Notater:

{geni:occupation} King of England, Scotland & Ireland

{geni:about_me} Charles I of England http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England
(English)

Charles Ier d'Angleterre http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ier_d%27Angleterre (French)

Karl I av England http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I_av_England
(Norweigan)

Charles I (November 19, 1600 X January 30, 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from March 27, 1625 until his execution. Charles famously engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England. He was an advocate of the Divine Right of Kings, and many citizens of England feared that he was attempting to gain absolute power. Many of his actions, particularly the levying of taxes without Parliament's consent, caused widespread opposition.

Religious conflicts permeated Charles's reign. He married a Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria of France, over the objections of Parliament and public opinion. He further allied himself with controversial religious figures, including the ecclesiastic Richard Montagu and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to Roman Catholicism. Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars that weakened England's government and helped precipitate his downfall.

His last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he was opposed by the forces of Parliament, which challenged his attempts to augment his own power, and by Puritans, who were hostile to his religious policies and supposed Catholic sympathies. Charles was defeated in the first Civil War (1642 - 1645), after which Parliament expected him to accept demands for a constitutional monarchy. He instead remained defiant by attempting to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. This provoked a second Civil War (1648 - 1649) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. Charles's son, Charles II, became King after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.[6]

Early life

The second son of James VI, King of Scots and Anne of Denmark and Norway, Charles was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on November 19, 1600.[3][7]He was an underdeveloped child who was still unable to walk or talk at the age of 3. When Elizabeth I died in March 1603 and James VI became King of England as James I, Charles was originally left in Scotland in the care of nurses and servants because it was feared that the journey would damage his fragile health. He did make the journey in July 1604 and was subsequently placed under the charge of Alletta (Hogenhove) Carey, the Dutch-born wife of courtier Sir Robert Carey, who taught him how to walk and talk and insisted that he wear boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. When Charles was an adult he was 5 feet 4 inches (162 cm) tall.

Charles was not as well-regarded as his elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales; Charles himself adored Henry and tried to emulate him. In 1603, Charles was created Duke of Albany in Scotland. Two years later, Charles was created Duke of York, as was then customary in the case of the Sovereign's second son. When his elder brother died at the age of 18 of typhoid in 1612, two weeks before Charles's 12th birthday, Charles became heir apparent and was subsequently created the Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in November 1616. His sister Elizabeth married Frederick V, Elector Palatine in 1613 and moved to Heidelberg.

The new Prince of Wales was greatly influenced by his father's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.[8] The two of them travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match between Charles and the daughter of the Spanish King Philip III, Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. The trip ended badly, however, as the Spanish demanded that Charles convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as a sort of hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty. Charles was outraged, and upon their return in October, he and Buckingham demanded that James I declare war on Spain.

With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned Parliament so that he could request subsidies for a war effort. James also requested that Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and PrincessHenrietta Maria of France, whom Charles met in Paris whilst en route to Spain. It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII (their father, Henry IV, had died during her childhood). Parliament agreed to the marriage, but was extremely critical of the prior attempt to arrange a marital alliance with Spain. James was growing senile and as a result was finding it extremely difficult to control ParliamentXthe same problem would later haunt Charles during his reign. During the last year of James' reign, actual power was held not by him but by Charles and the Duke of Buckingham.

Both Charles and James were advocates of Divine Right monarchy, but James listened to the views of his subjects and favoured compromise and consensus. Charles I was shy and diffident, but also self-righteous, stubborn, opinionated, determined and confrontational. Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even explain his rules and that he was only answerable to God. He famously said: "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone", "I mean to show what I should speak in actions". Those actions were open to misinterpretation, and there were fears as early as 1626 that he was a potential tyrant.

Early reign

On 11 May 1625 Charles was married by proxy to Henrietta Maria of France, nine years his junior. In his first Parliament, which he opened in May, many members were opposed to his marriage to Henrietta Maria, a Roman Catholic, fearing that Charles would lift restrictions on Roman Catholics and undermine the official establishment of Protestantism. Although he stated to Parliament that he would not relax restrictions relating to recusants, he promised to doexactly that in a secret marriage treaty with Louis XIII. The couple were married in person on 13 June 1625, in Canterbury. Charles was crowned on 2 February 1626 at Westminster Abbey, but without his wife at his side due to the controversy. Charles and Henrietta had nine children, with three sons and three daughters surviving infancy.[11]

Distrust of Charles's religious policies increased with his support of a controversial ecclesiastic, Richard Montagu. In a pamphlet, Montagu had argued against the teachings of John Calvin, thereby bringing himself into disreputeamongst the Puritans. After a Puritan, John Pym, attacked Montagu's pamphlet during debate, Montagu requested the king's aid in another pamphlet entitled "Appello Caesarem" (Latin "I appeal to Caesar", a reference to an appeal against Jewish persecution made by Saint Paul the Apostle).[12] Charles made the cleric one of his royal chaplains, increasing many Puritans' suspicions as to where Charles would lead the Church.

Charles's primary concern during his early reign was foreign policy. The Thirty Years' War, originally confined to Bohemia, was spiralling out of control into a wider war between Protestants and Catholics in Europe. In 1620, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the husband of Charles's sister Elizabeth, had lost his hereditary lands in the Palatinate to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. Having agreed to help his brother-in-law regain the Palatinate, Charles declared war on Spain, hoping to force the Catholic Spanish King Philip IV to intercede with the Emperor on Frederick's behalf.

Parliament preferred an inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the New World, hoping that the capture of the Spanish treasure fleets could finance the war. Charles, however, preferred more aggressive (and more expensive)action on the Continent. Parliament only voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000; an insufficient sum for Charles. Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorization for royal collection of tonnage and poundage (two varieties of customs duties) to a period of one year, although previous sovereigns since 1414 had been granted the right for life. In this manner, Parliament could keep a check on expenditures by forcing Charles to seek the renewal of the grant each year. Charles's allies in the House of Lords, led by the Duke of Buckingham, refused to pass the bill. Although no Parliamentary authority for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties anyway.

The war with Spain went badly, largely due to Buckingham's incompetent leadership. Despite Parliament's protests, however, Charles refused to dismiss him, dismissing Parliament instead. He then provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan" -- a tax levied without Parliamentary consent. Although partially successful in collecting the tax, Charles let the money dribble away in yet another military fiasco led by Buckingham. Summoned again in 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right, calling upon the King to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes. Charles assented to the petition, though he continued to claim the right to collect customs duties without authorization from Parliament. Then, on 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated. Although the death of Buckingham effectively ended the war and eliminated his leadership as an issue, it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament over taxation and religious matters.[13]

Personal rule

In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the Parliament, which had been prorogued in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice their opposition in light of the Rolle case. Rolle was an MP who had his goods confiscated for not paying tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the confiscation as a breach of the Petition of Right, arguing that the petition's freedom-from-arrest privilege extended to goods. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment in March, members held the Speaker, John Finch, down in his chair whilst three resolutions against Charles were read aloud. The last of these resolutions declared that anyone who paid tonnage or poundage not authorised by Parliament would "be reputed a betrayer of the liberties of England, and an enemy to the same". Though the resolution was not formally passed, many members declared their approval. The fact that a number of MPs had to be detained in Parliament is relevant in understanding that there was no universal opposition towards the King. Nevertheless, the provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved parliament the same day.[15][16] Charles resolved never again to rely on Parliament. Immediately, he made peace with France and Spain. The following eleven years, during which Charles ruled without a Parliament, have been known as both the Eleven Years Tyranny or simply as the Personal Rule. (Ruling without Parliament, though an exceptional exercise of the royal prerogative, was supported by precedent. By the middle of the 17th century, opinionhad shifted, and many held the Personal Rule to be an illegitimate exercise of arbitrary, absolute power.)

Economic problems

Even after making peace, Charles still had to acquire funds in order to maintain his treasury. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles first resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood," promulgated in 1279, which required anyone who earned £40 or more each year to present himself at the King's coronation to join the royal army as a knight. Relying on this outdated statute, Charles fined all individuals who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626.

Later, Charles reintroduced an obsolete feudal tax known as ship money, which proved even more unpopular. Under statutes of Edward I and Edward III, collection of ship money had been authorized only during wars. Charles, however,sought to collect the tax during peacetime. Although the first writ levying ship money, issued in 1634, did not provoke much immediate opposition, the second and third writs, issued in 1635 and 1636, aroused strong opposition, asit was now clear that the ancient prohibition on collecting ship money during peacetime had been swept away. Many attempted to resist payment, but the royal courts declared that the tax was within the King's prerogative. The collection of ship money during peacetime was a major cause of concern among the ruling class.

Personal Rule ended after the attempted enforcement of the Anglican and increasingly Arminian styled prayer book under Laud that precipitated a rebellion in Scotland in 1640.

Religious conflicts

Charles wished to move the Church of England away from Calvinism in a more traditional and sacramental direction. This goal was shared by his main political adviser, Archbishop William Laud. Laud was appointed by Charles as the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633 and started a series of unpopular reforms in an attempt to impose order and authority on the church. Laud attempted to ensure religious uniformity by dismissing non-conformist clergymen and closing Puritan organizations. This was actively hostile to the Reformist tendencies of many of his English and Scottish subjects. His policy was obnoxious to Calvinist theology, and insisted that the Church of England's liturgy be celebrated using the form prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer. Laud was also an advocate of Arminian theology, a view whose emphasis on the ability to reject salvation was viewed as heretical and virtually "Catholic" by strict Calvinists.

To punish those who refused to accept his reforms, Laud used the two most feared and most arbitrary courts in the land, the Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber. The former could compel individuals to provide self-incriminating testimony, whilst the latter could inflict any punishment whatsoever (including torture), with the sole exception of death.

The lawlessness of the Court of Star Chamber under Charles far exceeded that under any of his predecessors. Under Charles's reign, defendants were regularly hauled before the Court without indictment, due process of the law, or right to confront witnesses, and their testimonies were routinely extracted by the Court through torture.

The first years of the Personal Rule were marked by peace in England, to some extent due to tighter central control. Several individuals opposed Charles's taxes and Laud's policies. For example, in 1634, the ship Griffin left forAmerica carrying religious dissidents, such as the Puritan minister Anne Hutchinson. However, the overall trend of the early Personal Rule period is one of peace. When, however, Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. The King ordered the use of a new Prayer Book modelled on the English Book of Common Prayer, which, although supported by the Scottish Bishops, was resisted by many Presbyterian Scots, who saw the new Prayer Book as a vehicle for introducing Anglicanism to Scotland. When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished Episcopalian government (that is, governance of the Church by bishops) in 1638, replacing it with Presbyterian government (that is, governance by elders and deacons), Charles sought to put down what he saw as a rebellion against his authority.

In 1639, when the First Bishops' War broke out, Charles sought to collect taxes from his subjects, who refused to yield any further. Charles's war ended in a humiliating truce in June of the same year. In the Pacification of Berwick, Charles agreed to grant his Scottish subjects civil and ecclesiastical freedoms.

Charles's military failure in the First Bishops' War in turn caused a financial and military crisis for Charles, which caused the end of Personal Rule. Due to his financial weakness, Charles was forced to call Parliament into session by 1640 in an attempt to raise funds. While the ruling class grievances with the changes to government and finance during the Personal Rule period were a contributing factor in the Scottish Rebellion, the key issue of religion was the main reason that forced Charles to confront the ruling class in Parliament for the first time in eleven years. In essence, it was Charles's and Laud's confrontational religious modifications that ended what the Whig historians refer to as "The Eleven Years of Tyranny".

The "Short" and "Long" Parliaments

Disputes regarding the interpretation of the peace treaty between Charles and the Church of Scotland led to further conflict. To subdue the Scots, Charles needed more money; therefore, he took the fateful step of recalling Parliament in April 1640. Although Charles offered to repeal ship money, and the House of Commons agreed to allow Charles to raise the funds for war, an impasse was reached when Parliament demanded the discussion of various abuses of power during the Personal Rule. As both sides refused to give ground on this matter, Parliament was dissolved in May 1640, less than a month after it assembled; thus, the Parliament became known as the "Short Parliament."

In the meantime, Charles attempted to defeat the Scots, but failed miserably. The humiliating Treaty of Ripon, signed after the end of the Second Bishops' War in October 1640, required the King to pay the expenses of the Scottisharmy he had just fought. Charles took the unusual step of summoning the magnum concilium, the ancient council of all the Peers of the Realm, who were considered the King's hereditary counsellors. The magnum concilium had not beensummoned for centuries. On the advice of the peers, Charles summoned another Parliament, which, in contrast with its predecessor, became known as the Long Parliament.

The Long Parliament assembled in November 1640 under the leadership of John Pym, and proved just as difficult for Charles as the Short Parliament. Although the members of the House of Commons thought of themselves as conservatives defending the King, Church and Parliamentary government against innovations in religion and the tyranny of Charles's advisors, Charles viewed many of them as dangerous rebels trying to undermine his rule.

To prevent the King from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the Triennial Act, to which the Royal Assent was granted in February 1641. The Act required that Parliament was to be summoned at least once every three years, andthat when the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. In May, he assented to an even more far-reaching Act, which provided that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent. Charles was forced into one concession after another. He agreed to bills of attainder authorising the executions of Thomas Wentworth and William Laud. Ship money, fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans were declared unlawful, and the hated Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission were abolished. Although he made several important concessions, Charles improved his own military position by securing the favour of the Scots. He finally agreed to the official establishment of Presbyterianism; in return, he was able to enlist considerable anti-parliamentary support.

In November 1641, the House of Commons passed the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against actions by Charles' ministers that were asserted to be abuses of royal power Charles had committed since the beginning of hisreign. The tension was heightened when the Irish rebelled against Protestant English rule and rumours of Charles's complicity reached Parliament. An army was required to put down the rebellion but many members of the House of Commons feared that Charles might later use it against Parliament itself. The Militia Bill was intended to wrest control of the army from the King, but Charles refused to agree to it. However, Parliament decreed The Protestation as an attempt to lessen the conflict.

When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his Catholic Queen, Henrietta Maria, he took drastic action. It was possibly Henrietta who persuaded him to arrest the five members of the House of Commons who wereperceived to be the most troublesome on charges of high treason, but the MPs had already slipped away by the time Charles arrived. Charles entered the House of Commons with an armed force on 4 January 1642, but found that his opponents had already escaped, with exception to Oliver Cromwell who had not fled the house of commons, but avoided arrest. He asked the Speaker, William Lenthall, where the MPs had fled, and Lenthall famously replied, "May it pleaseyour Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here."[18] This move was politically disastrous for Charles. It caused acute embarrassment for the monarch and essentially triggered the total breakdown of government in England. Afterwards, Charles could no longer feel safe in London and he began travelling north to raise an army against Parliament; the Queen, at the same time, went abroad to raise money to pay for it.

English Civil War

The English Civil War had not yet started, but both sides began to arm. Following futile negotiations, Charles raised the royal standard (an anachronistic mediæval gesture) in Nottingham on 22 August 1642. He then set up his court at Oxford, when his government controlled roughly the north and west of England, Parliament remaining in control of London and the south and east. Charles raised an army using the archaic method of the Commission of Array. The Civil War started on 26 October 1642 with the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill and continued indecisively through 1643 and 1644, until the Battle of Naseby tipped the military balance decisively in favour of Parliament. There followed a great number of defeats for the Royalists, and then the Siege of Oxford, from which Charles escaped in April 1646.[19] He put himself into the hands of the Scottish Presbyterian army at Newark, and was taken to nearby Southwell while his "hosts" decided what to do with him. The Presbyterians finally arrived at an agreement with Parliament and delivered Charles to them in 1647. He was imprisoned at Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, until cornet George Joyce took him by force to Newmarket in the name of the New Model Army. At this time, mutual suspicion had developed between the New Model Army and Parliament, and Charles was eager to exploit it.

He was then transferred first to Oatlands and then to Hampton Court, where more involved but fruitless negotiations took place. He was persuaded that it would be in his best interests to escape X perhaps abroad, perhaps to France, or perhaps to the custody of Colonel Robert Hammond, Parliamentary Governor of the Isle of Wight.[20] He decided on the last course, believing Hammond to be sympathetic, and fled on 11 November.[21] Hammond, however, was opposedto Charles, whom he confined in Carisbrooke Castle.[22]

From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties, eventually coming to terms with the Scottish Presbyterians that he would allow the establishment of Presbyterianism in England as well as Scotland for a trial period. The Royalists rose in July 1648 igniting the Second Civil War, and as agreed with Charles the Scots invaded England. Most of the uprisings in England were put down by forces loyal to Parliament after little more than skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges. But with the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Preston, the Royalists lost any chance of winning the war.

Trial

Charles was moved to Hurst Castle at the end of 1648, and there after to Windsor Castle. In January 1649, in response to Charles's defiance of Parliament even after defeat, and his encouraging the second Civil War while in captivity, the House of Commons passed an Act of Parliament creating a court for Charles's trial. After the first Civil War, the parliamentarians still accepted the premise that the King, although wrong, had been able to justify his fight, and that he would still be entitled to limited powers as King under a new constitutional settlement. It was now felt that by provoking the second Civil War even while defeated and in captivity, Charles showed himself incorrigible, dishonourable, and responsible for unjustifiable bloodshed.

The idea of trying a king was a novel one; previous monarchs had been deposed, but had never been brought to trial as monarchs. The High Court of Justice established by the Act consisted of 135 Commissioners but only about half of that number ever sat in judgement (all firm Parliamentarians); the prosecution was led by Solicitor General John Cooke.

His trial on charges of high treason and "other high crimes" began on 20 January 1649, but Charles refused to enter a plea, claiming that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch.[23] He believed that his own authority to rule had been given to him by God when he was crowned and anointed, and that the power wielded by those trying him was simply that which grew out of a barrel of gunpowder. In fact, when urged to enter a plea stated his objection to entering a plea: "I would know by what power I am called hither, by what lawful authority...?"[23] The court, by contrast, proposed that no man is above the law. Over a period of a week, when Charles was asked to plead three times, he refused. It was then normal practice to take a refusal to plead as [pro confesso]: an admission of guilt, which meant that the prosecution could not call witnesses to its case. However, the trial did hear witnesses. Fifty-nine of the Commissioners signed Charles's death warrant, possibly at the Red Lion Inn in Stathern, Leicestershire[24] on 29 January 1649.

When Cooke began to read the indictment, Charles I tried to stop him using the poke of his cane. The ornate silver tip of the cane fell off and Cooke refused to pick it up. After a long pause, King Charles I stooped to retrieve it. This is considered an important moment that may symbolize the divine monarch bowed before the human law.[23]

After the ruling, he was led from St. James's Palace, where he was confined, to the Palace of Whitehall, where an execution scaffold had been erected in front of the Banqueting House.

Execution

Charles was beheaded on Tuesday 30 January 1649,[25][26][27]though at the time the new year did not occur until March, so his death is often recorded as occurring in the year 1648.[28] At the execution it is reputed that he wore two cotton shirts as to prevent the cold weather causing any noticeable shivers that the crowd could have mistaken for fear or weakness. He put his head on the block after saying a prayer and signalled the executioner when he was ready; he was then beheaded with one clean stroke. His last words were, "I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be."[3]

Philip Henry records that moments after the execution, a moan was heard from the assembled crowd, some of whom then dipped their handkerchiefs in his blood, thus starting the cult of the Martyr King. However no other eyewitness source, including Samuel Pepys records this. Henry's account was written during the Restoration, some 12 years after the event though Henry was 19 when the King was executed and he and his family were Royalist propaganda writers.[29]

There is some debate over the identity of the man who beheaded the King, who was masked at the scene. It is known that the Commissioners approached Richard Brandon, the common Hangman of London, but that he refused, and contemporary sources do not generally identify him as the King's headsman. Ellis's Historical Inquiries, however, names him as the executioner, contending that he stated so before dying. It is possible he relented and agreed to undertake the commission, but there are others who have been identified. An Irishman named Gunning is widely believed to have beheaded Charles, and a plaque naming him as the executioner is on show in the Kings Head pub in Galway, Ireland. William Hewlett was convicted of regicide after the Restoration.[30] In 1661, two people identified as "Dayborne and Bickerstaffe" were arrested but then discharged. Henry Walker, a revolutionary journalist, or his brother William,were suspected but never charged. Various local legends around England name local worthies. An examination performed in 1813 at Windsor suggests that the execution was done by an experienced headsman.

It was common practice for the head of a traitor to be held up and exhibited to the crowd with the words "Behold the head of a traitor!"; although Charles's head was exhibited, the words were not used. In an unprecedented gesture, one of the revolutionary leaders, Oliver Cromwell, allowed the King's head to be sewn back on his body so the family could pay its respects. Charles was buried in private and at night on 7 February 1649, in the Henry VIII vault inside St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. The royal retainers Sir Thomas Herbert, Capt. Anthony Mildmay, Sir Henry Firebrace, William Levett Esq. and Abraham Dowcett (sometimes spelled Dowsett) conveyed the King's body to Windsor.[31][32] The King's son, King Charles II, later planned an elaborate royal mausoleum, but it was never built.

Ten days after Charles's execution, a memoir purporting to be from Charles's hand appeared for sale. This book, the Eikon Basilike (Greek: the "Royal Portrait"), contained an apologia for royal policies, and proved an effective piece of royalist propaganda. William Levett, Charles's groom of the bedchamber, who had accompanied Charles on the day of his execution, would later swear in a statement that he had witnessed the King writing the Eikon Basilike.[33] John Cooke published the speech he would have delivered if Charles had entered a plea, while Parliament commissioned John Milton to write a rejoinder, the Eikonoklastes ("The Iconoclast"), but the response made little headway against the pathos of the royalist book.[1]

Various prodigies were recorded in the contemporary popular press in relation to the execution - a beached whale at Dover died within an hour of the King; a falling star appeared that night over Whitehall; a man who had said thatthe King deserved to die had his eyes pecked out by crows.

Legacy

With the monarchy overthrown, power was assumed by a Council of State, which included Oliver Cromwell, then Lord General of the Parliamentary Army. The Long Parliament (known by then as the Rump Parliament) which had been called by Charles I in 1640 continued to exist until Cromwell forcibly disbanded it in 1653. Cromwell then became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland; a monarch in all but name: he was even "invested" on the royal coronation chair. Upon his death in 1658, Cromwell was briefly succeeded by his son, Richard Cromwell. Richard Cromwell was an ineffective ruler, and the Long Parliament was reinstated in 1659. The Long Parliament dissolved itself in 1660, and the first elections in twenty years led to the election of a Convention Parliament which restored Charles I's eldest son to the monarchy as Charles II.

The Colony of Carolina in North America was named for Charles I. Carolina later separated into North Carolina and South Carolina, which eventually declared independence from Great Britain during the formation of the United States. To the north in the Virginia Colony, Cape Charles, the Charles River, Charles River Shire, and Charles City Shire were named for him. Charles himself named the Charles River after himself.[34] Charles City Shire survives almost 400 years later as Charles City County, Virginia. The Virginia Colony is now the Commonwealth of Virginia (one of the four U.S. states that are called commonwealths), and retains its official nickname of "The Old Dominion" bestowed by Charles II because it had remained loyal to Charles I during the English Civil War.

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Charles I (19 November 1600 X 30 January 1649) was the second son of James VI of Scots and I of England. He was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.[1] Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish Churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent which grew to be seen as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.[2]

Religious conflicts permeated Charles's reign. His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War, coupled with such actions as marrying a Catholic princess,[3][4] generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma. Charles further allied himself with controversial religious figures, such as the ecclesiastic Richard Montagu, and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles' subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to the Catholic Church. Charles' later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish Parliaments and helped precipitate the king's downfall.

Charles' last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish Parliaments, which challenged the king's attempts to overrule and negate Parliamentary authority, whilst simultaneously using his position as head of the English Church to pursue religious policies which generated the antipathy of reformed groups such as the Puritans. Charles was defeated in the First Civil War (1642X45), after which Parliament expected him to accept its demands for a constitutional monarchy. He instead remained defiant by attempting to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. This provoked the Second Civil War (1648X49) anda second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. Charles' son, Charles II, though he became king at the death of his father, did not take up the reins of government until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.[2] In that same year, Charles I was canonised as Saint Charles Stuart and King Charles the Martyr by the Church of England and is venerated throughout the Anglican Communion.[5]

Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Early reign
3 Personal rule
3.1 Economic problems
4 Religious conflicts
5 The Second Bishops' War
6 The "Long Parliament"
6.1 The Irish Rebellion
7 English Civil War
8 Trial
9 Execution
10 Legacy
10.1 Sainthood
10.2 Assessments
11 Titles, styles, honours and arms
11.1 Titles and styles
11.2 Honours
11.3 Arms
12 Ancestry
13 Marriage and issue
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
18.1 Books about Charles I available online

[edit] Early lifeThe second son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife on 19 November 1600.[2][6] His paternal grandmother was Mary, Queen of Scots. Charles was baptised on 2 December 1600 by the Bishop of Ross, in a ceremony held in Holyrood Abbey and was created Duke of Albany, Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch.[7]

Charles was a weak and sickly infant. When Elizabeth I of England died in March 1603 and James VI of Scotland became King of England as James I, Charles was not considered strong enough to survive the journey to London due to hisfragile health. While his parents and older siblings left for England in April and May that year, Charles remained in Scotland, with his father's friend and the Lord President of the Court of Session, Alexander Seton, Lord Fyvie,appointed as his guardian.[7]

By the spring of 1604, Charles was three and a half and was by then able to walk the length of the great hall at Dunfermline Palace unaided. It was decided that he was now strong enough to make the journey to England to be reunited with his family, and on 13 July 1604 Charles left Dunfermline for England, where he was to spend most of the rest of his life.[8] In England, Charles was placed under the charge of Alletta (Hogenhove) Carey, the Dutch-born wifeof courtier Sir Robert Carey, who taught him how to walk and talk, and insisted that he wear boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles.[9] However, Charles apparently eventually conquered his physical infirmity,[10] which may be attributable to rickets[9] and grew to an about average height of 5 feet 4 inches (162.56 cm).


Charles as Duke of York and Albany, c. 1611Charles was not as valued as his physically stronger, elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales; whom Charles personally adored and attempted to emulate.[11] In 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, which is customary in the case of the sovereign's second son. However, when Henry died of suspected typhoid (or possibly porphyria)[12] at the age of 18 in 1612, two weeks before Charles' 12th birthday, Charles became heir apparent. As the eldest living son of the sovereign Charles automatically gained several titles (including Duke of Cornwall[13] and Duke of Rothesay), and subsequently was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in November 1616.[14]


Charles as Prince of Wales by Isaac Oliver, 1615.In 1613, his sister Elizabeth married Frederick V, Elector Palatine and moved to Heidelberg.[15] In 1617 the Catholic Ferdinand II was elected king of Bohemia. The following year, the people of Bohemia rebelled against their monarch, choosing to crown Frederick V of the Palatinate, and leader of the Protestant Union in his stead. Frederick's acceptance of the crown in November 1619 thus marked the beginningof turmoil which would develop into the Thirty Years' War. This conflict made a great impression upon the English Parliament and public, who quickly grew to see it as a polarised continental struggle between Catholic and Protestant.[16] James, who was supportive of Frederick, and had been seeking marriage between the new Prince of Wales and the Spanish Infanta, Maria Anna of Spain, since Prince Henry's death,[15] began to see the Spanish Match as a possible means of achieving peace in Europe.

Unfortunately for James, this diplomatic negotiation with Spain proved generally unpopular, both with the public and James' court,[17] with 'Arminian' divines providing a unique source of support for the proposed union.[18] Parliament was actively hostile towards the Spanish throne, and thus, when called by James, hoped for a crusade under the leadership of the king[19] to rescue Protestants on the continent from Habsburg rule.[20] Attacks upon the monopolists by Parliament for the abuse of prices led to the scapegoating of Francis Bacon by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham,[21] leading to Bacon's impeachment before the Lords; the first of its kind which was not officially sanctioned by the King in the form of a Bill of attainder since 1459. The incident set an important precedent in terms of the apparent authority of Parliament to safeguard the nation's interests and its capacity to launch legal campaigns, as it later did against Buckingham, Archbishop Laud, the Earl of Strafford and Charles I. However, parliament and James came to blows when the issue of foreign policy was discussed, with James insisting that the Commons beexclusively concerned with domestic affairs. The members of the Commons, meanwhile, protested that they had the privilege of free speech within the Commons' walls.[22] In January 1622 James dissolved the Parliament.[23]

Charles, and the Duke of Buckingham, James' favourite[24] and a man who had great influence over the prince, together travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 in an attempt to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match.[25] The trip ended as an embarrassing failure however as the Spanish demanded that Charles must convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty. Moreover, a personal quarrel erupted between Buckingham and the Spanish nation between whom was mutual misunderstanding and ill temper.[26] Charles was outraged, and upon their return in October, he and Buckingham demanded that King James declare war on Spain.[25]

With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned Parliament in 1624 so that he could request subsidies for a war.[27] At the behest of Charles and Buckingham, James assented to the impeachment of the Lord Treasurer, Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex by the House of Commons, who quickly fell in much the same manner as Bacon had.[27] James also requested that Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and Princess Henrietta Maria of France,[28] whom Charles had met in Paris while en route to Spain.[29] It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII[30] (their father, Henry IV, had died during her childhood). Parliament reluctantly agreed to the marriage,[30] with the promise from both James and Charles that the marriage would not entail a liberty of religion being accorded to any Roman Catholic not of the Princess' own household.[30] By 1624, James was growing sick, and as a result was finding it extremely difficult to control Parliament. By the time of his death, February 1625, Charles and the Duke of Buckingham had already achieved de facto control of the kingdom.[31]

Scottish and English Royalty
House of Stuart

Charles I
Charles II
James II & VII
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Mary, Princess Royal
Henriette, Duchess of Orléans
Elizabeth
Both Charles and James were advocates of the divine right of kings, but whilst James' lofty ambitions concerning absolute prerogative[32] were tempered by compromise and consensus with his subjects, Charles I believed that he hadno need of Parliamentary approval, that his foreign ambitions (which were greatly expensive and fluctuated wildly) should have no legal impediment, and that he was himself above reproach. Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even explain his actions and that he was answerable only to God, famously stating: "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone".[33][34]

[edit] Early reignOn 11 May 1625, Charles was married by proxy to Henrietta Maria in front of the doors of the Notre Dame de Paris,[35] before his first Parliament could meet to forbid the banns.[35] Many members were opposed to the king marrying a Roman Catholic, fearing that Charles would lift restrictions on Roman Catholics and undermine the official establishment of Protestantism. Although he stated to Parliament that he would not relax restrictions relating to recusants, he promised to do exactly that in a secret marriage treaty with Louis XIII of France.[36] Moreover, the price of marriage with the French princess was a promise of English aid for the French crown in the suppressing of the Protestant Huguenots at La Rochelle, thereby reversing England's long held position in the French Wars of Religion. The couple were married in person on 13 June 1625 in Canterbury. Charles was crowned on 2 February 1626 at Westminster Abbey, but without his wife at his side due to the controversy. Charles and Henrietta had seven children, with three sons and three daughters surviving infancy.[37]


Sir Anthony Van Dyck: Charles I painted in April 1634Distrust of Charles' religious policies increased with his support of a controversial ecclesiastic, Richard Montagu. In his pamphlets A New Gag for an Old Goose, a reply to theCatholic pamphlet A New Gag for the new Gospel, and also his Immediate Addresse unto God alone, Montagu argued against Calvinist predestination, thereby bringing himself into disrepute amongst the Puritans.[38] After a Puritan member of the House of Commons, John Pym, attacked Montagu's pamphlet during debate, Montagu requested the king's aid in another pamphlet entitled "Appello Caesarem"(1625), (a reference to an appeal against Jewish persecution made by Saint Paul the Apostle).[39] Charles made the cleric one of his royal chaplains, increasing many Puritans' suspicions as to where Charles would lead the Church, fearing that his favouring of Arminianism was a clandestine attempton Charles' part to aid the resurgence of Catholicism within the English Church.[40]

Charles' primary concern during his early reign was foreign policy. The Thirty Years' War, originally confined to Bohemia, was spiralling into a wider European war. In 1620 Frederick V was defeated at the Battle of White Mountain[41] and by 1622, despite the aid of English volunteers, had lost his hereditary lands in the Palatinate to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.[42] Having agreed to help his brother-in-law regain the Palatinate, Charles declared war on Spain, which under the Catholic King Philip IV had sent forces to help occupy the Palatinate.[43]

Parliament preferred an inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the New World, hoping that the capture of the Spanish treasure fleets could finance the war. Charles, however, preferred more aggressive (and more expensive)action on the Continent.[44] Parliament only voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000; an insufficient sum for Charles.[45] Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorisation for royal collection of tonnage and poundage (two varieties of customs duties) to a period of one year, although previous sovereigns since 1414 had been granted the right for life.[45] In this manner, Parliament could keep a check on expenditures by forcing Charles to seek the renewal of the grant each year. Charles' allies in the House of Lords, led by the Duke of Buckingham, refused to pass the bill. Although no Parliamentary Act for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties.[46]

The war with Spain under the leadership of Buckingham went badly, and the House of Commons began proceedings for the impeachment of the duke.[47] Charles nominated Buckingham as Chancellor of Cambridge University in response[48] and on 12 June 1626, the House of Commons launched a direct protestation, stating, 'We protest before your Majesty and the whole world that until this great person be removed from intermeddling with the great affairs of state, we are out of hope of any good success; and we do fear that any money we shall or can give will, through his misemployment, be turned rather to the hurt and prejudice of your kingdom.'[48] Despite Parliament's protests, however, Charles refused to dismiss his friend, dismissing Parliament instead.

Charles provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan": a tax levied without Parliamentary consent. In November 1627, the test case in the King's bench, the 'Five Knights' Case' X which hinged on the king's prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced load X was on a general basis, upheld.[49] Summoned again in 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right on 26 May, calling upon the king to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes.[50] Charles assented to the petition,[51] though he continued to claim the right to collect customs duties without authorisation from Parliament.

Despite Charles' agreement to suppress La Rochelle as a condition of marrying Henrietta Maria, Charles reneged upon his earlier promise and instead launched a poorly conceived and executed defence of the fortress under the leadership of Buckingham in 1628[52] X thereby driving a wedge between the English and French Crowns that was not surmounted for the duration of the Thirty Years' War.[53] Buckingham's failure to protect the Huguenots X indeed, his attempt to capture Saint-Martin-de-Ré then spurred Louis XIII's attack on the Huguenot fortress of La Rochelle[54] X furthered Parliament's detestation of the Duke and the king's close proximity to this eminence grise.

On 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated.[55] The public rejoicing at his death accentuated the gulf between the court and the nation, and between the crown and the Commons.[56] Although the death of Buckingham effectively ended the war with Spain and eliminated his leadership as an issue, it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament over taxation and religious matters.[57][58]

[edit] Personal rule
Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles, the Triple Portrait by Anthony van Dyck.In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the Parliament, which had been prorogued in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice their opposition in light of the Rolle case, in which the eponymous MP had had his goods confiscated for failing to pay tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the confiscation as a breach of the Petition of Right,[59] arguing that the petition's freedom-from-arrest privilege extended to goods. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment on 10 March, members held the Speaker, Sir John Finch, down in his chair so that the dissolving of Parliament could be delayed long enough for resolutions against Catholicism, Arminianism and poundage and tonnage to be read out.[60] The lattermost resolution declared that anyone who paid tonnage or poundage not authorised by Parliament would "be reputed a betrayer of the liberties of England, and an enemy to the same", and, although the resolution was not formally passed, many members declared their approval. Nevertheless, the provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved parliament the same day.[61] Moreover, eight parliamentary leaders, including John Eliot, were imprisoned on the foot of the matter,[62] thereby turning these men into martyrs, and giving popular cause to a protest that had hitherto been losing its bearings.

Shortly after the proroguing of Parliament, without the means in the foreseeable future to raise funds for a European War from Parliament,[63] or the influence of Buckingham, Charles made peace with France and Spain.[64] The following eleven years, during which Charles ruled without a Parliament, are referred to as the Personal Rule or the Eleven Years' Tyranny.[65] (Ruling without Parliament, though an exceptional exercise of the royal prerogative, was supported by precedent. By the middle of the 17th century, opinion shifted, and many held the Personal Rule to be an illegitimate exercise of arbitrary, absolute power.)

[edit] Economic problemsThe reigns of Elizabeth I and James I had generated a large fiscal deficit for the kingdom.[66] Notwithstanding the failure of Buckingham in the short lived campaigns against both Spain and France, there was in reality little economic capacity for Charles to wage wars overseas. England was still the least taxed country in Europe, with no official excise and no regular direct taxation.[67] Without the consent of Parliament, Charles'capacity to acquire funds for his treasury was theoretically hamstrung, legally at least. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles first resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood", promulgated in 1279, which required anyone who earned £40 or more each year to present himself at the King's coronation to join the royal army as a knight.[68] Relying on this old statute, Charles fined all individuals who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626.

Later, Charles reintroduced obsolete feudal taxes such as purveyance, wardship, and forest laws.[69] Chief among these taxes was one known as Ship Money,[69] which proved even more unpopular, and lucrative, than poundage and tonnage before it. Under statutes of Edward I and Edward III, collection of ship money had been authorised only during wars, and only on coastal regions. Charles, however, argued that there was no legal bar to collecting the tax during peacetime and throughout the whole of the kingdom. Ship Money provided between £150,000 to £200,000 annually between 1634X1638, after which yields declined steeply.[70] This was paid directly to Treasury of the Navy, thus makingNorthumberland the most direct beneficiary of the tax.[71] Opposition to Ship Money steadily grew, with John Hampden's legal challenge in 1637 providing a platform of popular protest.[70] However, the royal courts declared that the tax was within the King's prerogative.

The king also derived money through the granting of monopolies, despite a statute forbidding such action (The Monopolies Act, 1624), which, though inefficient, raised an estimated £100,000 a year in the late 1630s in royal revenue.[72] Charles also gained funds through the Scottish nobility, at the price of considerable acrimony, by the Act of Revocation (1625), whereby all gifts of royal or church land made to the nobility were revoked, with continued ownership being subject to an annual rent.[73]

[edit] Religious conflictsThroughout Charles's reign, the issue of how far the English Reformation should progress was constantly brought to the forefront of political debate. Arminian theology contained an emphasis on clerical authority and the individual's capacity to reject salvation, and was consequently viewed as heretical and a potential vehicle for the reintroduction of Roman Catholicism by its opponents. Charles's sympathy to the teachings of Arminianism, and specifically his wish to move the Church of England away from Calvinism in a more traditional and sacramental direction,[74] consistently affirmed Puritans' suspicions concerning the perceived irreligious tendencies of the crown. A long history of opposition to tyrants who oppressed Protestants had developed since the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, most notably during the French Wars of Religion (articulated in the Vindiciae contra tyrannos),[75][76] and more recently in the Second Defenestration of Prague and eruption of the Thirty Years' War.[77] Such cultural identifications resonated with Charles's subjects. These allegations would haunt Charles because of the continued exacerbating actions of both king and council, particularly in the form of Archbishop William Laud.

William Laud was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633,[78][79] and began a series of unpopular reforms such as attempting to ensure religious uniformity by dismissing non-conformist clergymen, and closing Puritan organisations.[80] His policy was opposed to Calvinist theology, and he insisted that the Church of England's liturgy be celebrated using the form prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer, and that the internal architecture of English churches be reorganised so as to emphasise the sacrament of the altar, thereby attacking predestination.[81] To punish those who refused to accept his reforms, Laud used the two most feared and most arbitrary courts in the land, the Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber.[80] The former could compel individuals to provide self-incriminating testimony, whilst the latter, essentially an extension of the Privy Council, could inflict any punishment whatsoever (including torture), with the sole exception of death.


William Laud shared Charles's views on CalvinismThe first years of the Personal Rule were marked by peace in England, partly because of tighter central control. Several individuals opposed Charles's taxes and Laud's policies, andsome left as a result, such as the Puritan minister Thomas Hooker, who set sail for America along with other religious dissidents in the Griffin (1634). By 1633 Star Chamber had, in effect, taken the place of High Commission as the supreme tribunal for religious offences as well as dealing with Crown cases of a secular nature.[82] Under Charles's reign, defendants were regularly brought before the Court without indictment, due process of the law, or rightto confront witnesses, and their testimonies were routinely extracted by the Court through torture.

However, when Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. Although born in Scotland, Charles had become estranged from his kingdom; not even paying visit until his Scottish coronation in 1633.[83] In 1637 the king ordered the use of a new Prayer Book to be used within Scotland that was almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer, without consultation with either the Scottish Parliament or Kirk.[83] Although this move was supported by the Scottish Bishops,[84] it was resisted by many Presbyterian Scots, who saw the new Prayer Book as a vehicle for introducing Anglicanism to Scotland.[85] In 1637, spontaneous unrest erupted throughout the Kirk upon the first Sunday of its usage, and the public began to mobilise around rebellious nobles in the form of the National Covenant.[84] When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished Episcopalian government (that is, governance of the Church by bishops) in 1638, replacing it with Presbyterian government (that is, governance by elders and deacons),[86] Charles sought to put down what he saw as a rebellion against his authority.

In 1639, when the First Bishops' War broke out, Charles did not seek subsidies to wage war, but instead raised an army without Parliamentary aid.[71] However, Charles's army did not engage the Covenanters as the king was afraid of the defeat of his forces, whom he believed to be significantly outnumbered by the Scots.[87] In the Pacification of Berwick, Charles regained custody of his Scottish fortresses, and secured the dissolution of the Covenanters' interim government, albeit at the decisive concession whereby both the Scottish Parliament and General Assembly of the Scottish Church were called.[88]

Charles's military failure in the First Bishops' War in turn caused a financial and military crisis for Charles, which ultimately ended the period of Personal Rule.[89] Charles's peace negotiations with the Scots were merely a bid by the king to gain time before launching a new military campaign. However, because of his financial weakness, Charles was forced to call Parliament into session by 1640 in an attempt to raise funds for such a venture. The risk for the king lay in the forum that Parliament would provide to his opponents, whilst the intransigence of the 1628 Parliament augured badly for the prospects of obtaining the necessary subsidy for war.

[edit] The Second Bishops' WarMain article: Bishops' Wars
Charles collectively summoned both English and Irish parliaments in the early months of 1640.[90] In March, 1640 the Irish Parliament duly voted in a subsidy of £180,000 with the promise to raise an army 9,000 strong by the end of May.[90] However, in the English General Election in March, court candidates fared badly,[91] and Charles' dealings with the English Parliament in April quickly reached stalemate. Northumberland and Strafford together attempted to reach a compromise whereby the king would agree to forfeit Ship Money in exchange for £650,000 (although the coming war was estimated at around £1 million).[92] Nevertheless, this alone was insufficient to produce consensus in the Commons.[93] The Parliamentarians' calls for further reforms were ignored by Charles, who still maintained the support of the House of Lords. Despite the protests of Northumberland,[94] Parliament was dissolved less than a month after it assembled, in May 1640; thus causing it to be known as the "Short Parliament".[95]


Portrait of Charles I with Seignior de St AntoineBy this stage Thomas Wentworth, created Earl of Strafford and elevated to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in January 1640,[96] had emerged as Charles' right hand man and together with Laud, pursued a policy of 'Thorough' in support of absolute monarchy.[97] Although originally a major critic of the king, Strafford defected to royal service in 1628 (due in part to Buckingham's persuasion),[98] and had since emerged as the most capable of Charles' ministers. Having trained up a large army in Ireland in support of the king and seriously weakened the authority of the Irish Parliament, particularly those members of parliament belonging to theOld English,[99] Strafford had been instrumental in obtaining an independent source of both royal revenue and forces within the three kingdoms.[71] As the Scottish Parliament declared itself capable of governing without the king's consent and, in September 1640, moved into Northumberland under the leadership of Montrose,[100] Strafford was sent north to command the English forces following Northumberland's illness.[101] The Scottish soldiery, many of whomwere veterans of the Thirty Years' War,[102] had far greater morale and training compared to their English counterparts, and met virtually no resistance until reaching Newcastle where, at the Battle of Newburn, Newcastle-upon-Tyne X and hence England's coal supply X fell into the hands of the Covenanter forces.[103] At this critical juncture, the English host based at York was unable to mount a counterattack because Strafford was incapacitated by a combination of gout and dysentery.[101]

On 24 September Charles took the unusual step of summoning the magnum concilium, the ancient council of all the Peers of the Realm, who were considered the King's hereditary counsellors, who recommended making peace with the Scots and the recalling of Parliament.[104] A cessation of arms, although not a final settlement, was agreed in the humiliating Treaty of Ripon, signed October 1640.[105] The treaty stated that the Scots would continue to occupy Northumberland and Durham and be paid £850 per day, until peace was restored and the English Parliament recalled (which would be required to raise sufficient funds to pay the Scottish forces).[104]

Consequently, in November Charles summoned what was later to become known as the Long Parliament. Of the 493 MPs of the Commons, 399 were opposed to the king, and only 94 could be counted on, by Charles, for support.

[edit] The "Long Parliament"Main article: Long Parliament
See also: Wars of the Three Kingdoms
The Long Parliament assembled in November 1640 and proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. The Parliament quickly began proceedings to impeach Laud of High Treason, which it succeeded in doing on 18 December.[106] Lord Keeper Finch was impeached the following day, and he consequently fled to the Hague with Charles' permission on 21 December. To prevent the king from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the Triennial Act, to which the Royal Assent was granted in February 1641.[107] The Act required that Parliament was to be summoned at least once every three years, and that when the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own.

On 22 March 1641, Strafford, who had become the immediate target of the Parliamentarians, particularly that of John Pym, went on trial for high treason.[108] The incident provided a new departure for Irish politics whereby Old English, Gaelic Irish and New English settlers joined together in a legal body to present evidence against Strafford.[109] However, the evidence supplied by Sir Henry Vane in relation to Strafford's alleged improper use and threat to England via the Irish army was not corroborated and on 10 April Pym's case collapsed.[110] Pym immediately launched a Bill of Attainder, simply stating Strafford's guilt and that the Earl be put to death.[111]

Charles, however guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder, without which the bill could not be passed.[112] Furthermore, the Lords were opposed to the severity of the sentence of death imposed upon Strafford. Yet, increased tensions and an attempted coup by the army in support of Strafford began to sway the issue.[112] On 21 April, in the Commons the Bill went virtually unopposed (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 250 abstained),[113] the Lords acquiesced, and Charles, fearing for the safety of his family, signed on 10 May.[113] The Earl of Strafford was beheaded two days later.[114]

In May 1641, Charles assented to an

Charles I (of England) (1600-49), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland
(1625-49), who was deposed and executed during the English Revolution.

Charles was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on November 19, 1600. The
second son of James I, Charles became heir apparent when his elder
brother, Henry (1594-1612), died, and was made prince of Wales in 1616. In
1623, during the Thirty Years' War, Charles visited Spain to negotiate his
proposed marriage with the Spanish infanta. The proposal had been made in
order to effect an alliance between Spain and England. When it became
apparent, however, that the Spanish had no intention of concluding such an
alliance, negotiations were begun for his marriage to the French princess
Henrietta Maria, and England formed an alliance with France against Spain.
In 1625 Charles succeeded to the throne and married Henrietta Maria, but
his marriage aroused the ill will of his Protestant subjects because the
queen consort was Roman Catholic.

Charles believed in the divine right of kings and in the authority of the
Church of England. These beliefs soon brought him into conflict with
Parliament and ultimately led to civil war. He came under the influence of
his close friend George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, whom he
appointed his chief minister in defiance of public opinion and whose war
schemes ended ignominiously. Three Parliaments, convoked in four years,
were dissolved by Charles because of their refusal to comply with his
arbitrary measures. When the third Parliament met in 1628, it presented
the Petition of Right, a statement demanding that Charles make certain
reforms in exchange for war funds. Charles was forced to accept the
petition. In 1629, although the assassination of Buckingham had removed a
parliamentary grievance, Charles dismissed Parliament and had several
parliamentary leaders imprisoned. Charles governed without a Parliament
for the next 11 years. During this time forced loans, poundage, tonnage,
ship money, and other extraordinary financial measures were sanctioned to
meet governmental expenses.

In 1637 Charles's attempt to impose the Anglican liturgy in Scotland led
to rioting by Presbyterian Scots. Charles was unable to quell the revolt,
and in 1640 he convoked the so-called Short Parliament to raise an army
and necessary funds. This body, which sat for one month (April-May),
refused his demands, drew up a statement of public grievances, and
insisted on peace with Scotland. Obtaining money by irregular means,
Charles advanced against the Scots, who crossed the border, routed his
army at Newburn, and soon afterward occupied Newcastle and Durham. His
money exhausted, the king was compelled to call his fifth Parliament, the
Long Parliament, in 1640. Led by John Pym, it proceeded against the two
chief royal advisers and secured the imprisonment and subsequent
executions of the archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, and Sir Thomas
Wentworth, 1st earl of Strafford. In 1641 Charles agreed to bills
abolishing the prerogative courts, prohibiting arbitrary taxation, and
ensuring that this Parliament would not be dissolved without its own
permission. The king also agreed to more religious liberties for the
Scots. Soon after, Charles was implicated in a plot to murder the
Covenanter leaders, including Archibald Campbell, 8th earl of Argyll. When
Charles visited Scotland in August 1641, he promised Campbell that he
would submit to the demands of the Scottish Parliament. While still in
Scotland, the king received word of a rebellion in Ireland in which
thousands of English colonists were massacred. When he returned to London
in November, he tried to have Parliament raise an army, under his control,
to put down the Irish revolt. Parliament, fearing that the army would be
used against itself, refused, and issued the Grand Remonstrance, a list of
reform demands, including the right of Parliament to approve the king's
ministers. Charles appeared in the House of Commons with an armed force
and tried to arrest Pym and four members. The country was aroused, and the
king fled with his family from London. Both sides then raised armies. The
supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads, and those of the king,
Cavaliers. The first civil war of the English Revolution, now inevitable,
began at Edgehill on October 23, 1642. The Cavaliers were initially
successful, but after a series of reverses Charles gave himself up to the
Scottish army on May 5, 1646. Having refused to accept Presbyterianism, he
was delivered (June 1647) to the English Parliament. Later he escaped to
the Isle of Wight but was imprisoned there. By this time a serious
division had occurred between Parliament and the army. Oliver Cromwell and
his supporters, the Independents, compelled Parliament to pass an act of
treason against further negotiation with the king.

Eventually, the moderate Parliamentarians were forcibly ejected by the
Independents, and the remaining legislators, who formed the so-called Rump
Parliament, appointed a court to try the king. On January 20, 1649, the
trial began in Westminster Hall. Charles denied the legality of the court
and refused to plead. On January 27 he was sentenced to death as a tyrant,
murderer, and enemy of the nation. Scotland protested, the royal family
entreated, and France and the Netherlands interceded, in vain. He was
beheaded at Whitehall, London, on January 30, 1649. Subsequently Oliver
Cromwell became chairman of the council of state, a parliamentary agency
that governed England as a republic.

King Charles suffered from an extreme form of depression. He died quite sick. He was executed during at the close of the English Civil War. Suffered the same fate as his mother, Mary Queen of Scots.

CREATED 11TH PRINCE OF WALES 1616; DUKE OF YORK; KG; "OF DUNFERMLINE"; ACCEDED
3/27/1625 (CROWNED WESTMINSTER); RULED FROM 1625-1649; BEHEADED 1/30/1649 BY
FORCES OF OLIVER CROMWELL [COMMONWEALTH UNDER LORDS PROTECTOR OLIVER CROMWELL
12/1653-9/1658 & RICHARD CROMWELL 9/1658-5/1569]

KING

Charles I (1600-49), king of Great Britain and Ireland, in 1623 proceeded in company with Buckingham to the Spanish court, Madrid, to win the hand of the Spanish Infata. The English people, however, hailed with joy the rupture with Spain which ensued upon CharlesXs pique at his failure. But he immediately dashed his peopleXs Protestant hopes by marrying the French (Roman Catholic) princess Henrietta Maria by proxy. Succeeding his father in 1625, he was soon involved in controversy with Parliament, particularly regarding the revenues rendered necessary by the extravagant policy of Buckingham; after BuckinghamXs assassination (1628) he yielded his will to Queen Henrietta, whose influence over him was unbounded, and in the end fatal. In 1626, by the aid of loans and pawning the crown jewels, he fitted out two expeditions against Cadiz, which ended in failure. Charles was not by nature a tyrant, perhaps not even a bigot; but the force of his two chief advisors - Laud (made arcbishop of Canterbury, 1633) and Strafford drove him not only into violating the liberties which Englishmen held dear, but into irritating the conscience of England by carrying out LaudXs High Church ideas. He levied and raised money by granting monopolies and demanding ship money from the seaports (1634). In 1639 Laud drove the Scots to rebellion by his attempts to force a liturgy on them.These two events induced Charles to summon Parliament, of which two - the XShort ParliamentX (of three weeksX duration) and the XLong ParliamentX - met in 1640. The Long Parliament impeached Strafford and forced Charles to assentto a bill enacting that Parliament could not be dissolved save with its own consent. Thus began the long struggle between Charles and Parliament; and the Long Parliament outlasted him. Charles hoped to win the Scots to his side. His return to London was marked by the Grand Remonstrance. The royal standard was raised at Nottingham, and civil war broke out. It ended with the disastrous battle of Naseby (1645). He surrendered himself to the Scots at Newark in 1646, who gave him up to the English; the story of his execution at Whitehall has a dignity which in part redeems his character. He was a pattern of the domestic virtues, but he was both too obstinate and too weak to cope with the tremendous issues he raised. [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

Notes on Charles I, King of England
Charles, born at Dunfermline, was a sickly child, unable to speak till his fifth year, and so weak in the ankles that till his seventh he had to crawl upon his hands and knees. Except for a stammer, he outgrew both defects, and became a skilled tilter and marksman, as well as an accomplished scholar and a diligent student of theology. He was created Duke of Albany at his baptism, Duke of York in 1605, and Prince of Wales in 1616, four years after the death of Prince Henry had left him heir to the crown. The Spanish match had been mooted as early as 1614; but it was not till 17 Feb 1623, that, with Buckingham, Charles started on the romantic incognito journey to Madrid. Nothing short of his conversion would have satisfied the Spanish and papal courts; and on 5 Oct, he landed again in England, eager for rupture with Spain. The nationXs joy was speedily dashed by his betrothal to the French princess, Henrietta Maria (1609-1669); for the marriage articles pledged him to permit her the free exercise of the Catholic religion, and to give her the upbringing of their children till the age of thirteen. On 27 Mar 1625, Charles succeeded his father, James I; on June 13 he welcomed his little bright-eyed queen at Dover, having married her by proxy six weeks earlier. Barely a twelve-month was over when he packed off her troublesome retinue to France - a bishop and 29 priests, with 410 more male and female attendants. Thenceforth their domestic life was a happy one; and during the twelve years following the murder of Buckingham (1592-1628), in whose hands he had been a mere tool, Charles gradually came to yield himself up to her unwise influence, not wholly indeed, but more than to that of Strafford even, or Laud. Three parliaments were summoned and dissolved in the first four years of the reign; then for eleven years Charles ruled without one, in its stead with subservient judges and the courts of Star Chamber and High Commission. In 1627 he had blundered into an inglorious French war; but with France he concluded peace in 1629, with Spain in 1630. Peace, economy and arbitrary taxation were to solve the great problem of his policy - how to get money, yet not account for it. The extension of the ship-tax to the inland counties was met by HampdenXs passive resistance (1637); LaudXs attempt to Anglicise the Scottish Church, by the active resistance of the whole northern nation (1639). Once more Charles had to call a parliament: two met in 1640, the Short Parliament, which lasted but three weeks, and the Long, which outlasted Charles. {BurkeXs Peerage and ChamberXs Biographical Dictionary} It met to pronounce StraffordXs doom; and, his plot with the army detected, Charles basely sacrificed his loyal servitor to fears for the queenXs safety, at the same time assenting to a second bill by which the existing parliament might not be dissolved without its own consent. That pledge, as extorted by force, Charles purposed to disregard; and during his visit to Edinburgh, in the autumn of 1641, he trusted by lavish concessions to bring over the Scots to his side. Instead, he got entangled in dark suspicions of plotting the murder of the Covenanting lords, of connivance even in the Ulstermassacre. Still, his return to London was welcomed with some enthusiasm, and a party was forming in the Commons itself of men who revolted from the sweeping changes that menaced both church and state. PymXs "Grand Remonstrance" justified their fears, and Charles seemed to justify the "Grand Remonstrance" by his attempt to arrest the five members (4 Jan 1642); but that ill-stricken blow was dictated by the knowledge of an impending impeachment of the queenherself. On August 22 he raised the royal standard at Nottingham; and the four yearsX Civil War commenced, in which, as at Naseby, he showed no lack of physical courage, and which resulted at Naseby in the utter annihilation of his cause (June 14, 1645). Quitting his last refuge, Oxford, he surrendered himself on 5 May 1646, to the Scots at Newark, and by them in the following January was handed over to the parliament. His four monthsX captivity at HolmbyHouse, near Northampton; his seizure, on 3 Jun, by Cornet Joyce; the three months at Hampton Court; the flight on 11 Nov; the fresh captivity at Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight, these lead up to the XtrialX at Westminsterof the "tyrant, traitor, and murderer, Charles Stuart". He had drawn the sword, and by the sword he perished, for it was the army not parliament, that stood at the back of his judges. Charles faced them bravely, and with dignity.Thrice he refused to plead, denying the competence of such a court; and his refusal being treated as a confession, on 30 Jan 1649, he died on the scaffold in front of Whitehall, with a courage worthy of a martyr. On the snowy 7thof February they bore the "white king" to his grave at Windsor in Henry VIIIXs vault; in 1813 the Prince Regent had his leaden coffin opened. Six children survived him - Charles and James, his successors; Mary, Princess of Orange(1631-60); Elizabeth (1635-50); Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1639-60); and Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans (1644-70), the last born ten weeks after CharlesXs final parting from his queen. [GADD.GED]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Joanna Brydges. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Charles giftet seg med Henriette Marie de Bourbon, princesse de France 13 Jun 1625, Canterbury, England. Henriette ble født 25 Nov 1609 , Hotel du Louvre,Paris,France; ble døpt 5 Jun 1614 , Louvre; døde 10 Sep 1669, Château de Colombes; ble begravet 12 Sep 1669, Basilique Saint Denis, Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} a short summary from Wikipedia :

Charles II

King of Scotland

Reign: 30 January 1649 X 3 September 1651

Coronation: 1 January 1651

Predecessor: Charles I

Successor Military government led by George Monck

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland

Reign 29 May 1660[2] X 6 February 1685

Coronation 23 April 1661

Predecessor Charles I (de jure)

Council of State (de facto)

Successor James II & VII

Spouse Catherine of Braganza

Issue

Illegitimate:

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth

Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth

Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland

Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield

Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton

George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland

Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans

Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond

House: House of Stuart

Father: Charles I

Mother: Henrietta Maria of France

Born: 29 May 1630 (N.S.: 8 June 1630)

St. James's Palace, London England

Died: 6 February 1685 (aged 54) (N.S.: 16 February 1685)

Whitehall Palace, London

Burial: Westminster Abbey

Religion: Anglican, converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed

=============================================================================

Wikipedia Links:

[http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_II_van_Engeland Afrikaans],
[http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7 XXXXXXX],
[http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_II_%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82 XXXXXXXXXX],
[http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_II XXXXXXXXX],
[http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_II,_kralj_Engleske Bosanski],
[http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_II._Stuart Xesky],
[http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_2._af_England Dansk],
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_II._England Deutsch],
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%27_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82 XXXXXXXX],
[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_II_de_Inglaterra Español],
[http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II Eesti],
[http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 XXXXX],
[http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarle_II_Englanti Suomi],
[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_d%27Angleterre Français],
[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94 XXXXX],
[http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_II.,_kralj_Engleske Hrvatski],
[http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._K%C3%A1roly_angol_kir%C3%A1ly Magyar],
[http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_dari_Inggris Bahasa Indonesia],
[http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_2._Englandskonungur Íslenska],
[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_II_d%27Inghilterra Italiano],
[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA2%E4%B8%96_%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B XXX],
[http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8 XXX],
[http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolis_II_Anglija LietuviX],
[http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_II_Stjuarts LatvieXu],
[http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_dari_England Bahasa Melayu],
[http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_II_van_Engeland Nederlands],
[http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_II_av_England XNorsk (bokmål)X],
[http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_II_Stuart Polski],
[http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_II_de_Inglaterra Português],
[http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_al_II-lea_al_Angliei RomânX],
[http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_II_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8 XXXXXXX],
[http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_II._Anglicko SlovenXina],
[http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_II_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82 XXXXXX / Srpski],
[http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_II_av_England Svenska],
[http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9 XXX],
[http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Charles_%C4%B0ngiltere Türkçe],
[http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_II_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97 XXXXXXXXXX],
[http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh TiXng ViXt]

=============================================================================

other Links:

http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=charles2

http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_3.htm

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1975

http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=3985

http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles2.htm

http://www.nndb.com/people/554/000093275/

http://www.royalist.info/execute/biog?person=270

http://thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101388

=============================================================================

Charles II (of England) (1630-85), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland
(1660-85), whose reign marked a period of relative stability after the
upheaval of the English Revolution.

Charles was born in London on May 29, 1630. He was the second, but eldest
surviving, son of King Charles I and was prince of Wales from birth. He
took his seat in the House of Lords in 1641 and held a nominal military
command in the early campaigns of the first civil war of the English
Revolution. He later fled from England and went into exile at The Hague,
the Netherlands, from where he made two attempts to save his father. On
the execution of Charles I in 1649, Charles II assumed the title of king
and was so proclaimed in Scotland and sections of Ireland, and in England,
then ruled by Oliver Cromwell. After an acknowledgment of the faults of
his father, Charles accepted the Scottish crown on January 1, 1651, at
Scone from the Scottish noble Archibald Campbell, 8th earl of Argyll. He
invaded England the following August with 10,000 men and was proclaimed
king at Carlisle and other places along his route. His army, however, was
routed by Cromwell at Worcester on September 3, 1651. After this battle
Charles fled to France.

He spent eight years in poverty and dissipation while in exile on the
Continent. In 1658, following the death of Cromwell and the succession of
his son, Richard, as Lord Protector, the demand for the restoration of
royalty increased. In February 1660, General George Monck led an army into
London and forced the Rump Parliament to dissolve. In April, in the
Declaration of Breda, Charles announced his intention to accept a
parliamentary government and to grant amnesty to his political opponents.
A new Parliament requested Charles to return and proclaimed him king on
May 8, 1660. He landed at Dover on May 26 and was welcomed at Whitehall by
Parliament three days later.

Charles was crowned on April 23, 1661. Noted for subservience and
insistence on royal prerogative, his first Parliament was overwhelmingly
Royalist and gave him free rein. Edward Hyde, 1st earl of Clarendon, his
companion in exile, was appointed chief minister. Clarendon restored the
supremacy of the Church of England, and English and Scottish
Nonconformists and Presbyterians were persecuted contrary to the
Declaration of Breda. Extravagant and always in want of money, Charles
assented to the abolition of the feudal rights of knight service,
wardship, and purveyance in consideration of a large annuity that,
however, was never fully paid. On May 20, 1662, he married the Portuguese
princess Catherine of Braganza (1638-1705) for her large dowry. The
failure of Parliament to produce the amount agreed on and the chronic
mismanagement of the English finances brought the king to a desperate need
of money. In return for subsidies from Louis XIV of France, Charles formed
a secret alliance with that country; in 1672 that alliance plunged England
into a war with the Netherlands.

The war was popular. Commercial and colonial rivalry had already brought
about two wars between the two countries, the last one occurring between
1665 and 1667. The Dutch War of 1672 resulted in the English acquisition
of the Dutch colony of New Netherland (now New York). Knowledge of his
negotiations with France, together with his efforts to become an absolute
ruler, brought Charles into conflict with Parliament, which, buoyed by
French subsidies, he dissolved in 1681. The struggle was heightened by
enactment of the anti-Catholic Test Acts and by the so-called popish plot
fabricated by Titus Oates. From 1681 until his death on February 6, 1685,
Charles ruled without Parliament. Although a member of the Anglican
church, Charles received the last rites of the Roman Catholic church. He
was succeeded by his brother James II.

BIOGRAPHY: In exile from 1649 - 1650 and 1651 - 1660, Died of a stroke.

DECLARED 12TH PRINCE OF WALES 1630 BUT NEVER FORMALLY CREATED AS SUCH;
"OF ST. JAMES'S"; DUKE OF CORNWALL, ROTHSAY; ACCEDED 1/30/1649 (CROWNED SCONE
1651); LIVED IN EXILE IN FRANCE, GERMANY AND HOLLAND 1651-1660; RESTORED (AND
CROWNED AGAIN AT WESTMINSTER 5/29/1661); RULED FROM 1661-1685

DUKE OF CORNWALL

stuart

Stuart

Notes on Charles II, King of England (ruled 1660-1685)
Charles was born at St JamesXs Palace 29 May 1630. He was created Prince of Wales in his ninth year; on the outbreak of the Civil War, he accompanied his father at the battle of Edgehill. By 1644, the Royalist cause had declined so sharply that Charles was forced into exile, first to Scilly and Jersey - where James, Duke of Monmouth, was begotten of his liaison with Lucy Walter - and finally to France. His offer to agree to any conditions that would preserve his FatherXs life having been rejected, on the royal captiveXs execution, Charles Stewart assumed the title of King. In 1650, he agreed to the terms laid down by the Scottish Commissioners, and having subscribed to the Covenant, he was crowned at Scone on 1 Jan 1651. He speedily found himself the prisoner of rancorous politico-religious factions far too busy quarrelling amongst themselves to combine to assert the KingXs title. Marching into England at the head of a scratch force lacking in all cohesion and control, he suffered such grievous defeat at Worcester (3 Sep 1651) that flight was inevitable. With £1,000 set on his head by Parliament, for forty-four days he stole through the Western counties, only preserved from capture by the unswerving devotion of the many loyalists, of all classes, who risked their lives to help him on his way. Finally smuggled aboard a coal-brig at Shoreham, he was safely landed in Normandy. Nine years of wandering, indigent exile ensued before a distracted and impoverished England, in dread of a revival of military despotism, summoned Charles to take up the reins of government; a recall very largelyengineered by General George Monck. Landing at Dover, Charles entered London in triumph on 29 May 1660. Two years later he married the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, but the union was childless. The first seven years of the reign were characterised by a loyal parliament and widespread constitutional support for a Church and State as anti-Catholic as it was anti-Puritan; although ClarendonXs control of policy exhibited an inflexible authoritarianism dangerously at variance with the prevailing climate of opinion. The intransigent attitude of the extremist Catholic-Presbyterian "Cabal" was ultimately reduced to impotence by the provisions of the Test Act of 1673. But failure to appreciate that the retention of Dunkirk without Calais to support it was no more than an empty gesture, rendered CharlesXs sale of the former Cromwellian incubus extremely unpopular; while the limited success attending theattempt to win back the valuable trans-oceanic carrying trade from the Dutch by the war of 1665 aroused general dissatisfaction. This was further exacerbated by de RuyterXs destructive raid on shipping in the Medway and Thamesmouth, where much of the Fleet had been "laid up in ordinary" for want of an adequate parliamentary grant to fit it out and the necessary seafarers to man it - this last a consequence of the Great Plague. ClarendonXs alleged mismanagement of the war led to his dismissal, hard on the conclusion of the Peace of Breda (1667). This was the outcome of the exhaustion of both belligerents, and left France free to pursue her design for an Anglo-Gallic combination against the States General. This aim was temporarily checked by Sir William TempleXs negotiations for a triple alliance between Britain, Holland and Sweden, a sop to the party of the "Cabal." But denied the requisite funds - particularly for the upkeep of the Navy by ShaftesburyXs intemperate "Country Party," Charles, believing that a kingXs only morality is the welfare of his people, and that an Anglo-French alliance against Holland was the only alternative to a dangerously powerful Franco-Dutch coalition against Britain, signed the secret Treaty of Dover (1670). If by this pact the British sovereign became in some sort the pensioner of Louis of France, he sinuously contrived to evade the services expected of him in return, including the forcible conversion of his realm to Roman Catholicism, while sedulously devoting £76,000 of his first subsidy of £84,700 to the build-up of a fighting marine powerful enough to exact wary respect from Frenchman and Hollander alike. The Dutch War of 1672 sufficiently avenged the Medway raid; but Gallic co-operation therein was so half-hearted that public opinion refused to support a conflict in which "the French only accompanied their allies to the scene of action to see if the British Navy earned its pay." Peace with Holland was concluded and cemented by the marriage of CharlesXs niece, Mary, to the Prince of Orange. With Shaftesbury heading an Opposition intent on making the utmost political capital out of Titus OatesXs trumped-up "Popish Plot," Charles steered an astutely prudent course. Pretending to be duly impressed by reported machinations too infeasible to beguile any but the most gullible, he nonetheless steadfastly refused to tamper with the succession to exclude his brother James. The immoderate violence of the Whig leaders, together with the unmasking of the Rye House Plot to assassinate the king and his brother, turned the tide in CharlesXs favour. With his implacable opponents vanquished, for the last three years of his life Charles reigned tranquilly and without obstruction. Stricken with apoplexy, he died on 6 Feb 1685. Shrewd, supple and of great political acumen, Charles was "an exact knower of mankind" and one who "had a world of wit and not a grain of ill-nature in him" (Defoe). Above all, he was determined torestore his countryXs prosperity and safeguard it by building the most powerful Navy afloat. Inheriting a tremendous load of debt and an Exchequer containing exactly £11, 2s. 10d., by 1685 he had wrought so well that "there were more men to be found on the Exchange worth £10, 000 than in 1651 had been worth £1,000" (Sir Josiah Child). Indeed, "England has rarely been so prosperous as under Charles II" (Sir Charles Petrie), and the rise in living standardswas shared by all classes. The Fleet was stronger than at any time under the Parliament, while 300,000 tons of merchant shipping wore the English flag. MenXs liberty had been underwritten by the passage of the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679; science had been advanced by the construction of Greenwich Observatory and the production of the Nautical Almanac. Charles sharply differentiated between his duties as a sovereign and his indulgences as a man. If his numerous amours expanded the ranks of the nobility with a dozen natural offspring, no woman who had granted him her favours could justly accuse him of ingratitude or neglect. His marriage being childless, he was succeeded by his brother, James. {BurkeXs Peerage and ChamberXs Biographical Dictionary} {Concise Dictionary of National Biography} Succeeded to the throne after his FatherXs execution by the Parliamentarians. Forced into exile in France, he returned with the Restoration period in 1660. He changed the spelling of his family to Stuart after the French fashion. [GADD.GED]

Rentrâe de son exil en Hollande, il monte sur le trãone d'Angleterre en 1660.

After the civil war parliment wouldn't have him as king. But as thing go there was a reformation and Charles was called back home from France to ascend the throne. He became King of England, Scotland and Ireland. His father, Chales I was executed and lost his head at Whitehall jan 30, 1649 at the end of the English Civil War. During Charles rein the great fire of London occurred as well as the great plague.
Charles died painfully suffering from kidney dysfunction.

Charles giftet seg med Catherine Henrietta de Braganza, Queen consort of England, Scotland and I 21 Mai 1662, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. Catherine ble født 25 Nov 1638 til cirka 1 , Vila Viçosa, Évora, Portugal; døde 31 Des 1705, Bemposta Palace, Lisbon, Portugal; ble begravet 31 Des 1705, Pantheon of the royal House of Braganza, Sao Vicente de Fora, Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Margaret de Carteret (Cartright). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Lucy Walter, Mistress of Charles II. Lucy ble født cirka 1630 , Roch Castle, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales; døde cirka 1658 til cirka 1670, Paris, France. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Elizabeth Killigrew, Lady Shannon. Elizabeth ble født 16 Mai 1622; døde cirka Des 1680. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Catherine Pegge. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Barbara Villiers, 1st Duchess of Cleveland. Barbara ble født 17 Nov 1640 , St. Margarets; ble døpt 17 Nov 1640 , St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, London, England; døde 9 Okt 1709, Chiswick,, Middlesex, England; ble begravet 13 Okt 1709, Chiswick, Middlesex, England. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Eleanor "Nell" Gwyn, The Actress. Eleanor ble født cirka Feb 1650 , Convent Gardens; døde 14 Nov 1687, Pall Mall. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. Louise ble født cirka Sep 1649 , Kerouaille; døde 14 Nov 1734, Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Mary Davies, Royal Mistress of Charles II. Mary ble født cirka 1648 , Westminster, Middlesex, England; døde cirka 1708. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Jane Middleton. Jane ble født 21 Des 1661; døde 7 Jun 1740. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Frances Theresa Stuart. Frances ble født cirka 1647 , Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France; døde 15 Okt 1702. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Hortense Mancini, Royal Mistress of Charles II. Hortense ble født 6 Jun 1646 , Rome, ITALIE; døde cirka 1699, Chelsea, Londres, GRANDE BRETAGNE. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Elizabeth Jones. Elizabeth ble født cirka 1665; døde cirka 1758. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Mary Beatrix D'este De Modena. Mary ble født cirka 1658; døde cirka 1718. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange

http://thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101389

http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=4017

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=36429362

Her descendants were excluded from the throne by the Act of Succession.

Died of the scourge of the small pox.

Belle et spirituelle, elle inspire un vif penchant penchant áa son beau-fráere, Louis XIV.

Elle nâegocie avec son fráere, le roi CharlesãEII d'Angleterre, le traitâe de Douvres en 1670.

Elle meurt subitement et Bossuet prononcera son oraison funáebre.

Line 7943 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
BURI CONT Married Phillipe who was her 1st cousin. She had one son and
three

Line 7944 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
BURI CONT daughters. The representation of the Royal Houses of Stuart,
Tudor, Plantagenet

Line 7945 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
BURI CONT and Normandy is vested in the descendants of the Princess
Henrietta, Duchess of

Line 7946 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
BURI CONT Orleans, but being Roman Catholics they were excluded from the
succession to the

Line 7947 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
BURI CONT throne by the Act of Settlement 1788(?).

PRINCESS ROYAL

Mary giftet seg med Willem van Nassau-Dillenburg 2 Mai 1641, The Hague, Holland (South), Netherlands. Willem ble født 27 Mai 1626 , The Hague, The Hague, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands; døde 6 Nov 1650, The Hague, The Hague, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands; ble begravet 8 Mar 1651, Delft, Netherland. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Younger brother of Chalres and "Spare"

{geni:about_me} *Younger brother of Charles II, third son of Charles I
*Knight of the Garter, 20 April 1642

==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10136.htm#i101351 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=4028 Geneall]
*[http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=james2 Royal Family History]
*[http://www.nndb.com/people/553/000093274/ NNDB]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England Wikipedia]
*'''King of England, Scotland and Ireland:''' Reign 6 February 1685X11 December 1688 Coronation 23 April 1685
>'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Charles-II-of-England/6000000002529545042 Charles II] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/Willem-III-van-Orange-Nassau-King-of-England-Ireland-William-II-of-Scotland/6000000003285553237 William III & II] and [http://www.geni.com/people/Mary-II-of-England/6000000003285472970 Mary II]

Il sera le dernier roi Stuart.
Sa politique absolutiste et sa conviction catholique seront áa l'origine de la râevolution de 1688.

James II (of Great Britain) (1633-1701), king of England, Scotland, and
Ireland (1685-88).

James was born on October 14, 1633, in London, the second surviving son of
King Charles I and his consort, Henrietta Maria. He was created duke of
York and Albany in 1634. After the execution of his father, he was taken
to the Continent, and in 1657 he entered the Spanish service in the war
against England. At the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, his brother
became king as Charles II, and James was made lord high admiral of
England. In the same year he married Anne Hyde (1637-71), daughter of
Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon. In 1672 James made a public profession of
his conversion to the Roman Catholic faith. The following year the English
Parliament passed the first of the Test Acts disqualifying Catholics from
holding office, and James resigned as lord high admiral. Shortly after, he
married Mary Beatrice of Modena (1658-1718), a Roman Catholic. In 1679 the
House of Commons unsuccessfully attempted to bar James from the throne.

On the death of Charles in 1685, James became king. In the same year he
crushed a revolt in England by his nephew, James Scott, duke of Monmouth,
and another in Scotland led by Archibald Campbell, earl of Argyll. James
alienated many supporters by his severe reprisals, especially by a series
of repressive trials, the Bloody Assizes. James attempted to win the
support of the Dissenters and the Roman Catholics in 1687 by ending
religious restrictions, but instead increased the religious tensions. The
birth of his son, James Francis Edward Stuart, on June 10, 1688, seemed to
ensure a Roman Catholic succession. The opposition leaders soon thereafter
invited James's son-in-law, William of Orange, later William III, to take
the English throne, thus touching off the Glorious Revolution. William
landed in England in November 1688 and marched on London. He was hailed as
a deliverer, and James, deserted by his troops, fled to France, where he
was aided by King Louis XIV. In 1690, with a small body of French troops,
James landed in Ireland in an attempt to regain his throne. He was
defeated in battle at the Boyne and returned to France, where he remained
in Saint-Germain-en-Laye until his death on September 16, 1701.

DUKE OF YORK; KG; EARL OF ULSTER; ACCEDED 2/6/1685; DECLARED TO HAVE ABDICATED
12/11/1688; INTERREGNUM 12/11/1688-2/13/1689

James II (1633-1701), king of Great Britain and Ireland, was born in London, the second son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. The excitement over the popish plot necessitated his retirement from England and in 1679 the Exclusion Bill, to prevent his accession, was brought forward. The same year James returned and was sent to suppress the Covenanters in Scotland, which he did with much cruelty. At the close of 1680 the Exclusion Bill was thrown out by the Lords; and after a stormy period a reaction in favor of royalty set in, which continued till the death of Charles II in 1685, when he succeeded to the throne. Having overcome the rising of Monmouth, James set up a new Court of Ecclesiastical Commission, and issued his first Declaration of Indulgence. In April 1688 he issued his second Declaration of Indulgence. Seven bishops petitioned against the kingXs illegal command, and were tried. Their acquittal wasfollowed by an invitation to William of Orange to come over to England and his acceptance was followed by JamesX flight to France. One of his daughters, Mary, married the Prince of Orange. Another succeeded to the English throne as Queen Anne. His son by his second wife, James Francis Edward, is known as the Old Pretender. Louis XIV received him kindly. [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

Fled the country 11 Dec 1688. Declared to have Abdicated by Parliament, 28 Jan 1689. [GADD.GED]



Deposed for being a catholic and fled the country to France and lived under the protection of Louis XIV.
At the beginning, he ascended the throne because his brother Charles left no "legitimate" heirs borne of his queen. There was a civila war and a lot of James' trusted friends defected on the side of the protestant faction. James was forced to leave his beloved country. Oddly enough, his niece, the daughter of Charles I, was a protestant and ascended the throne with her first cousin, William of Orange.

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester. Catherine ble født 21 Des 1657 , London, England; ble døpt 28 Des 1657 , St-Giles-in-the-Field, Holburn; døde 26 Okt 1717, Bath, Bath and North East Somerset, England; ble begravet 8 Sep 1729, (reinterment). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

James giftet seg med Mary Manning cirka 1655, Greater London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom. Mary ble født cirka 1637 , Ipswich,, New York; døde cirka Nov 1668, Elizabethtown, Middlesex Co., New Jersey. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Anne Hyde, Duchess of York. Anne ble født 12 Mar 1637 til cirka M , Cranbourne Lodge, Windsor Park, England; ble døpt cirka 1670; døde 31 Mar 1671, Saint James Palace, London, Middlesex, England; ble begravet cirka 1671, Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

James giftet seg med Arabella Churchill, Royal Mistress of James II cirka 1669, Of, France. Arabella ble født 23 Feb 1648 , Musbury, Devonshire, England; ble døpt 16 Mar 1647 , Chapel at Ashe - Devonshire; døde 30 Mai 1730, Westminster, Middlesex, England; ble begravet , Westminster Abbey, London, Middlesex, England. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

James giftet seg med Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel d'Este 21 Nov 1673, Dover, England. Mary ble født 25 Sep 1658 , Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italia; døde 7 Mai 1718, St Germain-en-Laye, Île-de-France, France; ble begravet cirka 1718, Convent Of, Chaillot, France. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of Gloucester

{geni:about_me} Henry Stuart, 1st and last Duke of Gloucester (1)

M, #101393, b. 8 July 1640, d. 13 September 1660

Last Edited=7 Dec 2008

Consanguinity Index=0.44%

Henry Stuart, 1st and last Duke of Gloucester was born on 8 July 1640 at Oatlands Park, Weybridge, Surrey, England. (3) He was the son of Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France.

He died on 13 September 1660 at age 20 at Whitehall Palace, Whitehall, London, England. (3) He was buried at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England. (3)

Henry Stuart, 1st and last Duke of Gloucester was invested as a Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.) on 4 April 1653. (3) He was created 1st Earl of Cambridge [England] on 13 May 1659. (1) He was created 1st Duke of Gloucester[England] on 13 May 1659. (1)

Forrás / Source:

http://thepeerage.com/p10140.htm

DUKE OF GLOUCESTER; EARL OF CAMBRIDGE; KG

Died unmarried and without issue. {Burke's Peerage} [GADD.GED]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Although she was born a princess, she lived in poverty.

Henrietta giftet seg med Philippe I de Bourbon, duc d'Orléans cirka 1661. Philippe ble født 21 Sep 1640 , Paris, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Île-de-France, France; døde 9 Jun 1701, château de Saint-Cloud; ble begravet , Basilique Saint-Denis. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} nun

{geni:about_me} She was a nun at Dunkirk, France

Died unmarried, and without issues

BIOGRAPHY: Nun at Dunkirk

Notater:

STILLBORN

Notater:

STILLBORN

Notater:

STILLBORN

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth

Monmouth was executed in 1685 after making an unsuccessful attempt to depose King James II, commonly called the Monmouth Rebellion. Declaring himself the legitimate King, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his position as the son (albeit illegitimate) of Charles II, and his Protestantism, in opposition to James, who was Catholic.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion

James Scott, Duke of Monmouth: During the Whig & Tory uprising in England, The Whig leaders, thwarted of their Exclusion Bill to keep James duke of York from the succession to the throne - found a Protestant here in king CharlesII's illegitimate son, James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth. (ca 1670) It was claimed that James Scott's mother (long since dead) had been married to Charles during his exile in Scotland, and that the proof was in a black box, and therefore he was the rightful heir to the throne. Monmouth, a weakling, allowed himself to b epushed forward by Shaftesbury as a possible successor to the throne. After long struggle, and James Scott's champion, Shaftesbury fledabroad and died in Holland, gave up his pretense and made peace with his father.

He was called James Fitzroy and James Crofts. He was a pretender to the
British throne. James was brought to England in 1662, where Charles
subsequently acknowledged him as his son and created him duke of Monmouth.
He married and took his wife's surname and the title duke of Buccleuch.
Captain of the king's troops in 1668, Monmouth was appointed captain
general of all English forces in 1678. He defeated the Scottish
Covenanters at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge in 1679.

Charles II had no legitimate heirs. The English Protestant leaders tried
to force the king to name Monmouth, also a Protestant, as successor, but
Charles instead named his brother James, a Roman Catholic, and banished
Monmouth from England. The initial success of the Exclusion Bill, a
measure barring James from succession, permitted Monmouth to return to
London, but he fled again in 1683 after the disclosure of the Rye House
Plot. On his father's death in 1685, Monmouth returned to England to claim
the Crown. He gathered followers and succeeded in capturing Axminster and
Taunton, but was defeated by the English soldier John Churchill, 1st duke
of Marlborough. He was captured and executed for treason.

DUKE OF MONMOUTH; NATURAL SON; EXECUTED

Notes on James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, also called James Fitzroy and James Crofts, illegitimate son of King Charles II and pretender to the British throne.
Born in the Netherlands, and reared on the Continent, James was brought to England, after the Restoration, in 1662, where Charles subsequently acknowledged him as his natural son and created him Duke of Monmouth. In 1663 he married Anne Scott, Countess of Buccleuch (1651-1732), and took her surname and the title Duke of Buccleuch. He was appointed Captain of the KingXs troops in 1668. Monmouth was appointed Captain General of all English forces in 1678. He defeated the Scottish Covenanters (a small group of Lowlanders who where protesting against the persecution of their Presbyterian faith) at the so-called Battle of Bothwell Bridge in 1679. Charles II had no legitimate heirs. TheEnglish Protestant leaders tried to force the King to name Monmouth, also a Protestant, as successor, but Charles instead named his brother James, who was a Roman Catholic, and banished Monmouth from England. The initial success of the Exclusion Bill, a measure barring James from succession, permitted Monmouth to return to London, but he fled again in 1683 after the disclosure of the Rye House Plot. On his father's death in 1685, Monmouth returned to England to claim the Crown. He gathered followers and succeeded in capturing Axminster and Taunton, but was defeated by the English soldier John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough at the Battle of Sedgemoor. He was captured and executed for treason. {BurkeXs Peerage and ChamberXs Biographical Dictionary} {Concise Dictionary of National Biography} [GADD.GED]

BIOGRAPHY: Duke of Monmouth

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Her paternity is in question, as she claimed it was King Charles II (which he refused to acknowledge), but Burkes Peerage states that it may have been Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington

NATURAL DAUGHTER

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy1
F, #105026, b. 1650, d. 28 July 1684

Last Edited=20 Jan 2011
Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy was born in 1650 illegitimately.2 She was the daughter of Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain and Elizabeth Killigrew.1 She married, firstly, James Howard, son of Thomas Howard.2She married, secondly, William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth, son of Sir Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth and Rebecca Clayton, on 17 July 1672.3 She died on 28 July 1684.3
Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy was also known as Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria Boyle.1 Her married name became Howard.2 From 17 July 1672, her married name became Paston.
Child of Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy and James Howard
Stuarta Howard4 d. 1706
Children of Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy and William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth
Lady Charlotte Paston+5
Charles Paston, Lord Paston+5 b. 29 May 1673, d. 15 Dec 1718
Lady Rebecca Paston+5 b. 14 Jan 1680/81
Captain Hon. William Paston5 b. 1682, d. 1711
Citations
[S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinctor Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume XI, page 655. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.
[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 256. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.
[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 1289. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
[S37] Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition, volume 3, page 3815.
[S37] Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
--------------------
Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy (or Fitzcharles; 1650X1684) was the illegitimate daughter of Charles II of England and Elizabeth Killigrew[1], a Maid of Honour to Charles' mother, Henrietta Maria of France. Charlotte wasa niece of Thomas Killigrew and stepdaughter of Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon.

She married James Howard, a grandson of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. In 1672 she married secondly William Paston, later the 2nd Earl of Yarmouth, a member of the gentry Paston family. Paston and his father, Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth, were in high favour with the Stuarts.

She died on 28 July 1684 and was interred at Westminster Abbey, London, England on 4 August 1684.

[edit] ChildrenWith her first husband James Howard she had a daughter:

Stuarta
Stuarta Werburge Howard held the office of Maid of Honour to Queen Mary II. She died in 1706, unmarried; she was engaged to the 1st Earl of Portland but the marriage never took place. This resulted in a duel between Portland and her stepfather, Yarmouth.
Charlotte had four children with her second husband, William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth.

Charles (1673X1718)
Charles Paston, Lord Paston, was born on 29 May 1673 and died on 15 December 1718, aged 45. He was married to Elizabeth Pitt and had a daughter, Hon. Elizabeth Paston.
Charlotte (1675X1736)
Lady Charlotte Paston married Thomas Herne of Haviland Hall, Norfolk, England, and had a son, Paston Herne, whose illegitimate daughter Anne Herne married Sir Everard Buckworth, 5th Baronet (later changed his name to Everard Buckworth-Herne), and was the mother of Sir Buckworth Buckworth-Herne-Soame, 6th Baronet. Lady Charlotte was also married to a Major Weldron.
Rebecca (1681X1726), married Sir John Holland, 2nd Baronet.
Lady Rebecca Paston, born 14 January 1680/81, married Sir John Holland, 2nd Baronet, and had at least three children.
William (1682X1711)
Hon. William Paston was born in 1682 and died in 1711, at about 29 years old, unmarried. He was a Captain in the Royal Navy.
[edit] References^ p.239, David Hilliam, Monarchs, Murders and Mistresses

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Died without issues

Wikipedia: English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_FitzCharles,_1st_Earl_of_Plymouth
--------------------
Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth
M, #105023, b. 1657, d. 17 October 1680

Last Edited=20 Jan 2011
Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth was born in 1657 illegitimately.1 He was the son of Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain and Catherine Pegge. He married Lady Bridget Osborne, daughter of Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds and Lady Bridget Bertie, on 12 September 1678 at Wimbledon, London, England.2 He died on 17 October 1680 at Tangier, Morocco, without issue.2
Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth gained the title of 1st Earl of Plymouth in 1675. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.3

Citations
[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 256. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.
[S323] Sir James Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, Scotland: David Douglas, 1904), volume I, page 30. Hereinafter cited as The Scots Peerage.
[S18] Matthew H.C.G., editor, Dictionary of National Biography on CD-ROM (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1995). Hereinafter cited as Dictionary of National Biography.

BIOGRAPHY: 1st Earl of Plymouth

EARL OF PLYMOUTH; NATURAL SON

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ====Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex (25 February 1661-2 X 16 May 1721-2), formerly Lady Anne Palmer, alias Fitzroy, was the eldest daughter of Barbara Palmer née Villiers, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, and most likely Charles II of England or Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield.
====She was born Anne Palmer on 25 February 1661 or 1662 at Westminster, England.[1] She was the first child of Barbara Palmer, who was the wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine, and who was also a mistress of Charles II.According to legend, Anne was conceived on the night of Charles's Coronation. Both Palmer and the king acknowledged Anne as his daughter and she later took on the surname of Fitzroy, meaning "son of the king," but she is generally assigned to the 2nd Earl of Chesterfield, "whom," says Lord Dartmouth, "she resembled very much both in face and person."[2]
====On 11 August 1674, at the age of thirteen and a half, Lady Anne was married, at Hampton Court, to the 15th Baron Dacre, a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the King. On the same day her younger sister, Lady Charlotte Fitzroy, was contracted at the age of ten, to Sir Edward Lee, raised from an early baronetcy to the Earldom of Lichfield two months before. He also was a Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber. Both the wedding and the dowry were paid for by Charles II. Dacre was subsequently created Earl of Sussex.
====At some point she had an almost certainly lesbian relationship with Hortense Mancini, a mistress of Anne's father, Charles II, and therefore a rival of her mother, his maîtresse en titre. To put an end to the affair, Anne's husband, Lord Sussex, removed his wife to the country. In the summer of 1678, Lady Sussex was abducted from a convent in Paris and seduced by Ralph Montagu (afterwards 1st Duke of Montagu). She was 17 years old. He was successivelythe lover of mother and daughter (the Duchess of Cleveland and Lady Sussex).[3] In a letter to King Charles, dated "Paris, Tuesday the 28th, 1678," her mother wrote:
==== I was never so surprised in my whole life-time as I was at my coming hither, to find my Lady Sussex gone from my house and monastery where I left her, and this letter from her, which I here send you the copy of. I never in my whole life-time heard of such government of herself as she has had since I went into England. She has never been in the monastery two days together, but every day gone out with the Ambassador (Ralph Montagu), and has often lain four days together at my house, and sent for her meat to the Ambassador; he being always with her till five o'clock in the morning, they two shut up together alone, and would not let my maitre d'hôtel wait, nor any of my servants,only the Ambassador's. This has made so great a noise at Paris, that she is now the whole discourse. I am so much afflicted that I can hardly write this for crying, to see a child, that I doted on as I did on her, should make me so ill a return, and join with the worst of men to ruin me.[4]
====Anne's husband the Earl of Sussex was a "popular but extravagant man"[5] who, by extravagance and losses by gambling, had to sell the estate of Herstmonceaux and others. Lord and Lady Sussex separated in 1688. She was widowedin 1715.
====The children of her union with Sussex were two sons, who died in infancy; and two daughters, who lived to adulthood, co-heirs of the Barony Dacre:[6]
* 1.Barbara Lennard: born 12 July 1676 at Westminster, London; died 1741 at Paris. Married Charles Skelton, Esq., Lieutenant-General in the French service, and Grand Croix de St. Louis. Died without issue.
* 2.Charles Lennard: born 25 May 1682 at Windsor Castle; died 13 March 1684. Lord Dacre.
* 3.Henry Lennard: born about 1683 at Herstmonceaux, Sussex; died in infancy.
* 4.Anne Lennard: born 17 August 1684 at Sussex; died 26 June 1755 at London. 16th Baroness Dacre in her own right. Married thrice;[7]
* (1) First, to Richard Barrett-Lennard, Esq. (died 1716), son of Dacre Barrett-Lennard and his wife Jane, eldest daughter of Arthur Chichester, the second Earl of Donegal. Died a few months after his marriage to the Lady Anne in 1716, leaving his wife with child. Their son was Thomas Barrett-Lennard, 17th Baron Dacre (1717 X 12 January 1786), who died without issue.
* (2) Secondly, to Henry Roper, 8th Baron Teynham (died 16 May 1723). Had, among other children, Charles, who m. Gertrude, sister and co-heir of John Trevor, esq. of Glynd, in Sussex, and left at his decease, in 1754, ....
* (3) Thirdly, to Roger Moore, Esq., fifth son of Henry, Earl of Drogheda, in Ireland, by whom she had one son, Henry.
====Her descendants include:
*Alexander Murray, 8th Earl of Dunmore
*Colonel Sir William Robert Campion
*Thomas Coke, 3rd Earl of Leicester
*William Legge, 7th Earl of Dartmouth
*Gerald Legge, 9th Earl of Dartmouth
*Lady Elizabeth Basset
*Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield
*Nigel Forbes, 22nd Lord Forbes
*Dermot Chichester, 7th Marquess of Donegall
*Lavinia Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk
*Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 4th Baron Acton
*Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne
*Windham Wyndham-Quin, 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl
*Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury
*Max Wyndham, 2nd Baron Egremont
*Sir Hugh Barrett-Lennard, 6th Baronet
====Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex should not be confused with her daughter, Anne Barrett-Lennard, 16th Baroness Dacre.
====The Countess of Sussex died May 16, 1721 or 1722, and was buried at Linsted, County Kent.
====References
*1.^ June Ferguson's Royalty GED
*2.^ From Burnet's History of his Own Times, quoted in G. Steinman Steinman's A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, 1871, page 26.
*3.^ Cunningham and Goodwin's The Story of Nell Gwyn, 1903, page 196.
*4.^ "Memoirs of the Court of England"
*5.^ From John Heneage Jesse's Memoirs of the Court of England During the Reign of the Stuarts, 1855, page 170.
*6.^ [1]
*7.^ From Booker, von Alvensleben, W Owen's The Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1790, pages 372-374.
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Lennard,_Countess_of_Sussex
*____________
*''''''Lady Anne Palmer1
*''''''F, #108411, b. 25 February 1660/61, d. 16 May 1722
*Last Edited=20 Jan 2011
*Consanguinity Index=0.0%
*''''''Lady Anne Palmer was born illegitimately on 25 February 1660/61.1 She was the daughter of Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain and Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland.3,1 She married Thomas Lennard, 1st and last Earl of Essex, son of Francis Lennard, 14th Lord Dacre and Elizabeth Bayning, Countess of Shepey, on 16 May 1674.4 She died on 16 May 1722 at age 61.4
*'''''' She was also known as Anne Fitzroy.3 On 28 February 1672/73 she was acknowledged as daughter of King Charles II by Warrant.5 From 16 May 1674, her married name became Lennard. As a result of her marriage, Lady Anne Palmer was styled as Countess of Essex on 5 October 1674.1
*''''''Children of Lady Anne Palmer and Thomas Lennard, 1st and last Earl of Essex
**1.Henry Lennard4
**2.Lady Barbara Lennard4 b. 12 Jul 1676, d. 1741
**3.Charles Lennard, Lord Dacre4 b. 3 Jun 1682, d. 13 Mar 1683/84
**4.Anne Lennard, Baroness Dacre+4 b. 17 Aug 1684, d. 26 Jun 1755
*Citations
*1.[S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume III, page 91. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.
*2.[S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family."
*3.[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 256. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.
*4.[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 1014. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
*5.[S323] Sir James Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, Scotland: David Douglas, 1904), volume I, page 31. Hereinafter cited as The Scots Peerage.
*http://thepeerage.com/p10842.htm#i108411
*________________

Notater:

BIOGRAPHY: 1st Duke of Southhamptom

1ST DUKE OF SOUTHAMPTON; NATURAL SON

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton was born on 28 September 1663.1 He was the son of Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain and Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland.1 He married Lady Isabella Bennet, Countess of Arlington, daughter of Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington and Isabella de Nassau, on 1 August 1672.3 Henry and Isabella were remarried in a religious ceremony on 6 November 1679.3 He died on 9 October 1690 at age 27, killed inaction.3 He was buried on 27 October 1690 at Euston, Suffolk, England.3

Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton was invested as a Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.).3 He was created 1st Baron Sudbury of Sudbury, co. Suffolk [England] on 16 August 1672, with a special remainder to his younger brother,George.1 He was created 1st Viscount Ipswich, co. Suffolk [England] on 16 August 1672, with a special remainder to his younger brother, George.1 He was created 1st Earl of Euston, co. Suffolk [England] on 16 August 1672, with a special remainder to his younger brother, George.4 He was created 1st Duke of Grafton, co. Northampton [England] on 11 September 1675.1 He held the office of Vice-Admiral of England between 1682 and 1689.1 In 1685 he helped to put down the Duke of Monmouth's rising.5 He held the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Suffolk between 1685 and 1689.1 He held the office of Lord High Constable on 23 April 1685.1 He fought in the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690, where he distinguished himself.5 He fought in the Siege of Cork in October 1690.5 He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.6



Child of Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton and Lady Isabella Bennet, Countess of Arlington

1.Charles Fitzroy, 2nd Duke of Grafton+ b. 25 Oct 1683, d. 6 May 1757.3

Citations

1.[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 2, page 1616. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.

2.[S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message from unknown author e-mail (France) to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family".

3.[S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume I, page 217. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.

4.[S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 281.

5.[S37] Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition, volume 2, page 1617.

6.[S18] Matthew H.C.G., editor, Dictionary of National Biography on CD-ROM (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1995). Hereinafter cited as Dictionary of National Biography.



--------------------

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_1st_Duke_of_Grafton

Diana, Princess of Wales, was descended from four of King Charles II's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton, Richmond, St. Albans, and Monmouth (all by different mistresses of the King). Diana's son, Prince William of Wales, second in line to the British Throne, is likely to be the first monarch descended from Charles II.

BIOGRAPHY: 1st Duke of Grafton

1ST DUKE OF GRAFTON; NATURAL SON

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_FitzRoy

NATURAL DAUGHTER

Notater:

BIOGRAPHY: Duke of Northumberland

DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND; NATURAL SON

Notater:

{geni:about_me} From Darryl Lundy's Peerage page on Barbara Fitzroy:

http://www.thepeerage.com/p10504.htm#i105033

Barbara Fitzroy was born on 16 July 1672. She was the daughter of Sir John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland.[1],[3]

She died on 6 May 1737 at age 64.

Barbara Fitzroy and Lt.-Gen. James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton were associated.[4]

She was Prioress at Hotel de Dieu (St. Nicholas' Priory), Pontoise, France.

Child of Barbara Fitzroy and Lt.-Gen. James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton
*1. Charles Hamilton b. 1691, d. 1754.4

Citations
*1. [S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 2, page 2096. Hereinafter cited as Burke'sPeerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
*2. [S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message from unknown author e-mail (France) to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family".
*3. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 257. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.
*4. [S3436] Allen Andrews, The Royal Whore: Barbara Villiers, Lasy Castlemaine (n.n.: Chilton Book Company, 1970). Hereinafter cited as The Royal Whore.

BIOGRAPHY: Nun at Pontoise

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of St. Albans, Earl of Burford

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Beauclerk,_1st_Duke_of_St_Albans

There are several legends as to how Beauclerk was made Earl of Burford. The first is that on arrival of the King, his mother said, "Come here, you little bastard, and greet your father." When the king rebuked her for calling him that, she replied, "Your Majesty has given me no other name to call him by." In response, Charles created him Earl of Burford.

Another legend is that Beauclerk's mother held him out of a window (or above a river) and threatened to drop him unless he was given a peerage. Charles supposedly cried out "God save the Earl of Burford!" and subsequently createdthat peerage.

--------------------

Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St. Albans

M, #105034, b. 8 May 1670, d. 11 May 1726

Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St. Albans was born on 8 May 1670 at London, England. He was the son of Charles II Stuart, King of Great Britain and Eleanor Gwynne. He married Lady Diana de Vere, daughter of Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford and Diana Kirke, on 17 April 1694. He died on 11 May 1726 at age 56. He was buried at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England.

Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St. Albans gained the title of 1st Duke of St. Albans.2

Children of Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St. Albans and Lady Diana de Vere

Charles Beauclerk, 2nd Duke of St. Albans+ b. 6 Apr 1696, d. 27 Jul 1751

Lady Diana Beauclerk b. c 1697

Lord William Beauclerk+ b. 22 May 1698, d. 23 Feb 1732/33

Admiral Vere Beauclerk, 1st Baron Vere of Hanworth+ b. 14 Jul 1699, d. 21 Oct 1781

Colonel Lord Henry Beauclerk+ b. 11 Aug 1701, d. 5 Jan 1761

Lord Sydney Beauclerk+3 b. 27 Feb 1703, d. 23 Nov 1744

Lord George Beauclerk b. 26 Dec 1704, d. 11 May 1768

Lord Seymour Beauclerk b. 24 Jun 1708

Rt. Rev. Lord James Beauclerk b. c 1709, d. 20 Oct 1787

Lord Aubrey Beauclerk b. c 1711, d. 24 Feb 1740

Lady Mary Beauclerk b. c 1713

Lady Anne Beauclerk b. c 1716

Citations

[S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family."

[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 257. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.

[S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinctor Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume II, page 207. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.

Charles Beauclerk, born 1670 in London, natural son of King Charles II and the actress Nell Gwynne.

BIOGRAPHY: 1st Duke of St. Albans

DUKE OF ST. ALBANS; NATURAL SON

Notater:

BIOGRAPHY: Lord Beauclerk

NATURAL SON

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of Richmond, Earl of March, Baron Settrington, Duke of Lennox, Earl of Darnley and Lord Torbolton

{geni:about_me} Charles [FitzRoy later Lennox], 1st Duke of Richmond, KG PC

illegitimate son of King Charles II and his mistress Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kéroualle, suo jure Duchess of Portsmouth and of Aubigny

born 29 Jul 1672

mar.

bef. 10 Jan 1692/3 Lady Anne Belasyse (widow of Henry [Belasyse], 2nd Baron Belasyse; d. 9 Dec 1722), 3rd dau. of Hon Francis Brudenell, styled Lord Brudenell (by his wife Lady Frances Savile, only dau. by his second wife of Thomas [Savile], 1st Earl of Sussex), son and heir ap. of Robert [Brudenell], 2nd Earl of Cardigan

children

1. Lord Charles Lennox, later 2nd Duke of Richmond

1. Lady Louisa Lennox (b. 24 Dec 1694; d. 15 Jan 1716/7), mar. 13 Feb 1701/2 James [Berkeley], 3rd Earl of Berkeley, and had issue

2. Lady Anne Lennox (d. 20 Oct 1789), mar. 21 Feb 1722/3 William Anne [Keppel], 2nd Earl of Albemarle, and has issue

died 27 May 1723

created

9 Aug 1675 Baron Settrington, of Settrington in the County of York, Earl of March, and Duke of Richmond

9 Sep 1675 Lord Torbolton, Earl of Darnley and Duke of Lennox

note

received the Castle of Richmond 1675 and the lands of Lennox 1680; Knight of the Garter 1681; Governor of Dumbarton Castle 1681; Master of the Horse 1681-1684/5; High Steward of the City of York 1683; Lord High Admiral 1694; Grand Master of Freemasons 1696-97; a Lord of the Bedchamber 1714-23; Privy Councillor [I] 1715

******************************

Wikipedia: English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_1st_Duke_of_Richmond

Illegitimate son of Charles II king of England

1st Earl of March [England] on 9 August 1675.

1st Baron of Settrington, co. York [England] on 9 August 1675.

1st Duke of Richmond [England] on 9 August 1675.

1st Lord of Torboulton [Scotland] on 9 September 1675.

1st Earl of Darnley [Scotland] on 9 September 1675.

1st Duke of Lennox [Scotland] on 9 September 1675.

In October 1675 he was granted £2,000 per year by his father, as well as a one shilling royalty on every cauldron of coal shipped from Newcastle.

Governor of Dumbarton Castle in 1681.

Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.) in 1681.

Master of Horse between December 1681 and February 1684/85.

High Steward of York in 1683.

Naturalized as a French subject, and declared himself Roman Catholic in 1685.

Naturalized as a English subject, and converted to the Church of England in 1692.

Aide-de-Camp to King William III between 1693 and 1702.

Lord High Admiral [Scotland] in 1694.

Lord of the Bedchamber to King George I between 1714 and 1723.

Privy Counsellor (P.C.) [Ireland] in 1715.

Links:

The Peeerage: http://www.thepeerage.com/p10504.htm#i105037

Geneall: http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=80863

Wikipedia:

English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_1st_Duke_of_Richmond

{geni:hair_color} Brown

BIOGRAPHY: 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox

Richmond was a patron of cricket, then becoming a major professional sport, and did much to develop it in Sussex. It is almost certain that he was involved with the earliest known major cricket match which took place in the 1697 season and was the first to be reported by the press [1]. Richmond sponsored a team in the 1702 season against an Arundel side [2].

Richmond's son Charles, the 2nd Duke, inherited his interest in cricket and became the patron of both Sussex county cricket teams and Slindon Cricket Club.

1ST DUKE OF RICHMOND; NATURAL SON

Notater:

{geni:about_me} [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Tudor Wikipedia]

NATURAL DAUGHTER

Notater:

{geni:occupation} King co-ruler 1689-1702, King of Great Britain, King of England/Scotland/Ireland & Stadtholder of the Netherlands, comte de Moers, King of England, Scotland and ireland (1689 - 1702)

{geni:about_me} King of England, Scotland and Ireland - Prince of Orange - Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, and Overijssel



William III (14 November 1650 X 8 March 1702)[1] was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 onwards, he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the DutchRepublic. From 1689 onwards, he reigned as King William III over England and Ireland, and as King William II over Scotland.[2] He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694.

A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic King Louis XIV of France in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. Largely due to that reputation, William was able to take the British crowns when many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James. William's victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by the Orange Institution in Northern Ireland to this day. His reign marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centred rule of the House of Hanover.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England]

--------------------

''' William III Henry of Orange''', King of Great Britain was born on 4 November 1650.4

He was the son of '''Willem II von Nassau-Dillenburg''', Prince of Orange and '''Mary Henrietta Stuart,''' Princess Royal of Great Britain.

He married '''Mary II Stuart, Queen of Great Britain''', daughter of James II Stuart, King of Great Britain and Lady Anne Hyde, on 4 November 1677 at St. James's Palace, St. James's, London, England.5

He died on 8 March 1702 at age 51 at Kensington Palace, Kensington, London, England, in a hunting accident.4 He was buried at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England.4

William III Henry of Orange, King of Great Britain and Elizabeth Villiers were associated.6

He succeeded to the title of Stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands on 6 November 1650.4 He was invested as a Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.) on 25 April 1653.4 He gained the title of Graf von Nassau-Dillenburg in 1672.4 He gained the title of Prince of Orange from 1672 to 1702. He gained the title of King William III of Great Britain on 13 February 1689.1 He was crowned King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith on 11 April 1689 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, England.1

William and Mary were joint sovereigns as both had a good claim to the throne. William's object in taking the throne was to ensure that England remained part of the Grand Alliance against France who had territorial ambitionsin Europe. William agreed to a Parliamentary demand for constitutional changes which permitted non-conformist Christians the right of worship; ensured that the Commons controlled Royal expenditure; provided for a new parliament to be called every 3 years; made the appointment of judges subject to parliamentary approval and, perhaps most important, laid down that only Protestants could succeed to the throne. William fought against the French and although reducing their power they were not decisively beaten. In 1690 William defeated James II and his French allies at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland and the expenses of these wars necessitated the creation of the National Debt and this partly led to the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694. Queen Mary died of smallpox in 1694 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. The menace of France remained and William appointed John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Alliance. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.7



Children of William III Henry of Orange, King of Great Britain and Mary II Stuart, Queen of Great Britain

# child1 Stuart b. Apr 1678, d. Apr 1678
# child2 Stuart b. Sep 1678, d. Sep 1678
# child3 Stuart b. Feb 1680, d. Feb 1680


===Citations===


[S4] C.F.J. Hankinson, editor, DeBretts Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 147th year (London, U.K.: Odhams Press, 1949), page 21. Hereinafter cited as DeBretts Peerage, 1949.

[S332] Artcyclopedia, online http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists. Hereinafter cited as Artcyclopedia.

[S3409] Caroline Maubois, "re: Penancoet Family," e-mail message from unknown author e-mail (France) to Darryl Roger Lundy, 2 December 2008. Hereinafter cited as "re: Penancoet Family".

[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 265. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.

[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family, page 266.

[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 2, page 2096. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.

[S18] Matthew H.C.G., editor, Dictionary of National Biography on CD-ROM (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1995), reference "William III, 1650-1702". Hereinafter cited as Dictionary of National Biography.


--------------------

Born after the death of his father. Undersized, asthamtic & with a hook-nose. After his wife's death he began drinking alot. It was hard for him to breathe as he was asthmatic. He became very thin & his legs swelled to an immensesize. In Feb. 1702 William was riding at Hampton Court when his horse stumbled on a mole hill & there he broke his collar bone. After it had been set, he insisted on returning to Kensington Palace by coach, which aggravated his condition. He became feverish & some days later died of pleuro-pneumonia. His funeral was held at midnight.

Sources:

The book, 'The Island Race', by Winston Churchill

The book, 'Louis 14th, An Informal Portrait'

The book, 'The Princes of Wales'

Co Ruler of England.

He was called William of Orange. He was also a stadtholder of the
Netherlands (1672-1702), who helped form the Grand Alliance and led
England in its so-called Glorious Revolution.

In 1672, after the invasion of the Netherlands by the French king Louis
XIV, the leadership of Jan De Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, was
repudiated, and William was elected stadtholder, captain-general, and
admiral. William fought the French with great resolution, even cutting
(1673) dikes around Amsterdam to flood the surrounding countryside and
halt the advancing French armies. The Dutch suffered severe reverses in
subsequent battles. As a result of William's superior diplomacy, however,
which also included the strengthening of ties with England by his marriage
(1677) to the English princess Mary (eldest daughter of his uncle, James,
duke of York, later King James II), Louis XIV agreed to terminate the war
on terms favorable to the Dutch.

After the accession (1685) of James II there was fear in England that the
king's policies were directed toward restoring the power of the Roman
Catholic church. In July 1688, James's principal opponents secretly
invited William, who was Europe's leading Protestant statesman, to bring
an army of liberation to England. William and a force totaling about
15,000 men landed at Torbay on November 5, 1688. Most of the English
nobility declared for William, and James fled to France. William accepted
the Declaration of Rights passed by the Convention Parliament, which met
on January 22, 1689, and on February 13, William and Mary were proclaimed
joint sovereigns of England.

Shortly after the conclusion of this Glorious Revolution, the Scottish
parliament accepted the new rulers. Predominantly Catholic Ireland,
however, remained loyal to the deposed king and had to be taken by force.
In 1690 William led the army that defeated James and his Irish partisans
at the Battle of the Boyne. William's reign continued to be marked by
abortive Jacobite plots to restore James to the throne. After the death of
Mary in 1694, William ruled alone.

In 1689, in pursuit of containing France, William had brought England into
the League of Augsburg, thereafter known as the Grand Alliance. For the
next eight years he was embroiled in wars on the Continent. He managed by
skillful diplomacy to hold the alliance together and, under the terms of
the Peace of Ryswick, Louis XIV of France surrendered (1697) much of the
territory he had won and recognized William as England's rightful king.

At home William manifested virtually none of the acumen he displayed in
foreign affairs. Although he was liberal in some things, it was not he but
Parliament, to which he was often opposed, that brought about the reforms
effected during his reign, such as the passing of the Bill of Rights, the
establishment of the Bank of England, the introduction of ministerial
responsibility in government, and the encouragement of a free press.

In 1701 William headed the second Grand Alliance, which became involved in
the so-called War of the Spanish Succession. He died before he could take
an active part in the struggle. His wife's sister, Queen Anne, succeeded
to the throne.

PRINCE OF ORANGE; KG; ACCEDED 2/13/1689 (CROWNED WESTMINSTER); RULED JOINTLY
WITH MARY II FROM 1689-1694; RULED SOLELY FROM 1694-1702

William III (1650-1702), king of England, was the son of William II of Orange, ruler of the United Provinces. In 1677 he married Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, who in 1685 became king of England as James II. In 1688 William was invited by seven Whig peers to deliver England from the Stuart misrule and after the flight of James II to France, the crown was offered to William and Mary. WilliamXs success was marred by the deplorable massacre of Glencoe in 1692. On May 19, 1692, the English naval victory of La Hogue ruined all chance of direct aid to James from France. In 1694 Queen Mary died.

From 1697 to 1700 William was occupied with the Spanish Succession question, but died before the outbreak of the war. WilliamXs reign marked the transition from the personal government of the Stuarts to the Parliamentary rule of the Hanoverians.
[World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

Asked to accept the throne with his wife Mary. Landed in England 1688. In 1690 greeted at Carrickfergus after routing the French forces of James II in the Battle of the Boyne. [THELMA.GED]

Additional information: Britannia.com http://britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon51.html

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Explains her mother's affair with James II: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Sedley

* from [http://scandalouswoman.blogspot.com/2008/08/royal-mistresses-catherine-sedley.html Royal Mistresses: Catherine Sedley]

Catherine gave birth to several children while James II's mistress, but only a daughter survived. The daughter Catherine, although acknowledged by James, in all probability was the daughter of Colonel James Grahame, a witty and fashionable hanger-on at court and the King's Keeper of the Privy Purse. Apparently Catherine felt no need to confine her favors to just the one man. When her daughter began to give herself airs, Catherine told her, "You need not be so vain, daughter, you are not the King's child, but old Grahame's."

Catherine the younger married first James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey, and had a daughter Lady Catherine whose descendants include the Baron Mulgrave. After his death, she married John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby.

Notater:

Fødsel:
{geni:event_description} Calculated date based on burial.

Source: The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom, with Armorial Illustrations (1904-1914), Paul , Sir James Balfour, (9 volumes. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1904-1914), FHL book 941 D22p; FHL microfilms104,157-104,161., vol. 7 p. 93 fn. 3.

Død:
{geni:event_description} Sources: The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom, with Armorial Illustrations (1904-1914), Paul , Sir James Balfour, (9 volumes. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1904-1914), FHL book 941 D22p; FHL microfilms104,157-104,161., vol. 7 p. 93 fn. 3.

Notater:

DUKE OF KENDAL

Notater:

{geni:about_me}
==Links:==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10136.htm The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=4374 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England Wikipedia]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1978 Find a Grave]
*'''Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland:''' Reign13 February 1689 X 28 December 1694 together with her husbond [http://www.geni.com/people/Willem-III-van-Orange-Nassau-King-of-England-Ireland-William-II-of-Scotland/6000000003285553237 William of Orange]







Mary II (30 April 1662 X 28 December 1694) was joint Sovereign of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband and first cousin, William III and II, from 1689 until her death. William and Mary, both Protestants, became king and queen regnant, respectively, following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII. William became sole ruler upon her death in 1694. Popular histories usually refer to their joint reign as that of "William and Mary".

Mary wielded less power than William when he was in England, ceding most of her authority to him, though he heavily relied on her. She did, however, act alone when William was engaged in military campaigns abroad, proving herselfto be a powerful, firm, and effective ruler.

Although her father was a convert to Roman Catholicism, Mary was brought
up as a Protestant and was married at the age of 15 to the Dutch
Protestant prince William of Orange. In 1688, English opponents of James,
unhappy with his autocratic rule and favoritism toward Roman Catholics,
initiated the Glorious Revolution, forcing James into exile and giving the
throne to Mary and William (who became king as William III). They were
crowned as joint rulers in April 1689. Mary governed as regent while
William was campaigning in Ireland (1690-91) and on the Continent
(1692-94), but for the most part she simply carried out policies
formulated by her husband. William continued to rule alone after her
death.

Ruled after her father was dethroned. Ceded her power to her husband and cousin William II of England

ACCEDED 2/13/1689 (CROWNED WESTMINSTER); RULED JOINTLY WITH WILLIAM III FROM
1689-1694

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, Drottning i England 1702-14, 17 children, Princess & Queen of England, Princess Consort of Denmark, Scotland and Ireland (1702 - 1714)

{geni:about_me} *Anne Princess of Great Britain
*Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702.

'''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p10134.htm#i101338 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=4399 Geneall]
*'''Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland''' 1702-1714 '''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000006953209184 William III] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/4555799 George I]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Great_Britain English]

Last of the House of Stuarts. Had one son who died suddenly and unexpectedly at the age of eleven. Upon autopsy it was dicovered that the cause of death was, hydrocephalus.

Anne (1665-1714), queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14), the last
British sovereign of the house of Stuart. Born in London on February 6,
1665, she was the second daughter of King James II. Her mother was James's
first wife, Anne Hyde (1637-71). In 1683 she was married to Prince George
of Denmark (1653-1708). Although her father converted to Roman Catholicism
in 1672, Anne remained Protestant and acquiesced in James's overthrow by
the anti-Roman Catholic Glorious Revolution of 1688, which brought her
sister Mary and Mary's husband, William of Orange, to the throne. Becoming
queen on William's death in 1702, Anne restored to favor John Churchill,
who had been disgraced by her predecessor, making him duke of Marlborough
and captain-general of the army. Marlborough won a series of victories
over the French in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14, known in
America as Queen Anne's War), and he and his wife, Sarah (1660-1744), had
great influence over the queen in the early years of her reign.

Devoted to the Church of England, Anne was inclined to favor the
pro-church Tory faction rather than its Whig opponents, but, influenced by
the Marlboroughs and Lord Treasurer Sidney Godolphin, earl of Godolphin
(1645-1712), she at first excluded the Tories from office. Later, however,
her friendship with the Marlboroughs cooled, and in 1710 she took
advantage of popular dissatisfaction with the Whigs to remove Godolphin;
Marlborough was dismissed the following year. During Queen Anne's reign
the kingdoms of England and Scotland were united (1707). She died in
London on August 1, 1714, and, having no surviving children, was succeeded
by her German cousin, George, elector of Hannover, as King George I of
Great Britain.

ACCEDED 3/8/1702 (CROWNED WESTMINSTER); RULED FROM 1702-1714; HAD AT LEAST 18
CHILDREN BORN STILLBORN OR WHO DIED IN INFANCY

Anne, 1665-1714, queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1702-7), later queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1707-14), daughter of James II and Anne Hyde; successor to William III. Reared as a Protestant and married (1683) to Prince George of Denmark (d. 1708), she was not close to her Catholic father and acquiesced in the Glorious Revolution (1688) which put William III and her sister, Mary II, on the throne. With them she was soon on bad terms because of private animosities, partially caused by AnneXs favorite. This woman was her attendant and intimate friend from girlhood, Sarah Jennings, who had married John Churchill (later 1st duke of Marlborough) and who was to exercise great influence in AnneXs private and public life. They addressed each other as Mrs. Morley (Anne) and Mrs. Freeman (Sarah) to avoid obligations of rank. Of AnneXs many children the only one to live much beyond babyhood - the duke ofGloucester - died at the age of 11 in 1700. Since neither she nor William had surviving children and support for her exiled Catholic half brother rose and fell in Great Britain, the question of succession continued vexed after the Act of Settlement (1701) and after AnneXs accession. The last Stuart ruler, she was the first to rule over Great Britain, which was created when the Act of Union joined Scotland and England in 1707. Her reign, like that of William III, was one of transition to parliamentary government; Anne was, for example, the last English monarch to exercise (1707) the royal veto. Domestic and foreign affairs alike were dominated by the War of the Spanish Succession, called Queen AnneXs War in America. On the continent the duke of Marlborough won glory for English arms. At home the costs of the fighting were an issue between the Tories, who were cool to the war, and the Whigs, who favored it. Party lines were slowly hardening, but party government and ministerial responsibility were not yet established; intrigues and the favor of the queen still made and unmade cabinets, though public opinion and elections did have increasing influence. Thus it was at least partly through the pressure of the Marlboroughs that Anne was induced, despite her Tory sympathies, to oust Tory ministers in favor of Whigs. The Marlboroughs forced the dismissal of Robert Harley in 1708, though the scolding duchess had already lost much of her power to AnneXs new favorite, the quiet Abigail Masham, kinswoman and friend of Harley. When the unpopularity of the war and the furor over the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell showed the power of the Tories (who won the elections of 1710) and made the move feasible, Anne recalled Harley to power, and the Marlboroughs were dismissed. Harley, created earl of Oxford, was political leader until 1714, when he was replaced by his Tory colleague and rival, Viscount Bolingbroke. Soon afterward thte queen died, and, Jacobite plans having failed, she was succeeded by George I of the house of Hanover. Queen Anne was a dull, stubborn, but conscientious woman devoted to the Church of England and within it to the High Church party. She supported the act (1711) against "occasional conformity" and the Schism Act (1714), both directed against dissenters and both repealed in 1718. She also created a trust fund called Queen AnneXs Bounty for poor clerical livings. Her reign also saw developments in the intellectual awakening that produced such thinkers as George Berkeley and SirIsaac Newton and such scholars and writers as Richard Bentley, Swift, Pope, Addison, Steele and Defoe. The British press grew rapidly as a political instrument. Sir Christopher Wren and Sir John Vanbrugh were at the same time setting in stone and brick the rich elegance that was perhaps the most attractive aspect of life and society under Queen Anne. See biography by M. R. Hopkinson (1934); G. M. Trevelyan, England under Queen Anne (3 vols., 1930-34); G. N. Clark, The Later Stuarts (1934). [The Illustrated Columbia Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., 1969]

Anne giftet seg med Jørgen(George) af Danmark og Norge, von Oldenburg, Prince Consort to the British monarch, D 28 Jul 1683, Sct. James. Jørgen(George) (sønn av Frederik III af Danmark og Norge, von Oldenburg, Konge af Danmark og Norge og Sophie Amalie von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Dronning til Danmark og Norge) ble født 21 Apr 1653 , København, Danmark; døde 28 Aug 1708, Kensington Palace; ble begravet , Westminster Abbey. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of Cambridge

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of Kendal

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of Cambridge

{geni:about_me} Namesake of Edgartown, Massachusetts.

DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess of England

{geni:about_me} Links:

The Peerage: http://thepeerage.com/p10136.htm#i101358

Geneall: http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=384622

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Henrietta FitzJames' mother, Arabella Churchill (23 February 1648 X 30 May 1730), was the mistress of King James II, and the mother of four of his children. Arabella was the child of Sir Winston Churchill (an ancestor of the Prime Minister of the same name) and Elizabeth Drake. An older sister of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, Arabella began her relationship with King James II, then Duke of York, around 1665, while he was still married to Anne Hyde. Arabella became the duchess's lady-in-waiting in that year, and gave birth to Henrietta and one other child during Anne's lifetime.

--------------------

Henrietta FitzJames

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Henrietta FitzJames (1667 X April 3, 1730), the Dowager Lady Waldegrave and titular Countess of Newcastle, was an illegitimate daughter of James Stuart, Duke of York, afterward James II, King of Great Britain, by his mistress, Arabella Churchill, herself sister of the great Duke of Marlborough.

Henrietta was sister to the celebrated James FitzJames, Duke of Berwick. She was brought up a Roman Catholic, and married into a family of the same religion. On November 29, 1683 she married Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegraveand by him had two children:

Arabella;

James.

She accompanied her father and his queen in their exile, and lived some years at St. Germains. After Waldegrave's death in 1689, Lady Waldegrave married Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount of Galmoye on 3 April 1695. He was created the Earl of Newcastle. The marriage was childless. She died in 1730 and was buried in at Navestock.

She is an ancestor of the Earls Spencer and Diana, Princess of Wales.

[edit]References

The peerage page

NATURAL DAUGHTER; LATER LADY WALDEGRAVE AND THEN VISCOUNTESS GALMOYE

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of Berwick, Marshal of France

{geni:about_me} ===Golden Fleece - Knights: Spanish Branch===
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick '''James FitzJames of Berwick''']
* [http://thepeerage.com/p10505.htm#i105048 '''peerage.com'' ]
* [http://indigo.ie/~wildgees/duke1.htm '''The Duke of Berwick, James FitzJames, Marshal of France''']
* [http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/berwick.html '''James Fitzjames duke of Berwick''']
===From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia===
James FitzJames
Duke of Berwick
Spouse(s) Honora de Burgh
Anne Bulkeley
Issue
James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick
Henry James Fitzjames, 2nd Duke of Fitzjames
Henriette de Fitzjames
François Fitz-James, 3rd Duke of Fitzjames
Henry Fitzjames
Charles de Fitzjames, 4th Duke of Fitzjames
Laure Anne de Fitzjames
Marie Emilie de Fitzjames
Edouard de Fitzjames
Anne Sophie de Fitzjames
Anne de Fitzjames
Noble family House of FitzJames
Father James II of England
Mother Arabella Churchill
Born 21 August 1670
Moulins, Kingdom of France
Died 12 June 1734
James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
Born 21 August 1670
Died 12 June 1734
Allegiance Kingdom of England Stuart-ruled England
Kingdom of France Royaume de France
Rank Marshal of France

James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Fitz-James, 1st Duke of Liria and Jérica (21 August 1670 X 12 June 1734) was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough. In 1695 he married Honora de Burke, the daughter of William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde and the widow of the 1st Earl of Lucan, who died in 1698. His second marriage, with Anne Bulkeley, daughter of Henry Bulkeley, took place in 1700.
===History===

FitzJames was born at Moulins in France before his father's accession to the throne, and was brought up a Roman Catholic and educated in the College of Juilly, the Collège du Plessis, and the Jesuit College of La Flèche. He went into the service of Charles, Duke of Lorraine and was present at the siege of Buda. FitzJames was created Duke of Berwick, Earl of Tinmouth and Baron Bosworth by his father in 1687.[1] He then returned to Hungary and participated at the Battle of Mohács.

Berwick returned to England and was made Governor of Portsmouth. King James made him a Knight of the Garter, but due to the invasion of the Prince of Orange and the subsequent Glorious Revolution, the installation never took place. In the following year, James was overthrown and Berwick went into exile with him, taking an active part in the Irish campaign, including the Battle of the Boyne. After his father's final exile, Berwick served in the French army. He fought at the battles of Steenkerque and Landen. At the latter, Berwick was taken prisoner, but was exchanged for the Duke of Ormonde. Because of his support for his father and service in the French army against England, he was attainted in 1695, and his British peerages forfeit.
Philip V of Spain creates James, Duke of Fitz-James in the Peerage of France, after the Battle of Almanza.

As a soldier, Berwick was highly esteemed for his courage, abilities and integrity. As a result of distinguished service in the War of the Spanish Succession, he became a French subject and was appointed a Marshal of France afterhis successful expedition against Nice in 1706. On 25 April 1707, Berwick won the great and decisive victory of Almanza, where an Englishman at the head of a Franco-Spanish army defeated Ruvigny, a Frenchman at the head of an Anglo-Portuguese-Dutch army. After Almanza, Berwick was created Duque de Liria y Xérica (English: Duke of Liria and Jérica) and Lieutenant of Aragon by Philip V of Spain in 1707, and Duc de Fitz-James (English: Duke of Fitz-James) inthe Peerage of France by Louis XIV in 1710. The last great event of the War of the Spanish Succession was the storming of Barcelona by Berwick, after a long siege, on 11 September 1714.

Not long thereafter, Berwick was appointed military governor of the province of Guienne, where he became friendly with Montesquieu. In 1718 he found himself under the necessity of once more entering Spain with an army; and this time he had to fight against Philip V (War of the Quadruple Alliance). Many years of peace followed this campaign, and Berwick was not again called to serve in the field until 1733. In that year he was chosen to lead the Army of the Rhine in the War of the Polish Succession, successfully besieging Kehl in 1733, but was decapitated by a cannon ball at the Siege of Philippsburg, 12 June 1734.

Berwick had children by both his marriages. His descendants were the French Ducs de Fitz-James and the Spanish Duques de Liria and later the Dukes of Alba.
===Marriages and children===
James FitzJames, Duke of Berwick

James was married twice, first to Lady Honora de Burke or de Burgh, Countess de Lucan on 26 March 1695. They had one child together.
'''children'''
* James Francis Fitz-James Stuart, or Jacobo Francisco Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick, 2nd Duque de Liria, 2nd Duque de Xérica, (21 October 1696 - 2 June 1738, Naples, Italy). He married Catalina Ventura Colón de Portugal, Duquesa de Veragua, and Duquesa de la Vega, a descendant of Christopher Columbus.

* He was appointed a '''Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1714'''.

* In 18 April 1700 he was remarried, this time to Anne Bulkeley, with whom he had ten children.
'''children'''
* Henry James Fitzjames, described in France as Jacques de Fitjames, 1st Duke of Fitzjames
* Henriette de Fitzjames
* François Fitz-James, 3rd Duke of Fitzjames, Bishop of Soissons
* Henry Fitzjames, governor of Limousin
* Charles de Fitzjames, 4th Duke of Fitzjames
* Laure Anne de Fitzjames
* Marie Emilie de Fitzjames
* Edouard de Fitzjames
* Anne Sophie de Fitzjames
* Anne de Fitzjames

BIOGRAPHY: Duke of Berwick

ILLEGITIMATE SON; DUKE OF BERWICK-ON-TWEED; CREATED DUKE OF LIRIA; ANCESTOR OF
THE DUKES OF ALBA; KILLED IN BATTLE

Notater:

NATURAL SON; GRAND PRIOR; DUKE OF ALBEMARLE

BIOGRAPHY: Duke of Albemarle

DUKE OF ALBEMARLE; NATURAL SON

Notater:

NATURAL DAUGHTER; BECAME A NUN

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess

{geni:about_me} Sources:

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain'

The book, 'The Princes of Wales'

STILLBORN

5 unnamed children who died at birth or soon thereafter

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Source:

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain'

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess

STILLBORN

STILLBORN

STILLBORN

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Prince of Wales, Claimant to the thrones of Scotland, England, and Ireland

{geni:about_me} Prince James, Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 X 1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed James II and VII. As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France.



James Francis Edward, about 1703, portrait in the Royal Collection attributed to Alexis Simon BelleFrom the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning king, James II of England and VII of Scots, and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena, and as such was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay among other titles.

James II had two adult daughters from his first marriage who had been brought up in the Protestant faith. As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule as only a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange.

When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a "warming-pan" had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. On 10 December, within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena left London and took him to France for safety, while his father continued to fight (unsuccessfully) to retain his crown.

With his sister Louisa Maria, the prince was brought up in France. There, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement.



James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."On his father's death in 1701, he declared himself King, with the name of James III and VIII and recognised as such by France, Spain, the Papal States and Modena. All of these states refused to recognise William III, Mary II or Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign. As a result of this, he was attainted for treason, 2 March 1702, and his titles forfeited under British law.

Having been delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted an invasion, trying to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. His French ships were driven back by the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng.

Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have strengthened the existing support of Tory, pro-Restoration forces in England,[2] but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became KingXGeorge I of Great Britain.

French forces were defeated, and Louis XIV of France was forced to accept peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.

In the following year, the Jacobites started "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron,Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him a political embarrassment.

Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti in Rome as his residence, and he accepted. Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to the mediation of a close friend of his, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio, James was granted a life annuity of eight thousand Roman scudi. Such help enabled him to organise a Roman Jacobite court, where the Pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti of Siena, was the Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain).

On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702X35), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:

Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 X 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"

Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 X 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "the Young Pretender", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.

James died in Rome on 1 January 1766, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican. From 14 January the Papacy recognized the Hanoverian dynasty as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland.

Upon his father's deposition he lost his automatic titles as eldest son of the Sovereign (i.e. Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland). Thus he was Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter until his attainture for treason.

KG: Knight of the Garter, 1692 X 2 March 1702

--------------------

Prince James, Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 X 1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed James II and VII. As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. Following his death in 1766 he was succeeded by his son Charles Edward Stuart in the Jacobite Succession.

Contents [hide]

1 Birth and childhood

2 Struggle for the throne

2.1 Jacobite rising

2.2 The Fifteen

3 Life as the "Pretender"

3.1 Marriage

3.2 Bonnie Prince Charlie

3.3 Death

4 Titles and honours

4.1 Titles

4.2 Honours

4.3 Arms

5 Ancestry

6 See also

7 In Fiction

8 Notes and sources





[edit] Birth and childhood



James Francis Edward, about 1703, portrait in the Royal Collection attributed to Alexis Simon BelleFrom the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning king, James II of England (and VII of Scotland), and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena, and as such was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay among other titles.

James II had two adult daughters from his first marriage who had been brought up in the Protestant faith. As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule as only a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange.

When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a warming pan had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. On 10 December, within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena left London and took him to France for safety, while his father continued to fight (unsuccessfully) to retain his crown.

With his sister Louisa Maria, the prince was brought up in France. There, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement.



[edit] Struggle for the throne



James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."On his father's death in 1701, he declared himself King, with the name of James III and VIII and recognised as such by France, Spain, the Papal States and Modena. All of these states refused to recognise William III, Mary II or Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign. As a result of this, he was attainted for treason, 2 March 1702, and his titles forfeited under English law.[1]



[edit] Jacobite rising

Having been delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted an invasion, trying to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. His French ships were driven back by the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng.

Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have strengthened the existing support of Tory, pro-Restoration forces in England,[2] but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became KingXGeorge I of Great Britain.

In 1713 the Spanish War of Succession ended indecisively although the French forces and allies,(of which Spain was one) were in complete control they failed to retake Spanish European territories. Louis XIV of France accepted peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.



[edit] The Fifteen

In the following year, the Jacobites started "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron,Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him a political embarrassment.



[edit] Life as the "Pretender"

Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti in Rome as his residence, and he accepted. Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to the mediation of a close friend of his, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio, James was granted a life annuity of eight thousand Roman scudi. Such help enabled him to organise a Roman Jacobite court, where the Pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti of Siena, was the Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain).



[edit] Marriage

On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702X35), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:

Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 X 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"

Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 X 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

[edit] Bonnie Prince Charlie

Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "the Young Pretender", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.



Tomb of James Francis Edward Stuart

[edit] Death

James died in Rome on 1 January 1766, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican. From 14 January the Papacy recognized the Hanoverian dynasty as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland.



[edit] Titles and honours

[edit] Titles

10 June X 4 July 1688: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall

4 July 1688 [3] X 2 March 1702: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales

2 March 1702 X 1 January 1766: James Francis Edward Stuart

Jacobite, 11 December 1688 X 16 September 1701: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales

Jacobite, 16 September 1701 X 1 January 1766: His Majesty The King

James's full titles before his father's deposition were: His Royal Highness Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.

Upon his father's deposition he lost his automatic titles as eldest son of the Sovereign (i.e. Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland). Thus he was His Royal Highness Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter until his attainture for treason.[citation needed]



[edit] Honours

KG: Knight of the Garter, 1692 X 2 March 1702

[edit] Arms

As Prince of Wales, James bore a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points.[4]



--------------------

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart
--------------------
Born on a Sunday at 10:00 am. Raised at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris. Christened Oct. 1688 in England & blessed by Papal Nuncio. Frequently called 'James Edward Stuart'. Aka 'The Pretender' to the throne, Jacabite 'James III'& the 'Chevalier de Saint George'. Tall & lean in figure, black hair/black eyes & dark complexion. He had been a sickly child (lack of oxygen as an infant & a rash). Burial ~ a marble tomb shared with his sons Charles Edward & Henry. It was paid for by King George III.
--------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart

He was frequently called James Edward Stuart. He was a pretender to the
throne, also called James III, the Old Pretender, and the Chevalier de
Saint George; for more than half a century he was regarded by his Jacobite
followers as the rightful king of Great Britain.

When his father, King James II, was driven from England by the so-called
Glorious Revolution later the same year, James Edward was taken to the
French court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In 1701, on the death of James II,
Louis XIV of France proclaimed the young prince the rightful successor to
the English throne.

English sentiment was strongly against James Edward, however, because of
his Roman Catholicism. That same year the English Parliament, to prevent
the return of a Roman Catholic to the throne, passed the Act of
Settlement, and the following year it enacted a bill of attainder against
James Edward. In 1708, supported by the French and by a group of his
adherents known as Jacobites, James Edward attempted unsuccessfully to
invade Scotland and was driven back to France. In 1715 a rebellion was
launched by the Jacobites in Scotland and in December of that year James
Edward went to Scotland, where he was to be crowned. The movement failed,
however, in the face of superior forces under John Campbell, 2d duke of
Argyll, and James Edward again retired to France.

After 1719 James Edward lived in Rome, where he was given royal honors.
The struggle on behalf of the Stuart cause was renewed by his older son,
Charles Edward Stuart. James Edward's younger son, Henry Benedict Stuart,
Cardinal York, became the last of the Stuarts in the male line of
succession after his brother's death, and called himself Henry IX.

STYLED 13TH PRINCE OF WALES 1688; "OF ST. JAMES'S"; "THE OLD PRETENDER"
"CHEVALIER OF ST. GEORGE"; KG

DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE; KG

Notater:

{geni:about_me}

Links:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Teresa_Stuart

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=75074723


Sources:

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain'

The book, 'Royal Memorabilia'

The book, 'The Princes of Wales'

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess, Princess of England

STILLBORN

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen Consort of Spain

{geni:about_me} * [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans fr.wikipedia.org..] ; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%281662%E2%80%931689%29 en.wikipedia.org..] ;

Maria Luisa of Orléans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Marie Louise of Orléans (26 April 1662, Palais Royal, Paris, France - 12 February 1689, Royal Alcazar, Madrid, Spain) Queen Consort of Spain from 1679 to 1689 as the first wife of King Charles II of Spain.

Early Life

Marie Louise was the eldest daughter of Philippe de France, Duc d'Orléans, the younger brother of King Louis XIV, and his first wife, Princess Henrietta Anne of England. As a granddaughter of the king, she was a Petite-Fille de France. She was descended from both the French and English royal families: her paternal grandparents were Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria and her maternal grandparents were Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France. She was also a niece of King Louis XIV of France, King Charles II of England, King James II of England and Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange.

[edit]Childhood

Marie Louise had a happy childhood in France, lived mostly in her father's residences, the Palais Royal in Paris and Château de Saint-Cloud, outside the capital. Marie Louise spent a great deal of her time with her paternal grandmother, Anne of Austria, who doted on her and left the bulk of her fortune to her when she died in 1666. She was also her fathers favourite child.

Marie Louise also visited often with her maternal grandmother, Henrietta Maria of France, at her residence in Colombes, where she met her cousin, the future Queen Anne I of Great Britain, who spent a lot time in France during herchildhood. For a time Anne stayed with her cousins at thier homes.

In 1670, when Marie Louise was eight years old, her mother died. The following year, 1671, her father married Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, who became like a mother to Marie Louise and her younger sister, Anne Marie d'Orléans, who became later the Queen of Savoy and Sardinia. During the rest of her life, Marie Louise would maintain an affectionate correspondence with her stepmother.

[edit]Marriage

As she was the most senior unmarried lady at the French court, it was assumed by many that she would marry her cousin, Louis de France, the Dauphin of France. A famous scene ocurred when the sixteen year old girl was told that she was to be the Queen of Spain. Her uncle, Louis XIV, told her:

I could not have done more for my own daughter

[1]

To which Mademoiselle d'Orléans said:

Yes sire, but you could have done more for your niece.

[2]

Her cousin, the Dauphin, later married a distand cousin, Maria Anna Christine Victoria of Bavaria.

Before Marie Louise departed from France for Spain, she went to the convent of Val-de-Grâce where the heart of her mother was housed. It would be the last time she was in Paris. She would never return to the country of her birth.

[edit]Queen of Spain

On 19 November 1679, Marie Louise married King Charles II of Spain, in Quintanapalla, near Burgos, Spain. This was the start of a very lonely existence at the Spanish court. Renowned for her beauty and charm, her new husband fellmadly in love with her, a passion that remained with him until the end of his life. [3]The rigid etiquette of the Spanish court and her unsuccessful attempts to become pregnant, however, caused her to suffer from depression.

In early 1688 a witness wrote that, when Charles and Marie Louise went to church to pray for children, they did so with:

with such faith that even the stones would move in order to join them and ask God for the issue they desire.

[edit]Death

One day after horseback riding, the Queen felt a severe pain in the abdomen causing her to lie down the rest of the evening. Tradgically, the queen died the following night, 12 February 1689. According to a witness, on her deathbed Marie Louise said farewell to her husband:

Your Majesty might have other wives, but no one will ever love you as I do.

When Marie Louise died, Charles was completely heartbroken. At the time, there were rumors saying that she had been poisoned at the behest of the dowager queen, Mariana of Austria, her mother-in-law, because Marie Louise had not given birth to any children. In fact, Mariana and Marie Louise were close and the dowager queen was also devastated at the Queen's death. It seems likely that the real cause of Marie Louise's death was appendicitis. She died at age twenty six, the same age as her mother, Princess Henrietta Anne of England, when she died.

[edit]Aftermath

Shortly after the Queen's death, the Spanish ministers began to look for a second wife for the King. The main candidates were the Italian princess Anne Marie Louise of Tuscany and the German princess Maria Anna of Neuburg. Upon showing the portraits of the women to Charles, the King observed:

The lady from Tuscany is pretty and the lady from Neuburg seems not to be ugly either.

But then Charles turned towards a portrait of the deceased Marie Louise and sighing, said:

This lady was really beautiful.



--------------------

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_de_Bourbon-Orl%C3%A9ans

Marie Louise de Bourbon-Orléans

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie

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Marie Louise von Orléans, Königin von Spanien (unbekannter Künstler)

Königin Marie Louise de Bourbon-Orléans Wappen.

Prinzessin Marie Louise von Orléans (José García Hidalgo, 1679)

Marie Louise, Prinzessin von Orléans (spanisch: María Luisa de Orléans) (* 27. März 1662 im Palais Royal (Paris); X 12. Februar 1689 in Madrid) war ein Mitglied der französischen Königsfamilie aus dem Haus Bourbon-Orléans. Durch Heirat wurde sie Königin von Spanien.

Leben [Bearbeiten]

Marie Louise war die älteste Tochter aus der ersten Ehe von Herzog Philipp I. von Orléans mit Henrietta von England. Sie wurde am 31. August 1679 per procurationem mit dem geistig beschränkten spanischen König Karl II. verheiratet und war daher bis zu ihrem Tode spanische Königin. Ihrem Mann begegnete sie erstmals am 19. November 1679, da sie jedoch kein Spanisch und er kein Französisch sprach, waren beide Eheleute bei ihrer ersten Begegnung auf einen Dolmetscher angewiesen.

Die Ehe verlief trotz der schwierigen Verhältnisse verhältnismäßig gut. Marie Louise wird eine beinahe mütterliche Zärtlichkeit zu dem ihr geistig weit unterlegenem Karl nachgesagt. Ob die Ehe jemals vollzogen wurde, gilt als fraglich. Heute wird unterstellt, dass Karl II. an Neurasthenie litt. Auf das Hofleben blieb Marie Louise ohne größeren Einfluss. Die Macht wurde von ihrer Schwiegermutter Maria Anna von Österreich (1634X1696) und deren Minister ausgeübt. Marie Louise war außerdem völlig unpolitisch. Sie litt allerdings darunter, dass man die Ursache für die Kinderlosigkeit bei ihr suchte, und täuschte mehrfach eine Schwangerschaft vor. Maria Louise verstarb am 12. Februar 1689. Es wurde immer wieder vermutet, dass sie einem Giftanschlag zum Opfer fiel. Die Historiker sind sich jedoch sicher, dass die Todesursache eine Vergiftung durch Salmonellen nach dem Genuss von Austern war.

Vorfahren [Bearbeiten]

Ahnentafel Marie Louise de Bourbon-Orléans

Ururgroßeltern

Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme

(1518-1562)

X

Johanna III. von Navarra

(1528-1572)



Francesco I. deX Medici

(1541-1587)

X

Johanna von Österreich

(1547-1578)



Philipp II. von Spanien

(1527-1598)

X

Anna von Österreich

(1549-1580)



Karl II. von Österreich

(1540-1590)

X

Maria Anna von Bayern

(1551-1608)



Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

(1545-1567)

X

Maria Stuart

(1542-1587)



Friedrich II. von Dänemark und Norwegen

(1534-1588)

X

Sophie von Mecklenburg

(1557-1631)



Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme

(1518-1562)

X

Johanna III. von Navarra

(1528-1572)



Francesco I. deX Medici

(1541-1587)

X

Johanna von Österreich

(1547-1578)

Urgroßeltern

Heinrich IV. von Frankreich

(1553X1610)

X

Maria deX Medici

(1575X1642)



Philipp III. von Spanien

(1578X1621)

X

Margarete von Österreich

(1584-1611)



Jakob I. von England

(1566X1625)

X

Anna von Dänemark und Norwegen

(1574-1619)



Heinrich IV. von Frankreich

(1553X1610)

X

Maria deX Medici

(1575X1642)

Großeltern

Ludwig XIII. von Frankreich (1601X1643)

X

Anna von Österreich (1601-1666)



Karl I. von England (1600X1649)

X

Henrietta Maria von Frankreich (1609X1669)

Eltern

Philippe I. de Bourbon, duc dXOrléans (1640X1701)

X

Henrietta Anne Stuart (1644X1670)

Marie Louise de Bourbon-Orléans

Literatur [Bearbeiten]

* Helga Thoma: Ungeliebte Königin. Ehetragödien an Europas Fürstenhöfen. 1. Auflage. Ueberreuter, Wien 2000, ISBN 3-8000-3783-1 (als Taschenbuch: Serie Piper 3526, München / Zürich 2003, ISBN 3-492-23526-3).



Vorgängerin

Maria Anna von Österreich

Königin von Spanien

1679X1689 Nachfolgerin

Maria Anna von der Pfalz



Commons Commons: Marie Louise d'Orléans X Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 10. Juni 2010 um 10:10 Uhr geändert.

Notater:

{geni:about_me} * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois en.wikipedia.org...] ;

Philippe Charles d'Orléans, duc of Valois
House - House of Orléans
Father - Philippe de France
Mother - Henrietta Anne of England
Born - 16 July 1664, Palace of Fontainebleau, France
Died - 8 December 1666 (aged 2), Palais-Royal, Paris, France
Burial - Royal Basilica of Saint Denis

Philippe Charles d'Orléans, petit-fils de France, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 X 8 December 1666[1]) was a French prince and Grandson of France. He was created Duke of Valois at the time of his birth. He was a short lived nephew of Louis XIV.

Biography

Born at the Palace of Fontainebleau in July 1664, he was created the Duke of Valois at his birth. His father, Philippe de France, known at court as Monsieur was married to Henrietta Anne of England, daughter of the murdered Charles I of England and the French born Queen Henriette Marie. As such, his parents were first cousins.

He received the names of his father, Philippe and his maternal grandfather, Charles.

Philippe Charles birth helped to smooth over the difficult relationship his parents had; his father was a renowned homosexual who was under the domination of his long term lover the Chevalier de Lorraine. Monsieur complained thatHenriette (known simply as Madame) flirted with men at court including the king himself. Court gossip claimed that Philippe Charles' own older sister Marie Louise, was the product of Louis XIV's and Madame's flirting.

After the death of the Queen mother, Anne of Austria in January 1666, Louis XIV promised to raise Philippe Charles with his first cousin le Grand Dauphin. At the end of the year, Philippe Charles himself succumbed and died at thePalais-Royal in Paris, the grace and favour residence of his parents. He was Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, outside Paris.

Notater:

{geni:about_me} * [http://thepeerage.com/p22019.htm#i220188 thepeerage...] ;

stillborn son d'Orléans

M, #220188

stillborn son d'Orléans was the son of Philippe I, Duc d'Orléans and Henrietta Anne Stuart. (1)

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen Consort of Sardinia; Duchess Consort of Savoy

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans

Anne Marie d'Orléans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Anne Marie

Queen consort of Sardinia

Duchess of Savoy

Anne Marie d'Orléans by Ferdinand Elle. This was the official portrait sent to Savoy prior to her marriage

Spouse Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

Detail

Issue

Maria Adélaïde, Dauphine of France

Maria Luisa Gabriella, Queen of Spain

Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont

Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia

Full name

French: Anne Marie d'Orléans

Italian: Anna Maria de Orleans

House House of Savoy

House of Orléans

Father Philippe de France

Mother Henrietta Anne of England

Born 27 August 1669(1669-08-27)

Château de Saint-Cloud, France

Died 26 August 1728 (aged 58)

Royal Palace of Turin, Piedmont, Kingdom of Sardinia

Burial Basilica of Superga, Turin, Italy

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark#Issue

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Prince of Denmark, Duke of Gloucester