie Auguste von Holstein-Gottorp, prinzessin zu Anhalt Zerbst) ble født 4 Mai 1656 , Zerbst, Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland; døde 1 Nov 1704, Dornburg, Anhalt, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst

{geni:about_me} Links:

The Peerage: http://thepeerage.com/p10847.htm#i108466

Geneall: http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4256

Anhalt-Zerbst:

Predesessor Johann VI: http://www.geni.com/profile/index/310787864080006466

Successor: Johann August

Anhalt-Mühlingen:

Predesessor Anthon Günther:

Successor Johann August:

Wikipedia:

English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst

Deutsch: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_(Anhalt-Zerbst)

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Fürst von Anhalt-Zerbst

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p2569.htm#i25687 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4303 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dornburg Wikipedia]
*'''Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg:''' Reign 1667X1704
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Johann-VI/310787864080006466 John VI] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Johann-Ludwig-II-von-Anhalt-Dornburg/4242077311030061593 John Louis II, ] [http://www.geni.com/people/Johann-August-von-Anhalt-Dornburg/6000000005598755944 John Augustus, ] [http://www.geni.com/people/Christian-August-of-Anhalt-Zerbst/6000000005598755781 Christian Augustus, ] [http://www.geni.com/people/Christian-Ludwig-von-Anhalt-Dornburg/6000000005598755868 Christian Louis, ] [http://www.geni.com/people/Johann-Friedrich-von-Anhalt-Dornburg/6000000005598755957 John Frederick]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: XXXXX XXXXXXX. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p718.htm#i7172 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4389 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397306 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397307 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4334 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397308 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4402 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow Wikipedia]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p642.htm#i6413 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4419 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Fr. IV's Dronning (1.), Drottning i Danmark, Queen Consort of Denmark and Norway

{geni:about_me}
Louise af Mecklenburg-Güstrow:

Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi:

Louise af Mecklenburg-Güstrow, (28. august 1667 - 15. marts 1721[1]),
var dronning af Danmark-Norge, gift med kong Frederik 4..

Hendes forældre var hertug Gustav Adolf af Mecklenburg-Güstrow
og Magdalene Sibylle, født prinsesse af Gottorp.

Brylluppet med Frederik fandt sted på Københavns Slot den 5. december 1695.

Både det og prinsessens indtog i byen fejredes med stor pragt.

Hun fødte 5 børn, af hvilke dog kun de 2 blev voksne, nemlig Christian 6.
og prinsesse Charlotte Amalie.

Hendes hovedinteresse var læsning i religiøse bøger, og hendes bogsamling,
der efter hendes død gik over til Det Kongelige Bibliotek, bestod
hovedsagelig af tyske asketiske skrifter.

Kilder:

1.X Louise af Mecklenburg-Güstrow på gravsted.dk

Eksterne henvisninger
Om Louise i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon på Projekt Runeberg.

19-02-2012 Tilføjet af Jette Huusm Rosborg.












*Louise Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
*Queen consort of Denmark and Norway, as the first wife of the King Frederick IV of Denmark.

==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10227.htm#i102265 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4433 Geneall]
*[http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Louise_Av_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow/utdypn Store Norske Leksikon ]
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=dronninglouise4fr Burial in danish]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow Englsh ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_af_Mecklenburg Dansk ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_zu_Mecklenburg Deutsch]

"OF MECKLENBURG"

Louise giftet seg med Frederik IV af Danmark og Norge von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge 5 Des 1695, Københavns slot. Frederik (sønn av Christian V af Danmark og Norge von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Charlotte Amalie Hessen-Kassel, Dronning af Danmark og Norge) ble født 21 Okt 1671 , Københavns slot; ble døpt , , Copenhagen; døde 12 Okt 1730, Odense Slot; ble begravet cirka 1730, Roskilde Domkirke. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p42500.htm#i424996 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4257 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Sibylla_of_Hesse-Darmstadt Wikipedia]

Magdalene giftet seg med Wilhelm Ludwig von Württemberg, Herzog 6 Nov 1673, Darmstadt. Wilhelm (sønn av Eberhard III von Württemberg, Herzog zu Württemberg-Stuttgart og Anna Catharina Dorothea Salm, Herzogin zu Württemberg-Stuttgart) ble født 7 Jan 1647 , Stuttgart, Neckar, Wurttemberg; døde 23 Jun 1677, Hirsau, Schwarzwald, Wurttemberg; ble begravet 1 Sep 1677, Collegiate Church, Stuttgart, Neckarkreis, Wurttemberg. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p906.htm#i9054 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4373 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Sophie_of_Hesse-Darmstadt Wikipedia]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://thepeerage.com/p906.htm#i9054

Sophie Marie von Hessen-Darmstadt
F, #9054, b. 7 May 1661, d. 22 August 1712


Last Edited=10 May 2003
Consanguinity Index=9.37%
Sophie Marie von Hessen-Darmstadt was born on 7 May 1661. She was the daughter of Ludwig VI Landgraf von Hessen-Darmstadt and Marie Elisabeth Prinzessin von Holstein-Gottorp. She married Christian Herzog von Sachsen-Eisenach, son of Ernst Herzog von Sachsen-Coburg and Elisabeth Sophie von Sachsen-Altenburg, on 9 February 1681. She died on 22 August 1712 at age 51.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk kung 1660-1697, Kung i Sverige 1660-97, hertig i Zweibrücken 1681-97, Konung 1672-97

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10350.htm#i103498 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4292 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509007& Find a Grave]
*'''King of Sweden''' Reign 13 February 1660 X 5 April 1697 (37 years, 51 days) Coronation 28 September 1675
>'''Predecessor :''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000001367482744 Karl X Gustav] '''Successor :''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000001368483175 Karl XII]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden English ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI Svenska ] [http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_IX Eesti]

During his minority the government was entrusted to a regency, and
although the kingdom was kept free from foreign wars, it was misgoverned.
The education of the young king was so neglected that he was nearly
illiterate. In 1672 he assumed the reins of government. Under terms of an
agreement made by the regency, Charles in 1674 entered the Dutch Wars as
an ally of Louis XIV, king of France. The Swedish army and navy were
unprepared for war, and Sweden lost territory, although much of it was
restored by the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1679. Charles, angered
by the military failure, and supported by the burghers and peasants,
instituted reforms that strengthened the armed forces and considerably
reduced the power of the former regents and nobles. In 1682 the Riksdag,
the Swedish legislature, granted the king absolute authority. By a
judicious administration of revenues, he wiped out the public debt,
reorganized the army and navy, and by 1693 was able to dispense with
extraordinary subsidies. Although he had absolute power, he never imposed
a tax without consent; and he published an annual account of revenues and
expenditures. He was succeeded by his son Charles XII.

OF SWEDEN

Karl giftet seg med Ulrika Eleonora Oldenburg, Drottning av Sverige 6 Mai 1680, Skottorp, Halland, Sverige. Ulrika (datter av Frederik III af Danmark og Norge, von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Sophie Amalie von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Dronning til Danmark og Norge) ble født 11 Sep 1656 , København, Danmark; døde 26 Jul 1693, Karlbergs slott; ble begravet , Riddarholmskyrkan. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Öllegaard Nissenia von der Wettering. Öllegaard (datter av Hinrich Nissenius von der Wettering og Elin (Ellin, Helena) Persdatter Rumohr) ble født cirka 1655; døde cirka 1712. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p609.htm#i6090 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4470 Geneall]

Sophie giftet seg med August Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Herzog zu Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel-Bev 7 Jul 1695, Schloss Gottorp. August ble født 8 Mar 1662 , Wolfenbüttel, Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Deutschland; døde 23 Mar 1731, Wolfenbüttel, Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Deutschland. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Generalissimus, prins och hertig, Hertig i Holstein-Gottorp 1695-1702, Hertig

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109326 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4496 Geneall]
*'''Duke of Holstein-Gottorp:''' Reign 1695-1702 '''Predecessor::''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000000722232334 Christian Albert]'''Successor'''
[http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000001367997047 Charles Frederick]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_IV._(Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)_ Deutsch ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_4._af_Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp Dansk]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Klissow '''Battle of Klissow:''']

Frederick giftet seg med Hedvig Sofia Augusta Wittelsbach, Pfalz-Zweibrücken, Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 12 Mai 1698, Carlsberg, Sverige. Hedvig (datter av Karl XI av Sverige, von der Pfalz-Zweibrücken, Kung av Sverige og Ulrika Eleonora Oldenburg, Drottning av Sverige) ble født 26 Jun 1681 , Hovförsamlingen, Stockholms län, Sverige; døde 22 Des 1708, Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sverige; ble begravet , Riddarholmskyrkan. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Heduvige Sofia Augusta princessa av Sverige. Heduvige ble født cirka 1681 , [object Object], Sweden; døde cirka 1708, [object Object], Sweden. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Furstbiskop i Lübeck-Eutin, hertig av Holstein-Gottorp, Furstbiskop av Lübeck, Hertig i Holstein-Gottorp, Furstbiskop

{geni:about_me} *Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Eutin

==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109324 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4522 Geneall]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August_of_Holstein-Gottorp,_Prince_of_Eutin English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf Deutsch]

BISHOP OF LUBECK

Christian giftet seg med Albertina Frederika Zähringen, Prinzessin von Holstein-Gottorp 3 Sep 1704, Slottet Eutin. Albertina (datter av Freidrich VII Magnus von Baden-Durlach, Markgraf og Auguste Marie Holstein-Gottorp, Markgräfin zu Baden-Durlach) ble født 3 Jul 1682 , Karlsruhe, Baden, Deutschland(HRR); døde 22 Des 1755, Hamburg, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Elisabeth_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf_%281678%E2%80%931755%29

Marie Elisabeth von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1678X1755)

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie

Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche

Marie Elisabeth von Holstein-Gottorf, Fürstäbtissin von Quedlinburg

Marie Elisabeth von Holstein-Gottorf (* 21. März 1678 in Hamburg; X 17. Juli 1755 in Quedlinburg) war von 1718 bis 1755 Äbtissin des reichsunmittelbaren und freiweltlichen Stifts Quedlinburg.

Leben [Bearbeiten]

Marie Elisabeth war eine Tochter des Herzogs Christian Albrecht von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1641X1695) und dessen Frau Prinzessin Friederike Amalie (1649X1704), Tochter des Königs Friedrich III. von Dänemark.

Im Jahr 1718 wurde Marie Elisabeth zur 37. Äbtissin von Quedlinburg gewählt. Bereits seit 1704 versuchte vor allem das Königreich England die Wahl der Prinzessin gegen Preußen durchzusetzen. Das während der Sedisvakanz durch Aurora von Königsmarck geführte Stift, wählte zwar Marie Elisabeth mehrfach, doch scheiterte ihre Amtseinführung bis 1718 an den Protesten Preußens und der Nichtbestätigung der Wahl durch den Kaiser.

Unter Marie Elisabeth erfolgte ein umfangreicher Aus- und Umbau des Stiftsschlosses und der Repräsentationsräume. Ihre Amtszeit war geprägt von territorialen Auseinandersetzungen mit König Friedrich Wilhelm I. von Preußen, in denen sich Marie Elisabeth vergeblich an den Kaiser wandte.

Die Äbtissin wurde in der Fürstengruft der Stiftskirche St. Servatius bestattet.

Literatur [Bearbeiten]

* H. Lorenz: Werdegang von Stift und Stadt Quedlinburg Quedlinburg 1922

Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

* H. Fritsch: Geschichte des vormaligen Reichsstifts und der Stadt Quedlinburg

* guide2womenleaders



Vorgänger Amt Nachfolger

Anna Dorothea von Sachsen-Weimar Äbtissin von Quedlinburg

1718X1755 Amalie von Preußen

Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 31. Juli 2010 um 22:55 Uhr geändert.

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=385001 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Markgreve av Baden-Durlach

{geni:about_me} Wikipedia:

English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_III_Wilhelm,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach

Deutsch: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_III._Wilhelm_(Baden-Durlach)

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10207.htm#i102061 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4627 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina_Frederica_of_Baden-Durlach Wikipedia]

Albertina giftet seg med Christian August von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Fürstbischof zu Lübeck 3 Sep 1704, Slottet Eutin. Christian (sønn av Christian Albrecht von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Herzog og Frederikke Amalie Oldenburg, Prinsesse, Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstei) ble født 11 Jan 1673 , Schloss Gottorp; døde 24 Apr 1726, Hamburg, Deutschland(HRR); ble begravet , Fürstbischöflichen Grabkapelle, Lübecker Doms. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Konge av Danmark, Kung i Danmark 1730-46, King of Denmark & Norway (1730-1746)

{geni:about_me} *Af Guds Nåde Konge af Danmark og Norge, de Venders og Gothers, hertug udi Slesvig, Holsten, Stormarn og Ditmarsken, greve udi Oldenburg og Delmenhorst. (In English: By the grace of God King of Denmark and Norway,the Wends and Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Ditmarsken, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst.)

==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10227.htm#i102262 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4802 Geneall]
*[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king44.htm Kings of Denmark]
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian6 Burial] In Danish
*[http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/christian-6-1699-1746/_ Danmarkshistorien] In Danish
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VI_of_Denmark English] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_6 Dansk]
*'''King of Denmark and Norway, Count of Oldenburg(Christian IX), Duke of Schleswig ''' Reign 1730X1746
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4105044 Frederick IV] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4105251 Frederick V]
*'''Duke of Holstein'''(in condominial rule with Charles Frederick, a son of his father's paternal cousin, (till 1739) and thereafter with the latter's son Charles Peter Ulrich, 1730X1746)
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4105044 Frederick IV] and [http://www.geni.com/people/Charles-Frederick/6000000001367997047 Charles Frederick] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4105251 Frederick V] and [http://www.geni.com/people/Peter/6000000003628136249 Charles Peter Ulrich]

Christian 6. X Konge af Danmark X Norge fra 1730-1746


Christian 6. blev f°dt i 1699 og d°de i 1746. Han var s°n af Frederik 4. og Louise af Mecklenburg-GXstrow. I 1721 giftede han sig med Sophie Magdalene af Brandenburg-Kulmbach.


I modsµtning til sin rejselystne fader holdt den tungsindige og religi°se Christian 6. sig stort set hjemme. Bortset fra et enkelt bes°g i Norge og hertugd°mmerne holdt han sig for det meste til sit arbejdsbord. Han var en sky ogindesluttet natur, der holdt sig pX afstand af offentligheden, og med tiden stivnede hoflivet da ogsX i kedsommelig ensformighed. Musikken ved hoffet var religi°s, man dansede ikke, og Christian 6. deltog, af bXde helbredsmµssigeog religi°se grunde, kun sjµldent i de traditionelle kongelige jagter.


Christian 6.s forargelse over over Frederik 4.s kvindeglade og bigamistiske levned f°rte til, at han, som en af sine f°rste regeringshandlinger, omst°dte faderens testamente. Kongen fratog enkedronning Anna Sofie, Frederik 4.s anden hustru, en stor del af den formue hun arvede og forviste hende til Clausholm, hvorfra Frederik 4. i sin tid lod hende bortf°re.


Kongen blev aldrig sµrlig populµr, pX grund af den pietistiske fromhed han havde fXet gennem sin stµrkt religi°se opdragelse. En fromhed der bl.a. gav sig udslag i forbud mod enhver form for forlystelse om s°ndagen.
I 1735 udstedte Christian 6. den berygtede helligdagsforordning om tvungen kirkegang, og i 1736 indf°rte han obligatorisk konfirmation.


For at hµvde enevµldens vµrdighed holdt Christian 6. et dyrt hof og gennemf°rte kostbare slotsbyggerier, som det f°rste Christiansborg, Hirchholm Slot og Eremitagen.


Disse kostbare slotsbyggerier financieredes af partikulµrkassen, hvis midler hovedsageligt stammede fra Xresundstolden. De store prestigebyggerier, der fandt sted i en tid med °konomisk krise, vakte en del forargelse i befolkningen, og bragte kongehuset ud i °konomiske vanskeligheder.


Christian 6.s regeringstid var prµget af °konomisk tilbagegang. Landbruget led under misvµkst og kvµgpest, og de dXrlige °konomiske tider medvirkede i 1730 til landmilitsens ophµvelse. SX lµnge b°nderne stod opf°rt i lµgdsrullen til militsen, mXtte de ikke forlade deres gods, sX nu benyttede masser af b°nder den ny frihed til at flygte til byerne eller andre landsdele for, at slippe for det umenneskelige hoveriarbejde under tyranniske herremµnd.


Under hXrdt pres fra godsejerne, der mistede arbejdskraft, blev stavnsbXndet indf°rt i 1733. StavnsbXndet forhindrede b°ndernes flugt fra det kriseramte landbrug ved at forbyde b°nder mellem 14 og 36 Xr at forlade det gods, de var f°dt pX. Det forhadte og undertrykkende stavsbXnd slap b°nderne f°rst af med 55 Xr senere.


Den juridiske embedseksamen blev indf°rt i 1736, da Christian 6. °nskede at oprette en dansk embedsmandsstand. Samme Xr oprettedes Kurantbanken - en seddeludstedende bank, der var forl°ber for den nuvµrende Nationalbank.


Christian 6. var kun 46 Xr gammel, da han d°de den 6. august 1746. Han blev begravet i Roskilde Domkirke og efterfulgtes af sin s°n,Frederik 5.

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Louise of Meclenburg Gustrow. Louise ble født 28 Aug 1667; døde 15 Mar 1721. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Christian giftet seg med Sophie Magdalene Hohenzollern, Dronning af Danmark og Norge 7 Aug 1721. Sophie ble født 28 Nov 1700 , Schloss Schönberg; døde 27 Mai 1770, Christiansborg Slot; ble begravet , Roskilde Domkirke. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Elisabeth Helene Von Vieregg. Elisabeth ble født 4 Mar 1679; døde 27 Jun 1704. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Anna Sophie Reventlow. Anna ble født 16 Apr 1693; døde 7 Jan 1743. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Died unmarried and without issues

Wikipedia:

Dansk: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsesse_Charlotte

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Ludwig,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg

Duke Eberhard Louis (18 September 1676 X 31 October 1733) was the tenth duke of Württemberg, from 1692 until 1733.

Biography

Eberhard Louis was born in Stuttgart the third child of Duke William Louis and his wife, Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt. After the early and unexpected death of his father in 1677, the royal court decided to give guardianship to his uncle, Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental.

In 1693, Magdalena Sibylla had the 16-year-old Eberhard Louis prematurely proclaimed Duke of Württemberg by Emperor Leopold I. The young duke showed no excessive interest in governmental affairs. Eberhard Louis was described by his contemporaries as superficial and easily influenced. Most importantly, his behavior led to the political fate of the land being greatly decided by his council. The duke preferred hunting and left the administration of his county in the hands his advisors. In 1697, he married Joanna Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach.

In 1707 he became the field marshal of the Swabian troops in the War of the Spanish Succession. He served under Eugene of Savoy at the Battle of Blenheim.

Shortly before 1700, he visited Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles and planned to make an absolutist state out of Württemberg. He raised taxes, but financing still remained an obstacle. In 1704, he laid the foundation for his Ludwigsburg Palace. To save money, he allowed the workers to reside tax-free around the palace for 15 years. Later, the city of Ludwigsburg developed out of these residences.

As of 1711, Eberhard Louis spent ever more time in Ludwigsburg, usually in the company of his mistress, Wilhelmine von Grävenitz, whom he married in 1707. Because of pressure from the emperor, the marriage had to be quickly dissolved, and Grävenitz went into exile. Eberhard Louis followed her to Switzerland, where they stayed until 1710. The influential mistress was only allowed to return to the royal court once she had married another man, Graf von Würben. For over two decades, Grävenitz had a strong influence on the government of the land, and it was she who, together with Eberhard Ludwig, moved the royal residence and capital of the duchy from Stuttgart to the sparsely populated city of Ludwigsburg. Duchess Joanna Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach stayed in the royal palace in Stuttgart.

Because of the early death of his heir, Prince Frederick Louis, in 1731, the power threatened to shift into Catholic hands, which was unthinkable for Protestant Württemberg. Thus Duke Eberhard Louis dissolved his relations with Wilhelmine von Grävenitz and hoped to receive an heir from his legitimate and long ignored wife, Joanna Elisabeth. However, as he died in Ludwigsburg of a stroke on October 31, 1733, he left no heir behind. The duchy then fell intothe hands of his converted nephew, Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg of the bloodline Württemberg-Winnental, though only for a few years.

Ancestors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Ludwig,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Wikipedia:

Deutsch: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Wilhelmine_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk prinsessa, Hertiginna av Holstein-Gottorp, Duchess Consort of Holstein-Gottorp

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11317.htm#i113168 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4618 Geneall]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedvig_Sophia_of_Sweden English ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedvig_Sofia_av_Sverige Svenska]

Hedvig giftet seg med Frederick IV von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Herzog 12 Mai 1698, Carlsberg, Sverige. Frederick (sønn av Christian Albrecht von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Herzog og Frederikke Amalie Oldenburg, Prinsesse, Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstei) ble født 18 Okt 1671 , Schleswig, Schleswig, Danmark; døde 19 Jun 1702, Kielce (Kliszów), Poland; ble begravet 19 Des 1702, Schleswig, Schleswig, Danmark. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk kung 1697-1718, Kung i Sverige 1697-1718, Konung 1697-

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p1698.htm#i16976 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4630 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509033& Find a Grave]
*'''King of Sweden:''' Reign 5 April 1697 X 30 November 1718 (21 years, 239 days) Coronation 14 December 1697 (aged 15)
>'''Predecessor :''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000000677886618 Charles XI] '''Successor :''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/310829931440007062 Ulrika Eleonora]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden English ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII Svenska]

Soon after Charles succeeded to the throne, Sweden, with extensive
possessions on the Baltic, was threatened by a coalition of Frederick IV,
king of Denmark, Augustus II, king of Poland (1670-1733), and Peter I,
czar of Russia, which resulted in the Great Northern War (1700-21). In
1700, Charles invaded Denmark and quickly forced Frederick to sign the
Peace of Travendal (now Traventhal). Charles hastened to the Baltic and
rapidly brought his army of 8000 men to the Swedish stronghold, Narva,
Estonia, which was beleaguered by 40,000 Russians. The disciplined Swedish
troops, although wearied by forced marches, totally routed the Russians in
November 1700. Charles then turned to conquer Poland, which was overrun by
the Swedish troops. Augustus was driven into Saxony, and Charles obtained
the election of his ally Stanislas I Leszczyñski as king of Poland in
1705.

Charles then marched into Saxony, and Augustus, by the Treaty of
Altranstädt of 1706, was forced to recognize Stanislas. Charles was now at
the height of his power; with a disciplined army holding Germany in awe,
he spurned peace overtures from Peter. Determined to humble Russia, he
began an invasion of the country in September 1707. He penetrated into the
interior of Russia, his army harassed along the way, suffered through two
severe winters and turned south. On July 8, 1709, while besieging Poltava,
Ukraine, he was attacked by the Russian army. Within three days, all his
previous military success was undone in one disastrous engagement. Charles
barely escaped into Turkish territory. He induced Sultan Ahmed III
(1673-1736) to attack Russia. In 1711 Peter was able to escape from a
precarious position on the Prut River. The Swedish monarch spent the next
three years in intrigues to induce Turkey to attack Russia again. When he
found that his plots were of no avail, he defied the Turkish power and was
imprisoned. He escaped in 1714 and reached Stralsund, a Swedish possession
in Pomerania. The city was besieged by a combined force of Danes,
Prussians, and Saxons for a year before it surrendered. Charles again
escaped, reached Sweden, and raised another army. He began an invasion of
Norway in 1717. During this struggle he was killed at Frederikshald on
November 30, 1718. He was succeeded on the throne by his sister Ulrika
Eleonora, who began the process of negotiating peace to end the war that
had cost Sweden its rank as a great power in the Baltic region.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk drottning 1719-1720, Regent 1719-20, Queen Regnant of Sweden

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10564.htm#i105632 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4701 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSsr=41&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509199& Find a Grave]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonore_(Schweden)_ Deutsch ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora Svenska]
*'''Queen of Sweden:''' Reign 5 December 1718 X 29 February 1720 Coronation 17 March 1719
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Charles-XII-of-Sweden/6000000001368483175 Charles XII] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Landgrave-Frederick-of-Hesse-Kassel/6000000001368230897 Frederick I]

Ulrika giftet seg med Friedrich I von Hessen-Kassel Kung av Sverige, Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel, Kung av Sverige, Landgraf von Hessen-Kas cirka 1715. Friedrich ble født 28 Apr 1676 , Kassel, Hessen, Deutschland(HRR); ble døpt 14 Mai 1676 , Kassel, Hesse-Nassau, PRU; døde 25 Mar 1751, Stockholm, Sverige; ble begravet 27 Sep 1751, Riddarholmskyrkan. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Herzog zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Hertig i Holstein-Gottorp 1702-39, Hertig, Russian Consort

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109327 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4815 Geneall]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp English ][http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_(Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)_ Deutsch]
*'''Duke of Schleswig''' 1702X1713
''condominial rule with his father's paternal cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway], until the latter deposed Charles Frederick as Duke of Schleswig in 1713 (with legal effect as of 1720) under guardianship due to minority
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-Duke-of-Holstein-Gottorp/6000000000677840693 Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp] and his cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (in condominial rule) '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (continued as the sole duke of Schleswig)
*'''Duke of Holstein''' 1702X1739
''condominial rule with his father's paternal cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (till 1730) and thereafter with the latter's son Christian VI
until 1718 under guardianship due to minority''
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-Duke-of-Holstein-Gottorp/6000000000677840693 Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp] and his cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (in condominial rule) '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Pyotr-III/6000000003628136249 Charles Peter Ulrich] and [http://www.geni.com/people/Christian-VI-of-Denmark-and-Norway/6000000003561796189 Christian VI of Denmark and Norway] (in condominial rule)

Carl giftet seg med Anna XXXX Petrovna XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXa, Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 1 Jun 1725, Sankt Petersburg, Russia. Anna ble født 27 Jan 1708 , Moscow, Russia; døde 4 Mai 1728, Kiel, Holstein, Deutschland(HRR); ble begravet cirka 1728, Peter and Paul Cathedral. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Anna Grand Princess pf Russia. Anna ble født cirka 1708 , Moscow, Russia; døde cirka 1728. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Abbedissa i Herford

{geni:about_me} *Abbess of Herford


==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p610.htm#i6091 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=385038 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Biskop i Lübeck

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p623.htm#i6221 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397525 Geneall]
*[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf Wikipedia in Deutsch]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Nunna i Quedlinburg

{geni:about_me} A nun of Quidlinburg Without issues

==Links==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p601.htm#i6003 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397526 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p600.htm#i6000 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=17767 Geneall]

Anne giftet seg med Wilhelm Carl Christian von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, Prinz 8 Nov 1742, Hamburg,Hamburg,Germany. Wilhelm ble født 12 Mar 1701 , Gotha, Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, Bundeslandes; døde 31 Mai 1771, Tonna, Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, Bundeslandes. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Kung i Sverige 1751-71, kronprins av Sverige (23 June 1743 - 25 March 1751), konung av Sverige (25 March 1751 - 12 February 1771), Svensk kung 1751-1771, Konge, Kung i Sverige1751-1771, Svensk kung 1751-

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10846.htm#i108454The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=4928 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509061& Find a Grave]
*'''King of Sweden:''' Reign 25 March 1751 X 12 February 1771 Coronation 26 November 1751
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Landgrave-Frederick-of-Hesse-Kassel/6000000001368230897 Frederick I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Gustav-III-av-Sverige/4107259 Gustav III]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden English ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Fredrik Svenska ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Friedrich_(Schweden)_ Deutsch]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Adolf giftet seg med Lovisa Ulrika Hohenzollern, Drottning av Sverige 17 Jul 1744, Berlin, Preussen, Deutschland(HRR). Lovisa ble født 24 Jul 1720 , Berlin, Brandenburg, Deutschland(HRR); ble døpt , Prussia - aka Lovisa Ulrika; døde 16 Jul 1782, Svartsjö Slott; ble begravet 31 Jul 1782. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Furstbiskop av Lübeck, Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp; in 1773 the Tsarevich of Russia ceded to him Oldenburg and Delmenhorst

{geni:about_me} '''Links'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11043.htm#i110426 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4943 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_August_I,_Duke_of_Oldenburg Wikipedia]
'''Duke of Oldenburg:''' Regn 1773 - 1785
Predecessor: [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000001449295063 Paul I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/311643159210008280 William I ]

Friedrich giftet seg med Ulrike Friedrike Wilhelmine von Hessen-Kassel, Herzogin zu Oldenburg 21 Nov 1752, Kassel. Ulrike ble født 31 Okt 1722 , Kassel, Hessen, Deutschland (HRR); døde 28 Feb 1787, Eutin, Holstein, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ==Links:
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10334.htm#i103331 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4950 Geneall]
*[http://fabpedigree.com/s071/f297295.htm The PEDIGREE]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Elisabeth Wikipedia]

Johanna giftet seg med Christian August von Anhalt-Dornburg, Fürst zu Anhalt-Zerbst 8 Nov 1727 til cirka 1, Germany. Christian ble født 29 Nov 1690 , Dornburg, Anhalt-Dornburg, Deutschland(HRR); døde 16 Mar 1747, Zerbst, Anhalt-Zerbst, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}

==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p623.htm#i6223 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397527 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109329 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=5000 Geeneall]
*[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf Wikipedia]

George giftet seg med Sophie Charlotte von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, Burggräfin zu Dohna-Schlobitten, Herzog 1 Jan 1750, Prökelwitz. Sophie ble født 31 Des 1722; døde 7 Aug 1763. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} King of Denmark and Norway 1746-1766, Dansk-Norsk-Isländsk kung 1746-1766, Konge av Danmark og Norge, Kung i Danmark och Norge 1746-1766, King of Denmark and Norway (1746-1766)

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==

*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10100.htm#i100991 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5038 Geneall]
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik5 Burial] In Danish
*[http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/frederik-5-1723-1766/ Danmarkshistorien] In Danish
*[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king45.htm Kings of Denmark]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#321 Johnn the Younger #494]
*'''King of Denmark and Norway:''' Reign 1746X1766
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000003561796189 Christian VI] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000002014597291 Christian VII]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_5 Dansk ] [http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_V_av_Danmark_og_Norge Norsk ] [http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_5._Danakonungur Íslenska]

Little interested in the affairs of state, he left control of the
government largely to his foreign minister, Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von
Bernstorff (1712-72), who served Frederick in that capacity from 1751
until 1770. Frederick was a patron of learning. He founded a military
academy in Sorø, Denmark, and established schools in Bergen and Trondheim,
Norway, for the education of Laplanders. In Copenhagen he established
academies of printing and sculpture. During Frederick's reign, trade in
Asia and the Americas was stimulated and the national wealth was
increased.

KING OF DENMARK & NORWAY

KING OF DENMARK

Frederik 5. X Konge af Danmark X Norge fra 1746-1766


Frederik 5. blev f°dt i 1723 og d°de i 1766. Han var s°n af Christian 6. og Sophie Magdalene af Brandenburg-Kulmbach. I 1743 giftede han sig med Louise af Storbritannien.


Med dronningen fik han fem b°rn, hvoraf den µldste d°de som toXrig. De °vrige, herimellem den senere konge, Christian 7., blev alle voksne. Det samme antal b°rn fik kongen ogsX med sin yndlingselskerinde, Madam Hansen, og ind imellem blev der ogsX tid til bes°g pX byens vµrtshuse og bordeller.


Frederik 5.s letsindige omgang med kvinder og alkohol f°rte tidligt til, at hans far, den religi°se og afholdende Christian 6., overvejede at umyndigg°re ham.


Med Xrene tiltog kongens alkoholproblem i en sXdan grad, at han nµppe var i stand til at styre kongeriget uden hjµlp fra loyale og dygtige embedsmµnd. PX overfladen havde man stadig det enevµldige statsapparat XÇô men den reelle magt lX i hµnderne pX den 11 Xr µldre gehejmerXd, Adam Gottlob Moltke, der allerede ved Frederik 5.s tronbestigelse var blevet udnµvnt til overhofmarskal.


Molkte havde til tider travlt med at styre bXde riget og monarken. Gang pX gang faldt kongen i. Han kunne i fuldskab og hidsighed finde pX bXde at slX og sparke den formanende Molkte XÇô bagefter bad den angrende Frederik 5. altid Moltke om forladelse og lovede bod og bedring.


Kongen skriver sXledes i et brev til Moltke:


Min hjertenskµre Moltke! Jeg beder ham af sjµlens grund om tilgivelse - mit hidsige hovede har igen vµret pX spil. Gud velsigne og bevare ham... Dette °nsker i oprigtighed hans altid trofaste ven og s°n.


Frederik R
Gud velsigne og bevare dig, min hjertenskµre ven. XÇô Aldrig g°re det mere.
Jeg har fejlet, det erkender jeg. Vµr ikke bedr°vet og tilgiv mig det.


Frederik 5.s regeringsperiode var prµget af fremgang for handelen og en spirende industri. Det var priks Hospital og kunstakademiet i K°benhavn opf°rtes.


Begyndende krav om landbrugsreformer s°rgede den konservative Moltke for ikke blev til noget. B°nderne mµrkede derfor ikke sµrlig meget til den °konomiske fremgang.


Drikkeriet og udskejelserne til trods, gav Frederik 5.s venlige og godmodige optrµden ham en stor folkelig popularitet. I modsµtning til den sky og indesluttede Christian 6., var s°nnen bXde folkelig, livlig og talte desuden dansk.


EfterhXnden kunne kongens levned dog mµrkes pX hans helbred. Kun 42 Xr gammel d°de Frederik 5. i 1766. Han blev begravet i Roskilde Domkirke. Han efterfulgtes af sin s°n Christian 7.

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Frederik giftet seg med Louise of Great Britain, Dronning af Danmark og Norge 11 Des 1743. Louise ble født 7 Des 1724 , Leicester House,Westminster,Middlesex,England; ble døpt 22 Des 1724 , Leicester House, Westminster, Middlesex, ENG; døde 19 Des 1751, Christiansborg Slot; ble begravet , Roskilde Domkirke. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Frederik giftet seg med Juliana Maria Welf, Dronning af Danmark og Norge 8 Jul 1752, Frederiksborg Slot. Juliana ble født 4 Sep 1729 , Wolfenbüttel, Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Deutschland; døde 10 Okt 1796, Fredensborg Slot; ble begravet , Roskilde Domkirke. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duchess Consort of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

{geni:about_me} ==Links:
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10349.htm#i103489 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=10129 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg09.htm#320 Johann the Younger #496]
*[http://runeberg.org/dbl/10/0405.html Runeberg] In Danish
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Denmark_(1726%E2%80%931756)_ English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsesse_Louise_%28datter_af_Christian_6.%29 Dansk ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_von_D%C3%A4nemark_und_Norwegen Deutsch]

"OF BRUNSWICK"

Louise giftet seg med Ernst Friedrich III von Sachsen-Hildburghausen, Herzog 1 Okt 1749, Hirchholm Slot. Ernst ble født 10 Jun 1727 , Königsberg, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR); døde 25 Aug 1780, Jagdschloss Seidingstadt. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Herzog zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Hertig i Holstein-Gottorp 1702-39, Hertig, Russian Consort

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109327 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4815 Geneall]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp English ][http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_(Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)_ Deutsch]
*'''Duke of Schleswig''' 1702X1713
''condominial rule with his father's paternal cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway], until the latter deposed Charles Frederick as Duke of Schleswig in 1713 (with legal effect as of 1720) under guardianship due to minority
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-Duke-of-Holstein-Gottorp/6000000000677840693 Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp] and his cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (in condominial rule) '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (continued as the sole duke of Schleswig)
*'''Duke of Holstein''' 1702X1739
''condominial rule with his father's paternal cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (till 1730) and thereafter with the latter's son Christian VI
until 1718 under guardianship due to minority''
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-Duke-of-Holstein-Gottorp/6000000000677840693 Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp] and his cousin [http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-IV-of-Denmark-and-Norway/4105044 Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway] (in condominial rule) '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Pyotr-III/6000000003628136249 Charles Peter Ulrich] and [http://www.geni.com/people/Christian-VI-of-Denmark-and-Norway/6000000003561796189 Christian VI of Denmark and Norway] (in condominial rule)

Carl giftet seg med Anna XXXX Petrovna XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXa, Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 1 Jun 1725, Sankt Petersburg, Russia. Anna ble født 27 Jan 1708 , Moscow, Russia; døde 4 Mai 1728, Kiel, Holstein, Deutschland(HRR); ble begravet cirka 1728, Peter and Paul Cathedral. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Karl Peter Ulrich prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
*Russian Tzar: Peter (Pyotr) III Fyodorovitch (Russian: XXXX III XëXXXXXXX)

* Father: Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

* Mother: Anna Petrovna of Russia

* Spouse: Empress Catherine II the Great

* Issue: Emperor Paul I

'''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10195.htm#i101942 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5078 Geneall]
*'''Emperor of Russia''' Reign 5. January 1762 X 9. July 1762
'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003219749417 Elizabeth]
'''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4215208366090031541 Catherine II]
>'''Wikipedia''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III._(Russland)_ Deutsch ] [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_III Russian]

Peter III was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. According to most historians, he was mentally immature and very pro-Prussian, which made him an unpopular leader. He was supposedly assassinated as a result of a conspiracy led by his wife, who succeeded him to the throne as Catherine II.

TSAR OF RUSSIA 1762

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Elisaveta av Russland. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Peter giftet seg med Catharina II (XXXXXXXXX II) "the Great" XXXXXXX von Anchalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias/ 24 Aug 1745, St. Petersburg, Russia. Catharina (datter av Christian August von Anhalt-Dornburg, Fürst zu Anhalt-Zerbst og Johanna Elisabeth Holstein-Gottorp, Oldenburg, Fürstin zu Anhalt-Zerbst) ble født 2 Mai 1729 , Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland; ble døpt 28 Jun 1744 , Russia - Cathrine Alexeyevna aka Ekaterina the Great 1762-1796; døde 17 Nov 1796, St. Petersburg, Russia; ble begravet , St.Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Russia. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Catherine II the Great empress of Russia. Catherine ble født cirka 1729; døde cirka 1796. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10904.htm#i109034 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=566008 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} konung av Sverige (12 February 1771 - 29 March 1792), kronprins av Sverige (25 March 1751 - 12 February 1771), prins av Sverige, Rey de Suecia 1771-1792, Svensk kung 1771-1792, Kung i Sverige 1771-92, Kung 1771-, King of Sweden

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10350.htm#i103491 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=14466 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509083& Find a Grave]
*[http://www.historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=68 Historiesajtens] In Swedish
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden English] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III Svenska]
*'''King of Sweden''' Reign 12. February 1771 X 29 March 1792, Coronation 29 May 1772
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4369404 Adolf Frederick ] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4107368 Gustav IV Adolf]

When Gustav succeeded his father, the power of the monarchy had been
greatly curtailed, and the national assembly, the Riksdag, was torn by
intense party strife. After failing to reconcile the divided factions,
Gustav decided to regain complete control of the government for the
monarchy. With the help of the army he staged a mock revolt in 1772 and
forced the Riksdag to accept a new constitution that gave him absolute
power. He then instituted a series of financial and judicial reforms to
correct corruption in high office, grant freedom of the press and complete
religious toleration, and enlarge the navy, making it one of the strongest
in Europe. In 1788 he undertook an inconclusive war with Russia that was
marked by treason among the nobility at home and mutiny among his troops.
A Swedish naval victory in 1790, however, destroyed a third of the Russian
fleet and enabled him to end the war on terms favorable to Sweden. While
preparing to intervene in the French Revolution in 1792, Gustav was
assassinated in a plot conceived by hostile nobles. A patron of
literature, art, and science, he founded the Swedish Academy in 1786.

"OF SWEDEN"

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Charlotte De Geer af Leufsta "att smaka i edra arm, r". Charlotte ble født 25 Jan 1746 , Stockholm; døde cirka 1820, Stockholm. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Gustav giftet seg med Sophia Magdalena Oldenburg, Drottning av Sverige 1 Okt 1766, Christiansborg. Sophia (datter av Frederik V af Danmark og Norge von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Louise of Great Britain, Dronning af Danmark og Norge) ble født 3 Jul 1746 , Christiansborg Slot; ble døpt 4 Jul 1746 , Christiansborg Slot, Copenhagen; døde 21 Aug 1813, Ulriksdals slott; ble begravet , Riddarholmskyrkan. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk kung 1809-1818, Norsk kung 1814-1818 med namn Karl II, Kung i Sverige 1809-18, Kung i Danmark 1614-1818, Kung 1809-

{geni:about_me} *Charles XIII & II also Carl, Swedish: Karl XIII (Stockholm, 7 October 1748 X Stockholm, 5 February 1818)
*King of Sweden (as Charles XIII) from 1809 and King of Norway (as Charles II) from 1814 until his death.
*Second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great.

'''Links'''
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109328 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=18066 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509107& Find a Grave]
*'''King of Sweden''' Reign 6. June 1809 X 5. February 1818
>'''Predecessor: ''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4107368 Gustav IV Adolf]
'''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4437949 Charles XIV John]
*'''King of Norway''' Reign 4. November 1814 X 5. February 1818
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4532832 Christian Frederick]
'''Successor''': [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4437949 Charles III]
*'''Wikipedia''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden English ][http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XIII Svenska]

As high admiral, Charles defeated a Russian fleet in the Gulf of Finland
in 1788. He was regent from 1792 to 1796 during the minority of King
Gustav IV Adolph and again in 1809 after Gustav had lost his throne
through revolution. During Charles's reign Sweden lost Finland to Russia
in 1809 but was united with Norway in 1814.

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Joan of Sweden. Joan ble født cirka 1728; døde cirka 1809. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Charlotta Slottsberg (frilla). Charlotta ble født cirka 1761; døde cirka 1800. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Karl giftet seg med Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg 21 Jun 1774, Wismar, Mecklenburg, Deutschland(HRR). Hedwig (datter av Friedrich August von Holstein-Gottorp, Herzog zu Oldenburg og Ulrike Friedrike Wilhelmine von Hessen-Kassel, Herzogin zu Oldenburg) ble født 22 Mar 1759 , Schloß Eutin; døde 20 Jun 1818, Stockholm, Sverrige; ble begravet , Riddarholmskyrkan. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Christina Augusta von Fersen. Christina ble født cirka 1754; døde cirka 1846, Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sverige. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk prins. Hertig av Östergötland, Hertug av Östergötland

{geni:about_me} Ble gift med Ulrika Elisabeth da hun var gravid. Han står også som far ved dåpen til Elinora Charlotta, men så slutter alle spor etter ham.. Han står i statsarkivet som rømling og har ingen arvinger etter seg.

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ulrika Elisabeth Brunström. Ulrika ble født 29 Jun 1776 , Sverige. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Sophie Hagman. Sophie ble født 31 Des 1758 , Eskilstuna, Södermanlands län, Sverige; døde 6 Mai 1826, Sweden. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Äbtissin von Quedlinburg, Svensk prinsessa, abbedissa 1787-1803

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Fredrik Vilhelm von Hessenstein. Fredrik ble født 26 Nov 1735 , Schloss Panker; døde 17 Apr 1808, Paris, France. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Hertig i Oldenburg 1785-1810, och 1814-23

{geni:about_me} *Unmarried and without issues
*The Duchy went to his Cousin Peter I


'''Links'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p622.htm#i6218 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397827 Geneall]
Duke of Oldenburg Reign 1785 -1823 '''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/311631562270002696 Frederick Augustus I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000002605546398 Peter I]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Oldenburg English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_%28Oldenburg%29 Deutsch]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Svensk drottning 1809-1818

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11042.htm#i110412 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=18067 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Elizabeth_Charlotte_of_Holstein-Gottorp#Royal_Duchess Wikipedia]

Hedwig giftet seg med Karl XIII II von Holstein-Gottorp, Kung av Sverige og Norge 21 Jun 1774, Wismar, Mecklenburg, Deutschland(HRR). Karl (sønn av Adolf Friedrich von Holstein-Gottorp, Kung av Sverige og Lovisa Ulrika Hohenzollern, Drottning av Sverige) ble født 7 Okt 1748 , Riddarholmen, Stockholm; ble døpt , Sweden - of Augustenburg Family; døde 5 Feb 1818, Stockholm. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen of Russia

{geni:about_me} * Sophie Friederike Auguste princess of Anhalt-Zerbst
*By marriage Ekaterina Alexseivna Romanov
*Catherine II(Russian: XXXXXXXXX II XXXXXXX, Yekaterina II Velikaya), also known as Catherine the Great (German: Katharina die Große) on 9th july 1762


==Links:==

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10195.htm#i101941 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5082 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great Wikipedia]
*'''Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias:''' Reign 9 July 1762 X 17 November 1796 (34 years, 131 days) Coronation 12 September 1762
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Peter-III-Romanov/6000000003628136249 Peter III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Emperor-Paul-I-of-Russia-Reign-1796-1801/6000000001449295063 Paul I]

"OF ANHALT", DAUGHTER OF THE GERMAN PRINCE OF ANHALT-SERBST; LATER
"YEKATERINA/CATHERINE II""CATHERINE THE GREAT"; TSARINA/EMPRESS 1762-1796

Catherine the Great of Russia - aka Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst, or Catherine
Alekseevna, Empress Catherine II of Russia was the wife of Peter III of
Russia. Became estranged from Peter soon after their marriage. She helped
to have him deposed with the aid of Grigori Orlov, Potemkin, Princess
Dashkova, and others. She succeeded him to the throne on 28 June 1762,
and the following day had Peter III imprisoned. She proclaimed that
Russia was in dire danger from foreign domination of her government, the
church, and the culture of the country were at stake, and the safety of
the nations welfare was in jeopardy. Her take-over was extraordinary
without any bloodshed. She broke off relations with Frederick II of
Prussian, and had her friend, Stanislaus Poniatowski, elected King of
Poland. She won two wars with Turkey; extending Russia's border to the
Black Sea. She imported German farmers from her country to populate and
farm this new aquisition - promising them they would be free of army
service. Her coronation at the Kremlin 22 September 1762 was the most
spectacular ever recorded in Russia. During her reign serfdom and misery
among peasants increased. But the borders of Russia expanded and increased
by her large conquests. She participated in the partition of Poland
(1772-1793-95).
She won victoris over the Turks in 1768=1772; and by Treaty of Kuchuk
Kainarja (1774) annexed the Crimea. She thoroughly identified herself
with the Russia people - although she herself was German. She died of
natural causes 5 November 1796.

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Stanislaw II August Poniatowski, King of Poland. Stanislaw ble født 17 Jan 1732 , Wolczyn, Poland; døde 12 Feb 1798, St Petersburg, Russia; ble begravet , King of Poland. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Grigory XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX Potemkin-Tavricheski XXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX, XXXXX. Grigory ble født 11 Okt 1739 , Chizhovo, Russia; døde 16 Okt 1791, Jassy, Romania; ble begravet , St. Catherine´s Cathedral, Kherson, Ukraine. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Platon (XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX) Zubov (XXXX XXXXX). Platon ble født 15 Nov 1767 , Vladimir, Russia; døde 7 Apr 1822, JoniXkis, Lithuania. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Fürst Grigori Grigorjewitsch Orlow, Count , Graf. Fürst ble født 6 Okt 1734 , selo Lyutkino, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation; døde 13 Apr 1783, Moscow, Russian Federation. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Sergiusz SaXtykow. Sergiusz ble født cirka 1726; døde cirka 1765. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Aleksandr Zavadovskij. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Aleksander Vassiltjikov. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Catharina giftet seg med Peter III XXXX III Fyodorovich XëXXXXXXX, Romanov PoXXXXX Tsar of all the Russians, Tsar of all the Russians 24 Aug 1745, St. Petersburg, Russia. Peter (sønn av Carl Friedrich zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Herzog og Anna XXXX Petrovna XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXa, Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp) ble født 21 Feb 1728 , Kiel, Holstein, Deutschland(HRR); ble døpt , Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line Petr Feodorovich; døde 17 Jul 1762, Ropsha, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; ble begravet cirka Des 1796, Exhumed and currently buried at Peter and Paul Cathedral. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ==Links:
*[http://thepeerage.com/p4127.htm#i41267 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=18040 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Wikipedia]
*'''Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst''' Reign 1747X1793
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Christian-August/6000000005598755781 Christian Augustus] '''Successor:''' Principality was divided between Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Köthen and Anhalt-Dessau.

Friedrich giftet seg med Caroline Princess of Hessen-Kassel cirka 1753. Caroline ble født cirka 1732; døde cirka 1759. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Friedrich giftet seg med Friederike Auguste Sophie Askanier, fürstin zu Anhalt-Zerbst 27 Mai 1764, Ballenstedt, Anhalt-Bernburg, Deutschland(HRR). Friederike ble født 28 Aug 1744 , Bernburg, Anhalt-Bernburg, Deutschland(HRR); døde 12 Apr 1827, Coswig, Anhalt-Zerbst, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p601.htm#i6001 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397829 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg11.htm#1203 Johann the Younger #569]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Unmarried and without issues

==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p601.htm#i6002 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=397830 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg11.htm#1203 Johann the Younger #570]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10933.htm#i109330 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=5249 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg15.htm#3053 Johann the Younger #571]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg Wikipedia]
*'''Grand Duke of Oldenburg:''' Reign 1823-1829
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Peter-Friedrich-Wilhelm-of-Oldenburg/311643159210008280 William I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/August-I-von-Oldenburg/6000000003631860362 Augustus I]

Peter giftet seg med Friederike Elisabeth Amalie Auguste Württemberg, Großherzogin zu Oldenburg 26 Jun 1781. Friederike ble født 27 Jul 1765 , Treptow, Westpommern, Deutschland (HRR); døde 24 Nov 1785, Eutin, Holstein, Deutschland(HRR); ble begravet , Gertrudenkapelle. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Illegitimate child of King(konge) Frederik V af Danmak og Norge


==Links:==
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#328C Johann the Younger #635]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Illegitimate child of King(konge) Frederik V af Danmak og Norge


==Links:==
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#328C Johann the Younger #636]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Illegitimate child of King(konge) Frederik V af Danmak og Norge

==Links:==
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#328C Johann the Younger #637]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#328C Johann the Younger #638]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Illegitimate child of King(konge) Frederik V af Danmak og Norge


==Links:==
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#328C Johan the Younger #634]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10228.htm#i102279 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=384703 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#321 Johann the Younger #627]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Drottning i Sverige 1772-92, Reina consorte de Gustav III de Suecia 1766-1792, Dansk prinsessa, Svensk drottning 1771-1792

{geni:about_me} *Sophie Magdalene von Oldenburg, Princess(Prinsesse) of Denmark and Norway
*Crown Princess of Sweden 1766 - 1772
*Queen Consort (Drottning) of Sweden 1772 - 1792

==Links:==

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10368.htm#i103676 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=10131 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg16.htm#325 Johann the Younger #628]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Magdalena_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Magdalena_af_Danmark Dansk ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Magdalena_av_Danmark Svenska]

Sophia giftet seg med Gustav III von Holstein-Gottorp, Kung av Sverige 1 Okt 1766, Christiansborg. Gustav (sønn av Adolf Friedrich von Holstein-Gottorp, Kung av Sverige og Lovisa Ulrika Hohenzollern, Drottning av Sverige) ble født 24 Jan 1746 , Riddarholmen; døde 29 Mar 1792, Stockholm Slott; ble begravet , Riddarholmskyrkan. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Wilhelmina Caroline Oldenburg, Princess(Prinsesse) of Denmark and Norway
*By marriage landgravine(Kurfürstin,Landgräfin) von Hessen 1785 - 1803

'''Links:'''

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10229.htm#i102281 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=10132 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#325C Johann the Younger #629]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Wilhelmina_Caroline_of_Denmark_and_Norway English] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmine_Caroline_af_Danmark Dansk] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Karoline_von_D%C3%A4nemark_und_Norwegen Deutsch]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} King of Denmark and Norway 1766-1808, Dansk-Norsk-Isländsk kung 1766-1808, Konge av Danmark og Norge, Kung i Danmark och Norge 1766-11808, King of Denmark and Norway, King of Denmark and Norway (1766-1808)

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10141.htm#i101409 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5203 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg16.htm#327 Johann the Younger #630]
*[http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian7 Burial] in danish
*[http://www.danmarkskonger.dk/king46.htm Kings of Denmark] in danish
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_7 Dansk ] [http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VII_av_Danmark_og_Norge Norsk]
*'''King of Denmark and Norway''' Reign 14 January 1766 X 13 March 1808
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4105251 Frederick V ] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000000695737064 Frederick VI]

Christian 7. blev f°dt i 1749 og d°de i 1808. Han var s°n af Frederik 5. og Louise af Storbritannien. Kort tid efter sin kroning i 1766, indgik han i et traditionelt arrangeret pligtµgteskab, med den kun 15-Xrige Caroline Mathilde af Storbritannien. Som sekstenXrig f°dte hun Christian 7. deres eneste barn, den senere Frederik 6.


Christian 7. var knap nok blevet 17 Xr, da han efterfulgte Frederik 5. pX den dansk-norske trone.


Ret tidligt stod det klart, at den unge konge ikke var helt normal. Han led af den alvorlige sindssygdom, skizofreni XÇô en sygdom der gjorde ham mere og mere utilregnelig, og med Xrene satte ham helt ud af spillet som regent.


Kort tid efter overtagelsen af kronen, kunne man opleve den 17-Xrige konge pX natlige drukture med den 21-Xrige prostituerede, St°vlet-Cathrine. De to og deres kumpaner yndede at hµrge byens bordeller, tµve pigerne og rasere inventaret.


Med den st°rste forn°jelse slog de ruder ind, slog l°s pX folk de m°dte, slog l°s pX hinanden og pryglede de stakkels vµgtere, der skulle s°rge for nattero. Det hµndte ogsX, at det var kongen der havde fXet sX mange tµsk, at han mXtte ligge brak dagen efter.


Til sidst blev det vµgterne for meget. De klagede deres n°d til hoffet, og enden pX historien blev, at St°vlet-Cathrine blev forvist fra byen.


I 1768 skulle Christian 7. ud pX en st°rre udlandsrejse, og under et ophold i Slesvig, antog man den 31-Xrige Johan Friederich Struensee som rejselµge. Struensee havde tilsyneladende en god indflydelse pX kongen og fik efter hjemkomsten ansµttelse hos hoffet.


Struensee's hastige karriere ved hoffet gik gennem Caroline Mathildes seng. Han blev den kun 19-Xrige dronnings elsker og skaffede sig gennem forholdet til hende, og sin store indflydelse pX kongen, en stadig st°rre magt.


Struensee fik indsat sin gamle ven Enevold Brandt som kongens forlystelsesrXd, og fik efterh med sig selv i rollen som kongens eneste minister.
Sommeren 1771 tilranede Struensee sig diktatoriske magtbef°jelser ved at udnµvne sig selv til geheimekabinetsminister. Udnµvnelsen bet°d at han kunne udstede kabinetsordrer pX egen hXnd, og da kongens sindssygdom forvµrredes, varStruensees magt reelt uindskrµnket.


Struensee gennemf°rte hastigt en rµkke reformer. Offentlige ansµttelser skulle udelukkende ske efter kvalifikationer, statens bureaukrati skulle forenkles og godsejernes indflydelse mindskes. Helt i oplysningstidens Xnd, afskaffede Struensee censuren XÇô men liberaliseringen af trykkefriheden f°rte efterf°lgende til en hetz mod regeringen og Struensee selv.


For at fX befolkningen til at arbejde noget mere, afskaffede han en rµkke hµvdvundne helligdage.
Han skar ned pX tildelingen af ordener og forb°d anvendelse af tortur inden for retsvµsenet osv.


De mange hastigt gennemf°rte reformer m°dte imidlertid modstand. Tiden var tilsyneladende ikke moden til sX omfattende forandringer, og reformiveren skaffede Struensee mange fjender.


Ved et paladskup i midten af januar 1772 blev Struensee og vennen Enevold Brandt arresteret XÇô natten efter et maskebal i hofteatret. I spidsen af kuppet stod enkedronning Juliane Marie, Frederik 5.s anden hustru, og hendes s°n,arveprins Frederik.


Hovedanklagen mod Struensee var magtmisbrug, og hans forhold til dronningen. Brandt blev anklaget for bl.a. ved flere lejligheder at have pryglet kongen. Begge blev kendt skyldige i majestµtsfornµrmelse, og Christian 7. underskrev d°dsdommen.


Tusinder af k°benhavnere str°mmede til Xster Fµlled den 28. april for at overvµre den makabre begivenhed, da dommen blev eksekveret. Struensee og Brandt fik begge f°rst hugget h°jre hXnd af, og kort tid efter kunne b°dlen holde de afhuggede hoveder op for folkemµngden. Kroppene blev herefter parteret og lagt pX hjul og stejle, mens hoved og hXnd blev sat pX en stage.


Dronning Caroline Mathilde tilstod sit forhold til Struensee, µgteskabet med kongen blev ophµvet, og dronningen deporteret til Celle i Hannover. Hun sX aldrig siden sine b°rn XÇô hverken kronarvingen Frederik eller datteren, Louisa Augusta, som Struensee var far til. Caroline Mathilde d°de under en epidemi af skarlagensfeber i 1775. Kongens kommenterede d°dsfaldet pX denne mXde: Det var synd XÇô hun havde gode lµgge.


Enkedronning Juliane Marie og arveprins Frederik fik plads i det indsatte statsrXd XÇô men den st°rste indflydelse fik en af hovedmµndene bag kuppet, teolog og professor i veltalenhed Ove H°egh-Guldberg. Han udnµvntes til kabinetssekretµr og blev efterhXnden regeringens egentlige leder. Regeringen med H°egh-Guldberg afskaffede stort set de reformer, Struensee havde gennemf°rt, og satte udviklingen mere eller mindre i stX. H°egh-Guldberg blev selv offer for et paladskup i 1784, da kronprins Frederik, den senere Frederik 6., overtog regeringsmagten. Formelt var den stadig mere sindsforvirrede Christian 7. stadig enevµldig hersker XÇô men hans rolle var rTiteleret til, at underskrivede beslutninger statsrXdet vedtog.


Christian7. d°de af et slagtilfµlde den 13. marts 1808 og ligger begravet i Roskilde Domkirke. Han efterfulgtes af sin s°n Frederik 6.

KING OF DENMARK & NORWAY

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Louise of Oldenburg, Princess(Prinsesse) of Denmark and Norway.
*By marriage: landgräfin(titular] von Hessen-Kassel.

==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10229.htm#i102282 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5208 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg16.htm#328 Johann the Younger #631]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Denmark_and_Norway English ] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_af_Danmark-Norge Dansk]

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=566006 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#328C Johann the Younger #632]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Arveprins

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10229.htm#i102285 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5232 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg16.htm#330 Johann the Younger #616] + [http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg12.htm#328C #633]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Denmark_and_Norway English] [http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arveprins_Frederik Dansk]

Arveprins Frederik var s°n af Frederik 5. og Juliane Marie. Han blev gift med Sophie Frederikke af Mecklenburg Schwerin, som f°dte Christian 8. Om Frederik var faderen, er dog omdiskuteret.Arveprins Frederik var i begyndelsen af 1770XÇagt efter Struensees fald i 1772 til at ligge hos f°rst og fremmest enkedronning Juliane Marie og arveprinsens tidligere lµrer, Ove H°egh-Guldberg.Efter 1784, da kronprins Frederik (6.) ved et kup tog magten fra H°egh-Guldberg, var arveprins Frederiks politiske liv afsluttet, og han levede fra da af som privatperson, f°rst pX Christiansborg, og efter slottets brand pX Amalienborg og Sorgenfri.

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p686.htm#i6856 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=398079 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Karl Peter Ulrich prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
*Russian Tzar: Peter (Pyotr) III Fyodorovitch (Russian: XXXX III XëXXXXXXX)

* Father: Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

* Mother: Anna Petrovna of Russia

* Spouse: Empress Catherine II the Great

* Issue: Emperor Paul I

'''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10195.htm#i101942 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=5078 Geneall]
*'''Emperor of Russia''' Reign 5. January 1762 X 9. July 1762
'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000003219749417 Elizabeth]
'''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4215208366090031541 Catherine II]
>'''Wikipedia''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia English ] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III._(Russland)_ Deutsch ] [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_III Russian]

Peter III was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. According to most historians, he was mentally immature and very pro-Prussian, which made him an unpopular leader. He was supposedly assassinated as a result of a conspiracy led by his wife, who succeeded him to the throne as Catherine II.

TSAR OF RUSSIA 1762

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Elisaveta av Russland. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Peter giftet seg med Catharina II (XXXXXXXXX II) "the Great" XXXXXXX von Anchalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias/ 24 Aug 1745, St. Petersburg, Russia. Catharina (datter av Christian August von Anhalt-Dornburg, Fürst zu Anhalt-Zerbst og Johanna Elisabeth Holstein-Gottorp, Oldenburg, Fürstin zu Anhalt-Zerbst) ble født 2 Mai 1729 , Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland; ble døpt 28 Jun 1744 , Russia - Cathrine Alexeyevna aka Ekaterina the Great 1762-1796; døde 17 Nov 1796, St. Petersburg, Russia; ble begravet , St.Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Russia. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Emperor of Russia, grand-duc de Russie, empereur de Russie (17 November 1796 - 23 March 1801), Tsar 1796 - 1801, Tsar 1796-, Tsar of Russia

{geni:about_me} Paul I Emperor of All Russia (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX)

* Father:

Peter III

* Mother:

Catherine II the Great

* Spouse:

Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg

* Issue:

Alexander I

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

Archduchess Alexandra of Austria

Elena, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Maria, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Catherine, Queen of Württemberg

Olga Pavlovna

Anna, Queen of the Netherlands

Nikolai I

Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich

*'''Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias''' Reign 17. November 1796 X 23. March 1801Coronation 5. Apri 1797 '''Predecessor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4215208366090031541 Catherine II]
Successor Alexander I
*'''Duke of Holstein-Gottorp''' Reign 7. July 1762 X 1. July 1773
Predecessor Carl Peter Ulrich]
Successor Christian VII of Denmark
Count of Oldenburg
Reign 1 July X 14 December 1773
Predecessor Christian VII of Denmark
Successor Frederick Augustus I
Predecessor: http://www.geni.com/people/Catharina-II-Romanov/4215208366090031541#/tab/overview

Successor: http://www.geni.com/people/Emperor-Alexander-I-of-Russia-Reign-1801-1825/6000000001449427127#/tab/overview

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia

Paul I was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but one of her lovers, Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is possible that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt onPaul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions can not be termed unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubtto render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress grantedhim another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model, still an unpopular stance at the time.

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Both qualities, it must be added, which the Russian people greatly favoured as typical of benevolent autocrats of the time. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the harsh policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. Along with Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yet both liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutusov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissedor lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, one of his mother's lovers, dug out of their grave and scattered.

Paul's handling of foreign affairs plunged the country into successive wars against allies hastily abandoned. After withdrawing plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, he allied with the United Kingdom against Napoleon in the War of the Second Coalition. In 1798 he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After hard won success in these campaigns, the emperor turned against the United Kingdom in 1801: realigning Russia in armed neutrality against the former ally and dispatching a Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March ofPaul). In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarreling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Knights Hospitaller, and then with the United Kingdom after it had captured Malta, the Hospitaller's traditional home.

Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organized, some months before it was executed, by Counts Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. On the night of the 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and General Yashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner. The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander I; who was actually in the palace, and to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!".

As Dr Michael Foster points out: The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters.

There is some evidence that Paul I was venerated as a saint among the Russian Orthodox populace [4], even though he was never officially canonized by any of the Orthodox Churches.

A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003.









Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth In St Petersburg. He was the son of the Grand Duchess, later Empress, Catherine II. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and socould not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on October 7, 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model.

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on November 5, 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumoured that she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious mockery of Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the pompous dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.

In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March of Paul).

Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and GeneralYashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[1] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!").

The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters, and has become accepted wisdom mainly by repetition.

Comparatively recent research has reconsidered and rehabilitated the character of Paul I. In the 1970s, two academic panels provided the assessments of new research into Paul I: one at Montreal in 1973 and the other at St. Louis in 1976. Some of the findings were presented in 1979: Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979. The reappraisal of Paul I has demonstrated his character as someone of high morals, who followed his conscience. His infidelity is dismissed as unlikely, and the involvement with the Order of St. John is understood against a background of his idealising their history as a lesson in high chivalric ideals which he wished the Russian nobility would adopt. Paul saw in the Russian nobles an element of degeneracy, and introducing the high ideals of the Knights of Malta was his method of reform. Paul suffered a lonely and strict upbringing, and whilst he was eccentric and neurotic, he was not mentally unbalanced. Though an analysis of his biography reveals an obsessive-compulsive personality, he had "characteristics fairly common in the population at large". Where Paul differed was that, by 1796, he had to manage the whole of the Russian Empire. In some Orthodox Christian churches Paul I is even venerated as a saint[citation needed], although he has not been officially canonized.

A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003.



--------------------

His Imperial Majesty Paul I, by the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias

--------------------

Paul I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias



Reign November 6, 1796 X March 23, 1801

Consort Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg



Father Peter III

Mother Catherine II

Born October 1 1754

St Petersburg

Died March 23 1801

St Michael's Castle



Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth In St Petersburg. He was the son of the Grand Duchess, later Empress, Catherine II. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and socould not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on October 7, 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model.



A statue of Emperor Paul in front of the Pavlovsk Palace.Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on November 5, 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and,if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumoured that she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious mockery of Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the pompous dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.

In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India.



St. Michael's palace, where Emperor Paul was murdered within weeks after the housewarming.Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the March 23 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and General Yashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[1] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!").

--------------------

WedXug niepotwierdzonych informacji, byX owocem zwiXzku Katarzyny II z hrabiX Siergiejem SaXtykowem. WedXug innych plotek, rzeczywistym dzieckiem Katarzyny byXa Aleksandra Branicka, którX zaraz po urodzeniu cesarzowa ElXbieta zamieniXa na niemowlX pXci mXskiej niewiadomego pochodzenia.Sam PaweX I bXXdnie uwaXaX siX za syna StanisXawa Augusta Poniatowskiego. WXtpliwoXci mogXaby rozwiaX analiza DNA zwXok PawXa I.

--------------------

Paul I of Russia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Paul (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX; Pavel Petrovich) (1 October [O.S. 20 September] 1754 X 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

Childhood

Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

[edit]Early life

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model.

[edit]Ascension to the throne

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

[edit]Purported eccentricities

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Morbidly suspicious of democracy and anything Western-European, Paul banned the import of books and censored correspondence with foreigners. He closed down private printing presses and deleted from the Russian dictionary the words meaning: "citizen", "club", "society" and "revolution". In 1797 he dictated a law banning modern dress including round hats, top boots, long pants, and shoes with laces, then sent a couple hundred armed troops onto the streets of St. Petersburg with orders to attack anyone who did not adhere to the new dress code[citation needed].

Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, his mother's lover, dug out of their grave and scattered.[1]

[edit]Foreign affairs

Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.

In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March of Paul).

[edit]Assassination

Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and GeneralYashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[2] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!".

[edit]Legacy

As Dr Michael Foster points out[3]: The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters, and has become accepted wisdom mainly by repetition.

Comparatively recent research has reconsidered and rehabilitated the character of Paul I. In the 1970s, two academic panels provided the assessments of new research into Paul I: one at Montreal in 1973 and the other at St. Louis in 1976. Some of the findings were presented in 1979: Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979. The reappraisal of Paul I has demonstrated his character as someone of high morals, who followed his conscience. His infidelity is dismissed as unlikely, and the involvement with the Order of St. John is understood against a background of his idealising their history as a lesson in high chivalric ideals which he wished the Russian nobility would adopt. Paul saw in the Russian nobles an element of degeneracy, and introducing the high ideals of the Knights of Malta was his method of reform. Paul suffered a lonely and strict upbringing, and whilst he was eccentric and neurotic, he was not mentally unbalanced. Though an analysis of his biography reveals an obsessive-compulsive personality, he had "characteristics fairly common in the population at large". Where Paul differed was that, by 1796, he had to manage the whole of the Russian Empire. In some Orthodox Christian churches Paul I is even venerated as a saint[citation needed], although he has not been officially canonized.

A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003.

See also

Manifesto of three-day corvee

Tsars of Russia family tree

[edit]References

^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p.192. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0739420259.

^ Alexander II, The last great tsar, by Edvard Radzinsky. Page 16X17. Freepress, 2005.

^ Emperor Paul I of Russia, and his Russian Grand Priory of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. http://www.orderstjohn.org/osj/rgps.htm

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Spouse Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg

Issue

Alexander I

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

Archduchess Alexandra of Austria

Elena, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Maria, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Catherine, Queen of Württemberg

Olga Pavlovna

Anna, Queen of the Netherlands

Nikolai I

Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
--------------------
Do not merge this profile! This is my blood relation. I have a blood relationship with his father. Yet, when you merge this profile, Geni displays no blood relationship. Why? Because there's a problem with the Geni search engine.It displays the first connection it comes to, not the best connection. I've informed Geni management about the problem. I suggest you follow up and get them to fix the problem. I intend to have profiles on Geni that reflect my true relationships even if I have to recreate them everyday all day long. So don't merge this profile or any other related profiles. If you, or any other Curators, Collaborators, etc., etc. etc., have a problem with this, you need to deal with Geni management. That's what I'm doing. it's not my fault the Geni search engine is crap.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia

Paul I (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX; Pavel Petrovich) (1 October [O.S. 20 September] 1754 X 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

Childhood

Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but one of her lovers, Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is possible that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt onPaul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.[citation needed]

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

Early life

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model, still an unpopular stance at the time.

Relationship with Catherine the Great

Catherine the Great and her shortly-ruling heir, Paul I, maintained a harsh and distant relationship throughout the formerXs reign. Paul did not see his mother for the first six weeks of his infancy, visiting her only once for prayers. She saw him one year later on Easter. The empress did not mention her son again in her memoirs. It was CatherineXs mother-in-law, the empress Elizabeth, who took up the child as a passing fancy whose novelty soon wore off.[1] After Elizabeth proved an incapable caretaker he was supervised by substantially more inept nannies. Russian historian Roderick McGrew briefly relates the degree of neglect to which the infant heir was subject: XOn one occasionhe fell out of his crib and slept the night away unnoticed on the floor.X[2] Even after this less than attentive childhood and in spite of PaulXs rapacious passion for schooling, relations with Catherine hardly improved throughout her reign; in one instance the empress gave to one of her court favorites fifty-thousand rubles on her birthday; Paul received a cheap watch.[3] PaulXs isolation from his mother caused an irrevocable rift between them which would be later reinforced by his reduced status in the imperial court, her favoritism of certain courtiers, and her eventual decision to remove him from succession. His childhood exclusion reappeared later in his relations to the Imperial Court and caused him to oppose her pet policies, but Catherine IIXs chokehold on his status restricted not only his mobility as a diplomat and servant of the state but his ability to govern as emperor.

Paul IXs tutor, Count N.I. Panin, was brutally honest in relating to his pupil his station in the Russian court, calling him Xa bastard who owed his position to his motherXs sufferance.X[4] This insult set the general tone of PaulXs relationship with Catherine II, a woman who allowed nothing to undermine her control of the empire. This is evident in PaulXs status in the court, which was never of great consequence until he ascended the throne. Grigorii Orlov, one of CatherineXs more favored lovers, went into quarantine shortly following an outbreak of the Moscow plague. For the period that he was gone (late 1772 to 1773) Catherine initiated a XrapprochementX with her son, granting him at last the motherly affection denied him throughout his entire life. McGrew describes the new relationship as follows: XThey spent hours together, laughing, talking, and strolling arm in arm. So enraptured was PaulXthat he refused even at dinner to be separated from her.X[5] On one occasion he was found altering the place-cards so that he could sit beside her for the evening. In spite of this rise in motherly fondness, Catherine proved to be cold and calculating in earning her sonXs affections. Her motives were exclusively political; being that Paul was soon reaching majority and a marriageable age, the empress thought it best if she knew her son better. The rekindling of motherly love was little more than a tactic to establish better connections should disaster occur.[6] When Paul turned eighteen, he was appointed Fleet Admiral of the Russian navy and colonel of the Cuirassier regiment, the latter of which was already granted him in 1762.[7] It is clear that Catherine II had no intention of sharing her power. PaulXs mother was not alone in treating him with unkindness and disrespect; the nobility proved equally adept in makinga fool out of their future emperor.

Though Russian rulersX status as autocrat hinged on the nobilityXs contentment, it was equally important for courtiers to remain in the emperorXs favor. This was no different in Catherine IIXs reign. CatherineXs absolute power and the delicate balance of courtier-status greatly influenced the courtly relationship with the Paul, who openly disregarded his motherXs opinions. Paul adamantly protested his motherXs policies, writing a veiled criticism in his Reflections, a dissertation on military reform.[8] In it, he directly disparaged expansionist warfare in favor of a more defensive military policy. Unenthusiastically received by his mother, Reflections appeared a threat to her authority and added weight to her suspicion of an internal conspiracy. For a courtier to have openly supported or shown intimacy towards Paul, especially following this publication would have been suicide. McGrew enumerates on the courtiersX attitudes towards the crown prince of Russia:

XIt was more common, however, for CatherineXs favourites to denigrate Paul, or even to insult him. On one occasion when Catherine was discussing a point with Platon ZubovXshe asked what PaulXs opinion was. He replied that he thought as Zubov did, whereupon Zubov mimed surprise and cried, XDid I say something stupid then?XX[9]

Paul spent his later years away from the Imperial Court, contented to remain at his private estates at Gatchina and perform drill exercises. As Catherine II grew older she became less concerned that her son attend court functions, her attentions focused primarily on ensuring that Alexander I succeed the throne instead of his father.

It was not until 1787 that Catherine II officially determined to exclude her son from succession.[10] After PaulXs sons Alexander and Constantine were born, she immediately had them placed under her charge, a much more enthusiastic approach than she had made with her own son. That Catherine grew to favor Alexander as sovereign of Russia rather than Paul is unsurprising: the empress made no effort to understand her son until he turned eighteen, and gave him no responsibilities through which to prove him a capable leader and diplomat. During his marriage to Mariia Feodorovna, CatherineXs hostility towards Paul is fueled by a scandalous affair between him and Mariia FeodorovnaXs maidof honor, Catherine Nelidova. There could be little in the empressX mind to support the thought of PaulXs reign. Secretly, she met with AlexanderXs tutor LaHarpe to discuss his pupilXs ascension, and attempted to convince Mariia to sign a proposal authorizing her sonXs legitimacy as immediate heir. Both efforts proved fruitless, and though Alexander agreed to his grandmotherXs wishes he remained respectful of his fatherXs position as successor.

Accession to the throne

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Purported eccentricities

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Both qualities, it must be added, which the Russian people greatly favoured as typical of benevolent autocrats of the time. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the harsh policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. Along with Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yet both liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutusov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissedor lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, one of his mother's lovers, dug out of their grave and scattered.[11]

Foreign affairs

Paul came to power following the death of his mother, Catherine the Great, in late 1796, and his early policies can largely be seen as reactions against hers. In foreign policy, this meant that he opposed to the many expansionarywars that she fought and instead preferred to pursue a more peaceful, diplomatic path. Immediately upon taking the throne, he recalled all troops outside Russian borders, including the struggling expedition Catherine II had sent to conquer Iran through the Caucasus and the 60,000 men she had promised to England and Austria to help them defeat the French.[12] Paul hated the French before their revolution, and afterwards, with their republican and anti-religious views, he detested them even more.[13] In addition to this, he knew French expansion hurt Russian interests, but he recalled his motherXs troops primarily because he firmly opposed wars of expansion. He also believed that Russia needed substantial governmental and military reforms to avoid an economic collapse and a revolution, before Russia could wage war on foreign soil.[14]

Paul offered to mediate between Austria and France through Prussia and pushed Austria to make peace, but the two countries made peace without his assistance, signing the Treaty of Campoformio in October 1797.[15] This treaty, with its affirmation of French control over islands in the Mediterranean and the partitioning of the Venetian republic, upset Paul, who saw it as creating more instability in the region and displaying FranceXs ambitions in the Mediterranean.[16] In response, he offered asylum to the Prince de Condé and his army, as well as Louis XVIII, both of whom had been forced out of Austria by the treaty.[17] By this point, Bonaparte had seized Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, establishing republics with constitutions in each, and Paul felt that Russia now needed to play an active role in Europe in order to overthrow what the republic had created and restore traditional authorities.[18] In this goal he found a willing ally in the Austrian chancellor Baron Thugut, who hated the French and loudly criticized revolutionary principles. The English and the Ottoman Empire joined the Austrians and the Russians in order tostop French expansion, free territories under their control and re-establish the old monarchies. The only major power in Europe who did not join Paul in his anti-French campaign was Prussia, whose historic neutrality with Bonaparte, distrust of Austria, and the security they got from their current relationship with France prevented them from joining the coalition.[19] Despite the PrussiansX reluctance, Paul decided to move ahead with the war, promising 60,000 men to support Austria in Italy and 45,000 men to help England in North Germany and the Netherlands.[20]

Another important factor in PaulXs decision to go to war with France was the situation with the Island of Malta, the fortress that served as the home for the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, a Catholic order of knights dedicated to fighting the influence of Muslims in the Mediterranean that had existed since the first crusade. In addition to Malta, the Order also owned several pieces of land, called priories, scattered across Europe that paid taxes to the Order. In 1796, the Order approached Paul about the state of the Polish priory, now on Russian land, which had been in a state of disrepair and had paid no taxes for 100 years.[21] In response, Paul, who as a child had read all oftheir histories and was impressed by their honor and connection to the old order it represented, moved the Polish priories to St. Petersburg in January 1797.[22] The knights responded by making him a protector of the Order in August of that same year, an honor he had not expected but that he happily accepted.[23] Bonaparte's taking of the Island of Malta in June 1798 without firing a shot outraged Paul, now a protector of the Order.[24] The priory of St. Petersburg responded to this action by, in September, declaring that the current grand master of the Order, Ferdinand Hompesch, betrayed the Order by selling the island to Napoleon and they followed this act a month later by electing Paul grand master of the Order.[25] It was some time before either the Vatican or any of the other priories of Europe approved this election of the sovereign of an Orthodox nation as the head of a Catholic order, and this delay created a political issue between Paul, who insisted on defending his legitimacy, and the prioriesX respective nations.[26] Though recognition of PaulXs election would become a more divisive issue later in his reign, the election immediately gave Paul, as Grandmaster of the Order, another reason to war against the French Republic: he warred to reclaim the OrderXs ancestral home.

The Russian army in Italy technically played the role of an auxiliary force sent to support the Austrians, though the Austrians offered the position of chief commander over all the allied armies to Alexander Suvorov, a distinguished Russian general who was almost seventy years old and was known for his quick and decisive attacks. Under Suvorov, the allies managed to push the French out of Italy, though they suffered heavy losses.[27] However, by this point in time, cracks had started to appear in the Russo-Austrian alliance, due to their different goals in Italy. While Paul and Suvorov wanted the liberation and restoration of the Italian monarchies, the Austrians sought territorial acquisitions in Italy, and were willing to sacrifice later Russian support to acquire them.[28] The Austrians, therefore, happily saw Suvorov and his army out of Italy in 1799 to go meet up with the army of Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov, at the ti

OR "PAVEL"; TSAR OF RUSSIA 1796-1801

Notater:

{geni:occupation} konung av Sverige (29 March, 1792 - 29 March, 1809), kronprins av Sverige (1 November, 1778 - 29 March, 1792), prins av Sverige, Rey de Suecia 1792-1809, Svensk kung 1792-1809, Kung i Sverige 1792-1809

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p11042.htm#i110415 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=18080 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509096& Find a Grave]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg21.htm#828 Johann the Younger #781]
*[http://www.historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=127 Historiesajten] In Swedish
*'''King of Sweden:''' Reign 29. March 1792 X 29. March 1809 Coronation 3. April 1800
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4107259 Gustav III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/310876642120006420 Charles XIII]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden English ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf Svenska]

He was king under the regency of his uncle from 1792 until 1800, when he
was crowned. Gustav was a reactionary and despotic ruler. His hatred of
the French Republic prompted him to join the Third Coalition against
Napoleon, a move that resulted in the loss of Pomerania to France in 1807
and Finland to Russia in 1808. The following year the Swedish nobles
forced him to abdicate and adopted a charter providing for a
constitutional monarchy. Gustav died in exile. He was succeeded by his
uncle, Charles XIII.

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11042.htm#i110417 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=397903 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg16.htm#325 Johann the Younger #782]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Eleonora Charlotta kaller seg i folketellingen i Hemne både i 1865 og i 1875 for Fredriksdatter dermed skulle hennes fars navn Fredrik være ok. Denne Fredrik må være Hertug Fredrik Adolf av Østergøtaland bror til Kongene Gustav den 3 og Carl den 8 eller den 13 som han hette når han var Konge i Norge i 1814 til 1818.

Det som man vet er at Ulrika - Elenoras mor og Carl Magnus Løfstedt jobbet begge på slottet i Stokholm på denne tiden. Han som stallkar og hun som evt stederske. Ved å bli gravid med Hertugen var det helt naturlig og ta en av sine ansatte, betale ham noen daler for å gifte seg med henne., Det var en meget stor skam å få barn utenom å gifte seg. Det finnes flere lignende historier fra dette slottet.
Hans bror carl den 8 (13) har flere slike historier. Elinora har selv sagt mens hun levde at hun kom fra storfolk og var av høg børd.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess

{geni:about_me} http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Piotrowna_(c%C3%B3rka_Katarzyny_II)

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Kreivitär

{geni:about_me} Annantehdas, ent. rautatehdas Suojärvellä, Neuvostoliitolle 1940 luovutetulla alueella, per. 1809 kreivitär Anna Aleksejevna Orlova, Suojärven lahjoitusmaan silloinen haltija. Lahjoitusmaa rautaruukkeineen siirtyisittemmin Venäjän valtiolle, joka luovutti 1880 siitä n. 1/3 talonpojille perintömaaksi, mutta pidätti itselleen rautaruukin ja 2/3 Suojärven kunnasta. Siirtyi Tarton rauhanteossa 1920 Suomen valtiolle.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Kreivi

{geni:about_me} http://www.bogoroditsk.ru/bobrinsk.htm
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Notater:

{geni:occupation} Grand Duke of Oldenburg

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11043.htm#i110422 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=5443 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg19.htm#3049 Johann the Younger #706] + [http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg17.htm#2130 821]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg Wikipedia]
*'''Grand Duke of Oldenburg:''' Reign 17 January 1829 X 27 February 1853
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Peter-I-Grand-Duke-of-Oldenburg/6000000002605546398 Peter I] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Grand-Duke-Peter-II-of-Oldenburg/6000000002188453448 Peter II]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10172.htm#i101711 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=9875 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg19.htm#5380 Johann the Younger #707] + [http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg17.htm#2130 822]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_George_of_Oldenburg Wikipedia]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} konung av Sverige (29 March, 1792 - 29 March, 1809), kronprins av Sverige (1 November, 1778 - 29 March, 1792), prins av Sverige, Rey de Suecia 1792-1809, Svensk kung 1792-1809, Kung i Sverige 1792-1809

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p11042.htm#i110415 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=18080 Geneall]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=1969249&GRid=8509096& Find a Grave]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg21.htm#828 Johann the Younger #781]
*[http://www.historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=127 Historiesajten] In Swedish
*'''King of Sweden:''' Reign 29. March 1792 X 29. March 1809 Coronation 3. April 1800
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4107259 Gustav III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/310876642120006420 Charles XIII]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden English ] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf Svenska]

He was king under the regency of his uncle from 1792 until 1800, when he
was crowned. Gustav was a reactionary and despotic ruler. His hatred of
the French Republic prompted him to join the Third Coalition against
Napoleon, a move that resulted in the loss of Pomerania to France in 1807
and Finland to Russia in 1808. The following year the Swedish nobles
forced him to abdicate and adopted a charter providing for a
constitutional monarchy. Gustav died in exile. He was succeeded by his
uncle, Charles XIII.

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11042.htm#i110417 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=397903 Geneall]
*[http://www.hansdenyngre.dk/hans_uk/wizg16.htm#325 Johann the Younger #782]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Emperor of Russia, grand-duc de Russie, empereur de Russie (17 November 1796 - 23 March 1801), Tsar 1796 - 1801, Tsar 1796-, Tsar of Russia

{geni:about_me} Paul I Emperor of All Russia (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX)

* Father:

Peter III

* Mother:

Catherine II the Great

* Spouse:

Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg

* Issue:

Alexander I

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

Archduchess Alexandra of Austria

Elena, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Maria, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Catherine, Queen of Württemberg

Olga Pavlovna

Anna, Queen of the Netherlands

Nikolai I

Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich

*'''Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias''' Reign 17. November 1796 X 23. March 1801Coronation 5. Apri 1797 '''Predecessor''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/4215208366090031541 Catherine II]
Successor Alexander I
*'''Duke of Holstein-Gottorp''' Reign 7. July 1762 X 1. July 1773
Predecessor Carl Peter Ulrich]
Successor Christian VII of Denmark
Count of Oldenburg
Reign 1 July X 14 December 1773
Predecessor Christian VII of Denmark
Successor Frederick Augustus I
Predecessor: http://www.geni.com/people/Catharina-II-Romanov/4215208366090031541#/tab/overview

Successor: http://www.geni.com/people/Emperor-Alexander-I-of-Russia-Reign-1801-1825/6000000001449427127#/tab/overview

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia

Paul I was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but one of her lovers, Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is possible that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt onPaul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions can not be termed unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubtto render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress grantedhim another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model, still an unpopular stance at the time.

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Both qualities, it must be added, which the Russian people greatly favoured as typical of benevolent autocrats of the time. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the harsh policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. Along with Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yet both liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutusov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissedor lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, one of his mother's lovers, dug out of their grave and scattered.

Paul's handling of foreign affairs plunged the country into successive wars against allies hastily abandoned. After withdrawing plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, he allied with the United Kingdom against Napoleon in the War of the Second Coalition. In 1798 he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After hard won success in these campaigns, the emperor turned against the United Kingdom in 1801: realigning Russia in armed neutrality against the former ally and dispatching a Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March ofPaul). In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarreling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Knights Hospitaller, and then with the United Kingdom after it had captured Malta, the Hospitaller's traditional home.

Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organized, some months before it was executed, by Counts Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. On the night of the 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and General Yashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner. The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander I; who was actually in the palace, and to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!".

As Dr Michael Foster points out: The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters.

There is some evidence that Paul I was venerated as a saint among the Russian Orthodox populace [4], even though he was never officially canonized by any of the Orthodox Churches.

A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003.









Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth In St Petersburg. He was the son of the Grand Duchess, later Empress, Catherine II. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and socould not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on October 7, 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model.

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on November 5, 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumoured that she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious mockery of Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the pompous dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.

In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March of Paul).

Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and GeneralYashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[1] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!").

The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters, and has become accepted wisdom mainly by repetition.

Comparatively recent research has reconsidered and rehabilitated the character of Paul I. In the 1970s, two academic panels provided the assessments of new research into Paul I: one at Montreal in 1973 and the other at St. Louis in 1976. Some of the findings were presented in 1979: Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979. The reappraisal of Paul I has demonstrated his character as someone of high morals, who followed his conscience. His infidelity is dismissed as unlikely, and the involvement with the Order of St. John is understood against a background of his idealising their history as a lesson in high chivalric ideals which he wished the Russian nobility would adopt. Paul saw in the Russian nobles an element of degeneracy, and introducing the high ideals of the Knights of Malta was his method of reform. Paul suffered a lonely and strict upbringing, and whilst he was eccentric and neurotic, he was not mentally unbalanced. Though an analysis of his biography reveals an obsessive-compulsive personality, he had "characteristics fairly common in the population at large". Where Paul differed was that, by 1796, he had to manage the whole of the Russian Empire. In some Orthodox Christian churches Paul I is even venerated as a saint[citation needed], although he has not been officially canonized.

A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003.



--------------------

His Imperial Majesty Paul I, by the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias

--------------------

Paul I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias



Reign November 6, 1796 X March 23, 1801

Consort Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg



Father Peter III

Mother Catherine II

Born October 1 1754

St Petersburg

Died March 23 1801

St Michael's Castle



Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth In St Petersburg. He was the son of the Grand Duchess, later Empress, Catherine II. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and socould not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on October 7, 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781-1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model.



A statue of Emperor Paul in front of the Pavlovsk Palace.Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on November 5, 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and,if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumoured that she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious mockery of Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the pompous dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.

In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India.



St. Michael's palace, where Emperor Paul was murdered within weeks after the housewarming.Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the March 23 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and General Yashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[1] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!").

--------------------

WedXug niepotwierdzonych informacji, byX owocem zwiXzku Katarzyny II z hrabiX Siergiejem SaXtykowem. WedXug innych plotek, rzeczywistym dzieckiem Katarzyny byXa Aleksandra Branicka, którX zaraz po urodzeniu cesarzowa ElXbieta zamieniXa na niemowlX pXci mXskiej niewiadomego pochodzenia.Sam PaweX I bXXdnie uwaXaX siX za syna StanisXawa Augusta Poniatowskiego. WXtpliwoXci mogXaby rozwiaX analiza DNA zwXok PawXa I.

--------------------

Paul I of Russia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Paul (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX; Pavel Petrovich) (1 October [O.S. 20 September] 1754 X 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

Childhood

Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but her lover Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is fairly likely that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt on Paul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

[edit]Early life

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind. The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model.

[edit]Ascension to the throne

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the famous Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism and exiled people merely for wearing Parisian dress or reading French books, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His fatherPeter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

[edit]Purported eccentricities

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Apart from Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yetboth liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling amedieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutaysov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented toher lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Morbidly suspicious of democracy and anything Western-European, Paul banned the import of books and censored correspondence with foreigners. He closed down private printing presses and deleted from the Russian dictionary the words meaning: "citizen", "club", "society" and "revolution". In 1797 he dictated a law banning modern dress including round hats, top boots, long pants, and shoes with laces, then sent a couple hundred armed troops onto the streets of St. Petersburg with orders to attack anyone who did not adhere to the new dress code[citation needed].

Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, his mother's lover, dug out of their grave and scattered.[1]

[edit]Foreign affairs

Paul's independent conduct of the foreign affairs plunged the country into the War of the Second Coalition against France in 1798, when he sent Suvorov to batter Napoleon in Switzerland and Ushakov to assist Nelson's operations in the Mediterranean. After great hardships endured and great victories won in either campaign, the emperor suddenly changed his mind and turned toward armed neutrality against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.

In both cases it seems as if he acted on personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a "sentimental" interest in the Hospitallers, and then with Britain after it had captured Malta, their traditional home. Besides thepreviously abandoned plans of a joint Russo-French naval assault on the United Kingdom, another of his famous follies was the dispatching of the Cossack expeditionary force to fight the British in India (see Indian March of Paul).

[edit]Assassination

Paul's premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine's law which allowed the corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organizedXsome months before it was executedXby Counts Petr Alekseevich Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, and the half-Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer Admiral Ribas. The death of Ribas delayed the execution. Onthe night of the 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built St Michael's Castle by a band of dismissed officers headed by General Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service, and GeneralYashvil, a Georgian. They charged into his bedroom, flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some drapes in the corner.[2] The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old Alexander IXwho was actually in the palaceXand to whom General Nicholas Zubov, one of the assassins, announced his accession, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!".

[edit]Legacy

As Dr Michael Foster points out[3]: The popular view of Paul I has long been that he was mad, had a mistress, and accepted the office of Grand Master of the Order of St John, which furthered his delusions. These eccentricities and his unpredictability in other areas naturally led, this view goes, to his assassination. This portrait of Paul was promoted by his assassins and their supporters, and has become accepted wisdom mainly by repetition.

Comparatively recent research has reconsidered and rehabilitated the character of Paul I. In the 1970s, two academic panels provided the assessments of new research into Paul I: one at Montreal in 1973 and the other at St. Louis in 1976. Some of the findings were presented in 1979: Paul I: A reassessment of His Life and Reign, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979. The reappraisal of Paul I has demonstrated his character as someone of high morals, who followed his conscience. His infidelity is dismissed as unlikely, and the involvement with the Order of St. John is understood against a background of his idealising their history as a lesson in high chivalric ideals which he wished the Russian nobility would adopt. Paul saw in the Russian nobles an element of degeneracy, and introducing the high ideals of the Knights of Malta was his method of reform. Paul suffered a lonely and strict upbringing, and whilst he was eccentric and neurotic, he was not mentally unbalanced. Though an analysis of his biography reveals an obsessive-compulsive personality, he had "characteristics fairly common in the population at large". Where Paul differed was that, by 1796, he had to manage the whole of the Russian Empire. In some Orthodox Christian churches Paul I is even venerated as a saint[citation needed], although he has not been officially canonized.

A recent film on the rule of Paul I was produced by Lenfilm in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul ("XXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX") is directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov and stars Viktor Sukhorukov as Paul and Oleg Yankovsky as Count Pahlen, who headed a conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul I more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" in 2003.

See also

Manifesto of three-day corvee

Tsars of Russia family tree

[edit]References

^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p.192. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0739420259.

^ Alexander II, The last great tsar, by Edvard Radzinsky. Page 16X17. Freepress, 2005.

^ Emperor Paul I of Russia, and his Russian Grand Priory of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. http://www.orderstjohn.org/osj/rgps.htm

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Spouse Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg

Issue

Alexander I

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

Archduchess Alexandra of Austria

Elena, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Maria, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Catherine, Queen of Württemberg

Olga Pavlovna

Anna, Queen of the Netherlands

Nikolai I

Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
--------------------
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia

Paul I (Russian: XXXXXX I XXXXXXXXX; Pavel Petrovich) (1 October [O.S. 20 September] 1754 X 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

Childhood

Paul was born in the Palace of Empress Elisabeth in St Petersburg. He was the son of Elizabeth's heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine, later Empress Catherine II. In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but one of her lovers, Sergei Saltykov. Supporters of Catherine's claim assume that Peter III was sterile, and was unable to even engage in normal sexual relations with her until he had a surgical operation performed, and so could not have sired the boy himself. Although the story was much aired by Paul's enemies, it is possible that this was simply an attempt to cast doubt onPaul's right to the throne, in order to prop up Catherine's own somewhat shaky claim. He physically resembled the Grand Duke so one might doubt the claims of illegitimacy.[citation needed]

During his infancy, Paul was taken from the care of his mother by the Empress Elizabeth, whose ill-judged fondness allegedly injured his health. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking. His pugnosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771. It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace crime might be to herself. Lord Buckinghamshire, the British Ambassador at her court, expressed this opinion as early as 1764. However, others suggest that the Empress, who was usually very fond of children, treated Paul with kindness. He was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, Nikita Ivanovich Panin, and of competent tutors.

Her dissolute court provided a bad home for a boy destined to become the sovereign, but Catherine took great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louisa (who acquired the Russian name "Natalia Alexeievna"), one of the daughters of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773, and allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained of him that he was "always in a hurry," acting and speaking without reflection.

Early life

After his first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, given the new name Maria Feodorovna. At this time he began to be involved in intrigues. He believed he was the target of assassination. He also suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken glass to be mingled with his food.

The use made of his name by the rebel Pugachev, who had impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. On the birth of his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate, Pavlovsk. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781X1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him another estate at Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model, still an unpopular stance at the time.

Relationship with Catherine the Great

Catherine the Great and her shortly-ruling heir, Paul I, maintained a harsh and distant relationship throughout the formerXs reign. Paul did not see his mother for the first six weeks of his infancy, visiting her only once for prayers. She saw him one year later on Easter. The empress did not mention her son again in her memoirs. It was CatherineXs mother-in-law, the empress Elizabeth, who took up the child as a passing fancy whose novelty soon wore off.[1] After Elizabeth proved an incapable caretaker he was supervised by substantially more inept nannies. Russian historian Roderick McGrew briefly relates the degree of neglect to which the infant heir was subject: XOn one occasionhe fell out of his crib and slept the night away unnoticed on the floor.X[2] Even after this less than attentive childhood and in spite of PaulXs rapacious passion for schooling, relations with Catherine hardly improved throughout her reign; in one instance the empress gave to one of her court favorites fifty-thousand rubles on her birthday; Paul received a cheap watch.[3] PaulXs isolation from his mother caused an irrevocable rift between them which would be later reinforced by his reduced status in the imperial court, her favoritism of certain courtiers, and her eventual decision to remove him from succession. His childhood exclusion reappeared later in his relations to the Imperial Court and caused him to oppose her pet policies, but Catherine IIXs chokehold on his status restricted not only his mobility as a diplomat and servant of the state but his ability to govern as emperor.

Paul IXs tutor, Count N.I. Panin, was brutally honest in relating to his pupil his station in the Russian court, calling him Xa bastard who owed his position to his motherXs sufferance.X[4] This insult set the general tone of PaulXs relationship with Catherine II, a woman who allowed nothing to undermine her control of the empire. This is evident in PaulXs status in the court, which was never of great consequence until he ascended the throne. Grigorii Orlov, one of CatherineXs more favored lovers, went into quarantine shortly following an outbreak of the Moscow plague. For the period that he was gone (late 1772 to 1773) Catherine initiated a XrapprochementX with her son, granting him at last the motherly affection denied him throughout his entire life. McGrew describes the new relationship as follows: XThey spent hours together, laughing, talking, and strolling arm in arm. So enraptured was PaulXthat he refused even at dinner to be separated from her.X[5] On one occasion he was found altering the place-cards so that he could sit beside her for the evening. In spite of this rise in motherly fondness, Catherine proved to be cold and calculating in earning her sonXs affections. Her motives were exclusively political; being that Paul was soon reaching majority and a marriageable age, the empress thought it best if she knew her son better. The rekindling of motherly love was little more than a tactic to establish better connections should disaster occur.[6] When Paul turned eighteen, he was appointed Fleet Admiral of the Russian navy and colonel of the Cuirassier regiment, the latter of which was already granted him in 1762.[7] It is clear that Catherine II had no intention of sharing her power. PaulXs mother was not alone in treating him with unkindness and disrespect; the nobility proved equally adept in makinga fool out of their future emperor.

Though Russian rulersX status as autocrat hinged on the nobilityXs contentment, it was equally important for courtiers to remain in the emperorXs favor. This was no different in Catherine IIXs reign. CatherineXs absolute power and the delicate balance of courtier-status greatly influenced the courtly relationship with the Paul, who openly disregarded his motherXs opinions. Paul adamantly protested his motherXs policies, writing a veiled criticism in his Reflections, a dissertation on military reform.[8] In it, he directly disparaged expansionist warfare in favor of a more defensive military policy. Unenthusiastically received by his mother, Reflections appeared a threat to her authority and added weight to her suspicion of an internal conspiracy. For a courtier to have openly supported or shown intimacy towards Paul, especially following this publication would have been suicide. McGrew enumerates on the courtiersX attitudes towards the crown prince of Russia:

XIt was more common, however, for CatherineXs favourites to denigrate Paul, or even to insult him. On one occasion when Catherine was discussing a point with Platon ZubovXshe asked what PaulXs opinion was. He replied that he thought as Zubov did, whereupon Zubov mimed surprise and cried, XDid I say something stupid then?XX[9]

Paul spent his later years away from the Imperial Court, contented to remain at his private estates at Gatchina and perform drill exercises. As Catherine II grew older she became less concerned that her son attend court functions, her attentions focused primarily on ensuring that Alexander I succeed the throne instead of his father.

It was not until 1787 that Catherine II officially determined to exclude her son from succession.[10] After PaulXs sons Alexander and Constantine were born, she immediately had them placed under her charge, a much more enthusiastic approach than she had made with her own son. That Catherine grew to favor Alexander as sovereign of Russia rather than Paul is unsurprising: the empress made no effort to understand her son until he turned eighteen, and gave him no responsibilities through which to prove him a capable leader and diplomat. During his marriage to Mariia Feodorovna, CatherineXs hostility towards Paul is fueled by a scandalous affair between him and Mariia FeodorovnaXs maidof honor, Catherine Nelidova. There could be little in the empressX mind to support the thought of PaulXs reign. Secretly, she met with AlexanderXs tutor LaHarpe to discuss his pupilXs ascension, and attempted to convince Mariia to sign a proposal authorizing her sonXs legitimacy as immediate heir. Both efforts proved fruitless, and though Alexander agreed to his grandmotherXs wishes he remained respectful of his fatherXs position as successor.

Accession to the throne

Paul became emperor after Catherine suffered a stroke on 5 November 1796, and died in bed without having regained consciousness. His first action was to inquire about and, if possible, to destroy her testament, as it was rumouredthat she had expressed wishes to exclude Paul from succession and to leave the throne to Alexander, her eldest grandson. These fears probably contributed to Paul's promulgation of the Pauline Laws, which established the strict principle of primogeniture in the House of Romanov and were not to be modified by his successors.

The army, then poised to attack Persia in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's ascension. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. To the rumour of his illegitimacy Paul responded by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the monument to the first Emperor of Russia erected in Paul's time near the St. Michael's Castle reads in Russian "To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson", a subtle but obvious allusion to the Latin "PETRO PRIMO CATHERINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the 'Bronze Horseman', the most famous statue of Peter in St Petersburg.

Purported eccentricities

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. Both qualities, it must be added, which the Russian people greatly favoured as typical of benevolent autocrats of the time. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of the harsh policies of his mother. Although he accused many of Jacobinism, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, Radishchev, to return from Siberian exile. Along with Radishchev, he liberated Novikov from the fortress of Shlisselburg, and also Tadeusz KoXciuszko, yet both liberated persons were kept in their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the Russian nobility as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval chivalric order. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites Kutusov, Arakcheyev, Rostopchin) he granted more serfs during five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during thirty-four years of her own. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissedor lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category.

In accordance with his chivalric ideals, Paul was elected as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, to whom he gave shelter following their ejection from Malta by Napoleon. His leadership resulted in the establishment of the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller (Order of St John/Maltese Order) within the Imperial Orders of Russia. At a great expense, he built three castles in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his courtly love affair with Anna Lopukhina, but the relationship seems to have been platonic and was barely more than another detail in his ideal of chivalric manhood.

Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potyomkin, one of his mother's lovers, dug out of their grave and scattered.[11]

Foreign affairs

Paul came to power following the death of his mother, Catherine the Great, in late 1796, and his early policies can largely be seen as reactions against hers. In foreign policy, this meant that he opposed to the many expansionarywars that she fought and instead preferred to pursue a more peaceful, diplomatic path. Immediately upon taking the throne, he recalled all troops outside Russian borders, including the struggling expedition Catherine II had sent to conquer Iran through the Caucasus and the 60,000 men she had promised to England and Austria to help them defeat the French.[12] Paul hated the French before their revolution, and afterwards, with their republican and anti-religious views, he detested them even more.[13] In addition to this, he knew French expansion hurt Russian interests, but he recalled his motherXs troops primarily because he firmly opposed wars of expansion. He also believed that Russia needed substantial governmental and military reforms to avoid an economic collapse and a revolution, before Russia could wage war on foreign soil.[14]

Paul offered to mediate between Austria and France through Prussia and pushed Austria to make peace, but the two countries made peace without his assistance, signing the Treaty of Campoformio in October 1797.[15] This treaty, with its affirmation of French control over islands in the Mediterranean and the partitioning of the Venetian republic, upset Paul, who saw it as creating more instability in the region and displaying FranceXs ambitions in the Mediterranean.[16] In response, he offered asylum to the Prince de Condé and his army, as well as Louis XVIII, both of whom had been forced out of Austria by the treaty.[17] By this point, Bonaparte had seized Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, establishing republics with constitutions in each, and Paul felt that Russia now needed to play an active role in Europe in order to overthrow what the republic had created and restore traditional authorities.[18] In this goal he found a willing ally in the Austrian chancellor Baron Thugut, who hated the French and loudly criticized revolutionary principles. The English and the Ottoman Empire joined the Austrians and the Russians in order tostop French expansion, free territories under their control and re-establish the old monarchies. The only major power in Europe who did not join Paul in his anti-French campaign was Prussia, whose historic neutrality with Bonaparte, distrust of Austria, and the security they got from their current relationship with France prevented them from joining the coalition.[19] Despite the PrussiansX reluctance, Paul decided to move ahead with the war, promising 60,000 men to support Austria in Italy and 45,000 men to help England in North Germany and the Netherlands.[20]

Another important factor in PaulXs decision to go to war with France was the situation with the Island of Malta, the fortress that served as the home for the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, a Catholic order of knights dedicated to fighting the influence of Muslims in the Mediterranean that had existed since the first crusade. In addition to Malta, the Order also owned several pieces of land, called priories, scattered across Europe that paid taxes to the Order. In 1796, the Order approached Paul about the state of the Polish priory, now on Russian land, which had been in a state of disrepair and had paid no taxes for 100 years.[21] In response, Paul, who as a child had read all oftheir histories and was impressed by their honor and connection to the old order it represented, moved the Polish priories to St. Petersburg in January 1797.[22] The knights responded by making him a protector of the Order in August of that same year, an honor he had not expected but that he happily accepted.[23] Bonaparte's taking of the Island of Malta in June 1798 without firing a shot outraged Paul, now a protector of the Order.[24] The priory of St. Petersburg responded to this action by, in September, declaring that the current grand master of the Order, Ferdinand Hompesch, betrayed the Order by selling the island to Napoleon and they followed this act a month later by electing Paul grand master of the Order.[25] It was some time before either the Vatican or any of the other priories of Europe approved this election of the sovereign of an Orthodox nation as the head of a Catholic order, and this delay created a political issue between Paul, who insisted on defending his legitimacy, and the prioriesX respective nations.[26] Though recognition of PaulXs election would become a more divisive issue later in his reign, the election immediately gave Paul, as Grandmaster of the Order, another reason to war against the French Republic: he warred to reclaim the OrderXs ancestral home.

The Russian army in Italy technically played the role of an auxiliary force sent to support the Austrians, though the Austrians offered the position of chief commander over all the allied armies to Alexander Suvorov, a distinguished Russian general who was almost seventy years old and was known for his quick and decisive attacks. Under Suvorov, the allies managed to push the French out of Italy, though they suffered heavy losses.[27] However, by this point in time, cracks had started to appear in the Russo-Austrian alliance, due to their different goals in Italy. While Paul and Suvorov wanted the liberation and restoration of the Italian monarchies, the Austrians sought territorial acquisitions in Italy, and were willing to sacrifice later Russian support to acquire them.[28] The Austrians, therefore, happily saw Suvorov and his army out of Italy in 1799 to go meet up with the army of Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov, at the ti

OR "PAVEL"; TSAR OF RUSSIA 1796-1801