Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria

http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_J%C3%B3zefa_Habsbur%C5%BCanka

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_von_%C3%96sterreich_%281699%E2%80%931757%29

http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=4803

Familie/Ektefelle/partner: Ukjent. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Maria giftet seg med Friedrich August II von Sachsen, Kurfürst zu Sachsen, Król Polski 20 Aug 1719, Vienna, Austria. Friedrich (sønn av Friedrich August I Xthe StrongX von Sachsen, Elektor og Christiane Eberhardine Eberhardine) ble født 17 Okt 1696 , Dresden, Sachsen, Deutschland(HRR); døde 5 Okt 1763, Dresden, Sachsen, Deutschland(HRR). [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Christian%2C_Elector_of_Saxony

Friedrich giftet seg med Maria Antonia Walpurgis Symphorosa Wittelsbach, Kurfürstin zu Sachsen 20 Jun 1747, Dresden, Saxony, Germany. Maria ble født 18 Jul 1724 , Schloss Nymphenburg; døde 23 Apr 1780, Dresden, Sachsen, Deutschland(HRR); ble begravet , Katholische Hofkirche. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen of Spain 1759-1760, Princess of Saxony, Queen Consort of Spain; Queen Consort of Naples, Sicily and of Jerusalem, etc. Infanta Consort of Spain, Duchess Consort of Parma, Piacenza and of Castro, Reyna

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

'''The Peerage:''' http://www.thepeerage.com/p10352.htm#i103520

'''Geneall:''' http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=5048

'''Wikipedia:'''

'''English:''' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony

'''Deutsch:''' http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_von_Sachsen_(1724%E2%80%931760)

'''Español:''' http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Amalia_de_Sajonia

Maria giftet seg med Carlos III 'el Político' de Borbón, rey de España 19 Jun 1738, Dresden, Saxony, Germany. Carlos ble født 20 Jan 1716 , Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, España; ble døpt , Spain - aka Don Carlos de Borbon; døde 14 Des 1788, Plaza de Oriente; ble begravet , El Escorial, Comunidad de Madrid, España. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Electress Consort of Bavaria

Anna giftet seg med Maximilian Joseph Karl Johann Leopold Ferdinand Nepomuk Alexander von Wittelsbach, Herzog cirka 1747. Maximilian ble født 28 Mar 1727 , München, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR); døde 30 Des 1777, München, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR); ble begravet , Theatinerkirche. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Francis_Xavier_of_Saxony

Franz Xavier of Saxony (b. Dresden, 25 August 1730 - d. Dresden, 21 June 1806), was a German prince and member of the House of Wettin.

He was the fourth but second surviving son of Augustus III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and Maria Josepha of Austria.

In the Second Battle of Lutterberg (1762-07-23), the Franco-Saxon contingent under General the Comte de Lusace (Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony) were defeated by Prince Ferdinand.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lutterberg_(1762)

Life

Regent of Saxony

His older brother, the Elector Frederick Christian, died on 17 December 1763 after a reign of only 74 days. Franz Xavier took over the regency of the Electorate together with his sister-in-law, the Dowager Electress Maria Antoniaof Bavaria, on behalf of his infant nephew, the new Elector Frederick Augustus III. As co-regent, Franz Xavier continued the rationalistic reforms of his brother.

In October 1765, Franz Xavier performed in the name of the young Elector a formal renunciation of the Polish Crown in favor of Stanislaus Poniatowski, as was required by the treaty signed between Prussia and Russia on 11 April 1764. This was done against the wishes of the boy's mother, the Dowager Electress Maria Antonia. During the regency, Franz Xavier attempted to introduce a plan of army reform based upon the Prussian model of Frederick the Great. This brought him into conflict with the estates of the country, who violently refused to implement his proposal because of the high expense associated with his reorganization plan.

According to the regulations imposed by the Golden Bull of 1356, the regency of an underage Elector ended when he reached his eighteenth birthday. As a result, in 1768, the Elector Frederick Augustus III was formally proclaimed an adult, and Franz Xavier ended his functions as the regent of the Electorate of Saxony.

Secret Marriage, Exile and Return to Saxony

In Dresden on 9 March 1765 Franz Xavier married morganatically an Italian lady-in-waiting to his sister-in-law, the Dowager Electress, the contessa Maria Chiara Spinucci. The union was keep secret until 1777 when it was formally announced and legitimized.

In 1769, Franz Xavier moved his family to France, the home of his younger sister, the Dauphine Marie-Josèphe, who had died two years earlier. He lived in France for almost twenty years under the assumed title of Count of Lusatia (fr: Comte de Lusace, de: Gräf von der Lausitz). In 1774, his nephew, Louis XVI, became the king of the country. Franz Xavier and his family chose to flee France at the beginning of the French Revolution. They moved to Rome. Afterthe death of his wife in 1792, he remained in Rome for some years. Eventually, though, he returned to Saxony and settled into Schloss Zabeltitz. Franz Xavier lived there until his death, aged seventy-five.

Issue

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Francis_Xavier_of_Saxony#Issue

Franz giftet seg med Chiara Maria Spinucci 9 Mar 1765, Dresden, Saxony, Germany. Chiara ble født 30 Aug 1741 , Fermo; døde 23 Nov 1792, Fermo. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Dauphin of France, Princess of Saxony, Dauphine of France

{geni:about_me} Marie-Josèphe de Saxe (Maria Josepha Carolina Eleonore Françoise Xavière von Sachsen, 1731 - 1767), fille d'Auguste III de Saxe et de Marie-Josèphe d'Autriche. Elle épousa en 1747 le Dauphin Louis-Ferdinand de France, fils de Louis XV, jeune et inconsolable veuf de l'infante d'Espagne Marie-Thérèse Raphaëlle de Bourbon dont il avait eu une fille, Marie-Thérèse en 1746.

Marie-Josèphe de SaxeSommaire
1 Une famille déchirée
2 La mère des derniers rois de France
3 La triste Pépa
4 Victime de l'Amour

Une famille déchirée
Elle arriva, à quinze ans, dans une Cour dominée par Mme de Pompadour, favorite du roi et artisan de son mariage que lui a suggéré le populaire héros de Fontenoy, le maréchal de Saxe, oncle "par la main gauche" de Marie-Josèphe.

La nouvelle dauphine, surnommée Pépa, sut se concilier à la fois la Pompadour et son beau-père Louis XV, mais dut aussi compter avec la haine de son mari et de ses belle-sXurs pour la favorite.

Elle trouvait une belle-famille déchirée par les haines et les tensions : le roi et son épouse ne vivaient plus ensemble depuis dix ans. La pieuse reine Marie LeszczyXska vieillissait, recluse au milieu de vieux amis vieillissantmais elle n'oubliait pas que son père Stanislas Leszczynski avait été le concurrent malheureux au trône de Pologne face au grand père puis au père de Marie-Josèphe.

Ses filles, "Mesdames", célibataires, ne cessaient de blâmer la vie de leur père.

Le Dauphin, veuf de dix-sept ans, souffrant des souffrances de sa mère et "divinisé" par ses sXurs, ne savait dissimuler sa désapprobation et ne s'entendait pas non plus avec son père.

C'est dans ce contexte difficile que la Dauphine parvint à se faire aimer de tous, tant elle était intelligente, douce et aimante.


La mère des derniers rois de France
Après trois ans de stérilité (et de critiques de la cour), entre 1750 et 1764 elle mit au monde huit enfants :

Marie-Zéphyrine (1750-1755) dite Madame
Louis, duc de Bourgogne (1751-1761)
Louis-Xavier, duc d'Aquitaine (1753-1754)
Louis-Auguste, duc de Berry puis Dauphin puis Louis XVI (1754-1793)
Louis-Stanislas, comte de Provence puis Louis XVIII (1755-1824)
Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois puis Charles X (1757-1836)
Marie-Clotilde, princesse de Piémont puis reine de Sardaigne (1759-1802)
Élisabeth, Fille de France (1764-1794)
Son fils aîné, le duc de Bourgogne, enfant précoce, la comblait de fierté. Elle débordait pour lui d'amour maternel. De même que le dauphin, son mari, elle ne pouvait s'empêcher de le préférer à ses autres enfants (ce dont le futur Louis XVI souffrit). Sa mort, en 1761 fut pour elle une épreuve que, seule, sa piété lui permit d'accepter.

Elle eut aussi à conquérir son mari, qui tout à son veuvage, la fuyait.A force de patience et d'attentions, mais aussi avec la complicité de sa belle-sXur, Henriette, elle réussit à former avec son époux un couple très uni.

Elle contribua ensuite à rapprocher le roi de son fils.

Louis XV adorait sa belle-fille, en qui il avait grande confiance.


La triste Pépa
Les épreuves ne furent pas épargnées à cette princesse que son beau-père surnomma "la triste Pépa": en 1757 son pays natal, la Saxe, est envahie et pillée par les armées de roi Frédéric II de Prusse. La mère de Marie-Josèphe, fille de l'Empereur Joseph Ier, brisée par la douleur, en meurt.En 1764, cédant au parlementaires, Louis XV fit expulser les jésuites au grand dam du couple delphinal.

Au cours de ces années également, les deuils de la famille royale de France se multiplient:

1752 : mort de Mme Henriette, sa belle-sXur à 25 ans,
1755 : mort de sa fille aînée, Marie-Zéphyrine à 5 ans,
1757 : mort de sa mère et pillage de la Saxe(cf ci-desssus).Louis XV victime d'un attentat, survivra,
1759 : mort de Mme Elisabeth, duchesse de Parme, sXur jumelle d'Henriette,
1761 : mort de son fils aîné,
1763 : mort de son père, le roi Auguste III de Pologne et de sa nièce Isabelle de Parme à 22 ans, sa nièce, élevée à Versailles.Aînée des petits enfants du roi, elle avait épousé le futur Empereur Joseph II,
1764 : mort de la marquise de Pompadour,
1765 : mort de son époux le dauphin Louis-Ferdinand à 36 ans de tuberculose et de son beau-frère, Philippe Ier, duc de Parme,
1766 : mort accidentelle du roi Stanislas Leszczynski, son grand père par alliance.

Victime de l'Amour
Marie-Josèphe ne se remit jamais de la mort du dauphin qu'elle avait soigné elle-même jusqu'à la fin. Elle contracta son mal et mourut de tuberculose en 1767, âgée de 36 ans, laissant orphelins ses enfants aux tragiques destins...

Récupérée de « http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A8phe_de_Saxe »

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http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_J%C3%B3zefa_Wettyn_(1731-1767)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Marie-Jos%C3%A8phe_of_Saxony
Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731X1767)
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Maria Josepha of Saxony
Dauphine of France
Portrait by Jean-Martial Frédou, 1760
Spouse Louis-Ferdinand, Dauphin of France
Detail
Issue
Louis XVI of France
Louis XVIII of France
Charles X of France
Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia
Madame Élisabeth
Full name
German: Maria Josepha Carolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria
French: Marie Josèphe Caroline Eléonore Françoise Xavière
Father Augustus III of Poland
Mother Maria Josepha of Austria
Born 4 November 1731(1731-11-04)
Dresden Castle, Dresden, Saxony, modern-day Germany
Died 13 March 1767 (aged 35)
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France

Maria Josepha of Saxony (French: Marie Josèphe de Saxe; 4 November 1731 X 13 March 1767) was a Duchess of Saxony and the Dauphine of France. She became Dauphine at the age of fifteen through her marriage to Louis Ferdinand de France, the son and heir of Louis XV.

Marie Josèphe was the mother of three kings of France, including the doomed Louis XVI, who died under the guillotine during the French Revolution. Her youngest daughter, Madame Élisabeth, also was beheaded during the Revolution.
Contents
[show]

* 1 Family
* 2 Marriage negotiations
* 3 Marie-Josèphe de Saxe
* 4 Widowhood
* 5 Issue
* 6 Ancestry
* 7 See also
* 8 Titles, styles, honours and arms
o 8.1 Titles and styles
* 9 References
* 10 Titles

[edit] Family

Maria Josepha Carolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria was born on 4 November, 1731 in Dresden Castle to Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, and Maria Josepha of Austria, the daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor. As a daughter of the Electoral Prince, she was a Duchess in Saxony. Her mother was a first cousin of Maria Theresa of Austria, who in turn was the mother of Marie Antoinette, Maria Josepha's future daughter-in-law.

Maria Josepha was the eighth of fifteen children and the fourth daughter. Her oldest sister Maria Amalia Christina married the future Charles III of Spain in 1738 and had a large family. Her second sister, Maria Margaretha, died in infancy; Maria Anna Sophia became the Electress of Bavaria in 1747. Her eldest surviving brother Frederick Christian became the Elector of Saxony in 1763 and reigned for only 74 days.

Her younger sisters Maria Christina of Saxony and Maria Kunigunde of Saxony were Princess-abbesses of prestigious religious institutions.
[edit] Marriage negotiations

As noted, her oldest sister Maria Amalia had married a Spanish prince, Infante Carlos, in 1738. He was a member of the House of Bourbon. The Dauphin of France had been married to the Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain since February 1745. The couple had been very happy together and deeply in love. The Infanta, known as Marie-Thérèse-Raphaëlle in France, died on 22 July 1746 after giving birth to a daughter, the couple's only child, Princess Marie-Thérèse of France. Ferdinand VI of Spain, half-brother of the deceased Marie-Thérèse-Raphaëlle, had offered the Dauphine another Bourbon princess, Infanta Maria Antonietta. Instead, Louis XV and his all-powerful mistress Madame de Pompadour wanted to open up diplomatic channels.

The marriage between Maria Josepha and the Dauphin of France had first been suggested by Maria Josepha's uncle Maurice de Saxe, an illegitimate son of Maria Josepha's grandfather Augustus II. Louis XV and his mistress, were convinced that the marriage would be advantageous to French foreign affairs. France and Saxony had been on opposing sides in the recent War of the Austrian Succession and thus the marriage between the Saxon princess and the Dauphin of France would form a new alliance between the two nations.

There was one problem with the suggested bride: Maria Josepha's grandfather Augustus II had dethroned StanisXaw LeszczyXski (then the Duke of Lorraine). StanisXaw was the father of the then Queen of France Maria LeszczyXska. The marriage was said to have humiliated the simple-living Queen, even though the Queen and Dauphine would later get on well.

Other proposals came from Savoy in the form of Princess Eleonora of Savoy or her sister Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy.[1] Both were refused.

Despite the disapproval of the Queen, the two were married on 9 February 1747, Maria Josepha of Saxony married Louis Ferdinand de France, Dauphin of France and Fils de France. Her marriage to a Fils de France ("Son of France") allowed Maria Josepha the style of Royal Highness, the right to travel and lodge wherever the king did, as well as the coveted right of dining with him in an armchair in his presence. However in practice, the Dauphine was addressed as Madame la Dauphine, the more traditional French style prevailing at Versailles till the Revolution.
[edit] Marie-Josèphe de Saxe

In France the Saxon princess was known as Marie-Josèphe de Saxe.
Portrait by Jean Marc Nattier, 1751
Allegory of Maria Josepha and her daughter Marie Zéphyrine, by Charles-Joseph Natoire, c.1751.

Prior to the marriage, tradition demanded that the bride wear a bracelet which had a picture of her father on it; the Queen seeing the Dauphine asked to see the bracelet. The witty Marie-Josèphe then revealing the bracelet to theQueen showed a portrait of the Queen's father. The Dauphine said that the portrait represented the fact that the Duke of Lorraine was Marie-Josèphe's grandfather by marriage. The Queen and the court were strongly impressed by thetact of this girl of 15 years. The Dauphine was also very close to her father-in-law Louis XV.

At the time of the marriage, the Dauphin was still grieving for his Spanish wife. This grief was very public on the part of the Dauphin but Marie-Josèphe was praised greatly for her conquering the heart of the Dauphin "bit by bit". Despite Marie-Josèphe being the patient wife, the Dauphin's grief worsened in April 1748 when his only child with the Infanta died at the age of two.

The Dauphin was deeply affected by the death of Marie-Thérèse, known as Madame Royale, as she was his only link to her deceased mother. Marie-Josèphe, her stepmother, later commissioned a painting (now lost)[2] of the infant to be left over her cradle.

The new Dauphine was very grateful to Madame de Pompadour for helping arrange her marriage, and always maintained a good relationship with the royal mistress. Although it was an arranged marriage, Marie-Josèphe fell in love with the Dauphin.

Like her husband, Marie-Josèphe was very devout. Together with Queen Maria LeszczyXska, she formed a counterbalance to the libertine behaviour of her father-in-law and his court. The couple were not fond of the various entertainments held at Versailles every week, preferring to stay in their apartments which can still be seen on the ground floor of Versailles overlooking the Orangerie.

The couple's first child was a daughter, born in 1750 on the feast day of Saint Zephyrinus and named Marie Zéphyrine. The birth of the Princess, known as Madame Royale, was greeted with much joy by her parents even though Louis XV naturally had been disappointed the child was not a male. This princess died in 1755 without being mourned; in France, a princess had to live at least five years to be formally mourned.[3] Their second child, Louis Joseph Xavierde France, a son born on 15 September 1751, was given the title of duc de Bourgogne, a title traditionally given to the eldest son of the Dauphin of France. Bourgogne was the apple of his parents' eye. His talents appeared early and inspired hope for the future in the hearts of the entire court. He was adored by his older sister Marie Zéphyrine and he adored her too.

Unfortunately, the royal couple concentrated so much time and energy on this eldest son that their other children suffered from neglect. He died on 22 March 1761 at the age of nine at Versailles after having fallen from a toy horse. He started limping and a tumour began to grow on his hip. This was operated on, but he never recovered the use of his legs. He was buried at the Basilica of St Denis.

The couple's second son, Xavier de France, duc d'Aquitaine, born in 1753, died a year later. As a result, their third son, Louis Auguste de France, duc de Berry, born on 23 August 1754, became second in line to the French throne after his father. A strong and healthy boy, although very shy, he excelled in his studies and had a strong taste for Latin, history, geography, and astronomy, and became fluent in Italian and English. Louis Auguste would later become King of France being orphaned at the age of 12.

Thanks to Marie-Josèphe's close relationship with the King and Dauphin, the relationship between father and son soon repaired itself. The Dauphin was at the center of the Dévots, a group of religious-minded men who hoped to gain power when he succeeded to the throne. They were against the way of Louis XV who openly had affairs at court in blatant view of the Queen. Naturally they were not popular with Louis XV.

Her father-in-law named his loving daughter-in-law la triste Pepe; in 1754 Frederick II of Prussia invaded her native Saxony and that started the Seven Years' War in which France later joined. Saxony was pillaged by Frederick. Then in 1757 her mother died aged 58 in Dresden. Her father would die in 1763.

Politically reserved, she exerted herself only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France. The Society had been dissolved by the King on the initiative of the duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour.
[edit] Widowhood

The death of her husband, on 20 December, 1765, dealt Marie-Josèphe a devastating blow from which she never recovered, sinking into a deep depression for the rest of her life. Her sisters by marriage, Mesdames Adélaïde, Victoire,and Sophie mourned intensely. The Queen grieved greatly.

To save her the torment of remaining with bittersweet memories of her dead husband, Louis XV allowed her to move at Versailles from the apartments she had shared with her deceased spouse into the apartments of the late Madame de Pompadour, who had died in 1764. There, he visited her more than he had in the past and discussed with her the possible wedding of her son, the new dauphin. Marie-Josèphe was not pleased with the idea of her eldest son marrying Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, the future Marie Antoinette. Their mothers were first cousins, and Marie Antoinette's mother had seized the inheritance of the Habsburg Empire from Marie-Josèphe's mother.

Soon, her health declined. She died on 13 March 1767 of tuberculosis, and was buried in the royal crypt in Saint-Denis. The marriage of her son Louis Auguste with Maria Antonia was celebrated three years later.
[edit] Issue
Name Portrait Lifespan Notes
Marie Zéphyrine de France
Madame Royale Marie Zéphirine de France par Nattier.jpg 26 August 1750 -
1 September 1755 (aged 5) Born at Versailles, she was known as Madame Royale at court; died at Versailles aged 5
Louis Joseph Xavier de France
Duke of Burgundy Louis Joseph Xavier of France, Duke of Burgundy.jpg 13 September 1751-
22 March 1761 (aged 9) Heir of the Dauphin, he died at Versailles aged 9 much to the distress of his family;
Xavier Marie Joseph de France
Duke of Aquitaine Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France.svg 8 September 1753 X
22 February 1754 (aged 0) Born at the Palace of Versailles dying there aged 5 months;
Louis Auguste de France
King of France
Duke of Berry Ludvig XVI av Frankrike porträtterad av AF Callet.jpg 23 August 1754 X
21 January 1793 (aged 38) Born at Versailles, was later husband of Marie Antoinette and King of France; had issue;
Louis Stanislas Xavier de France
King of France
Count of Provence JoungLouisXVIII.jpg 17 November 1755 X
16 September 1824 (aged 68) Born at Versailles, he married Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy and had no issue; later King of France;
Charles Philippe de France
King of France
Count of Artois Charles X Roi de France et de Navarre.jpg 9 October 1757 X
6 November 1836 (aged 79) Born at Versailles, he married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had issue; was later King of France;
Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière de France
Queen of Sardinia Madameclotilde.jpg 23 September 1759 X
7 March 1802 (aged 42) Born at Versailles, she married the future Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia and had no issue;
Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France
Madame Élisabeth Madame-elisabeth-2.jpg 3 May 1764 X
10 May 1794 (aged 30) Born at Versailles, she never married and was executed in the French Revolution aged 30;

Maria Josepha also had a stillborn son in 1748 and again in 1749. A stillborn daughter in 1752; Stillborn son in 1756. She also miscarried a son in 1762

See also

* Nicolay

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and arms
[edit] Titles and styles

* 4 November, 1731 - September, 1733 Her Highness Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony
* 9 February 1747 X 20 December 1765 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Madame la Dauphine [de France])
* 20 December 1765 X 13 March 1767 Her Royal Highness the Dowager Dauphine of France

Maria Josepha's father held the title of king of Poland. However, children of Polish kings were explicitly forbidden the use of the title of prince or princess of Poland.
[edit] References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marie-Josèphe of Saxony

1. ^ niece of the Queen of Spain of the same name
2. ^ MARIE-THÉRÈSE, FILLE AÎNÉE DU DAUPHIN LOUIS-FERDINAND
3. ^ Spawfourth. Tony, Versailles, New York, 2008, p.200-1

This page was last modified on 20 July 2010 at 06:54.
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Marie-Josèphe of Saxony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Princess Maria Josepha Carolina of Saxony, Dauphine of France, (4 November 1731 X 13 March 1767), was the daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-elector of Saxony and king of Poland, and Maria Josepha of Austria, (1699-1757), the daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the mother of three Kings of France, including the doomed Louis XVI, who died under the guillotine during the French Revolution. Her youngest daughter, Madame Élisabeth, also was beheaded during the Revolution.
On February 9, 1747, Marie-Josèphe married Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir of Louis XV. For the French prince it was his second marriage. His first wife, Maria Teresa of Spain, had died on July 22, 1746, after giving birthto a daughter, the couple's only child. The marriage came about on the suggestion of Maurice de Saxe, an uncle of the future bride. Louis XV and his mistress, Madame de Pompadour, were convinced that the marriage would be advantageous to French foreign affairs.
The new Dauphine was very grateful to Madame de Pompadour for helping to arrange her marriage. She was always kind to her afterwards and had a good relationship with the royal mistress. Although an arranged marriage, Marie-Josèphe fell in love with the Dauphin. To a great extent, she was politically reserved and exerted herself in that arena only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France. The Society had been dissolvedby the King on the iniative of the Duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour. Like her husband, Marie-Josèphe was very devout. Together with Queen Maria LeszczyXska, she formed a counterbalance to the immoral behavior of her father-in-law and his court.

The couple's first child was a daughter named Marie Zéphyrine who was born in 1750 and died in 1755. Their second child was a son who was born on September 15th, 1751, and received the name Louis Joseph Xavier. He was given the title of Duke of Burgundy|Duc de Bourgogne because Louis XV's father had previously held the same title. The duc became the apple of his parents' eye. His talents appeared early and inspired hope for the future in the hearts of theentire court.
Unfortunately, though, the royal couple concentrated so much time and energy on this eldest son that their other children suffered from neglect. The Duc de Bourgogne died on March 22, 1761, of tuberculosis. Since the couple's second son, the Duc de Aquitaine, who had been born in 1753, had died one year later, their third son, Louis Auguste, Duc de Berry (future Louis XVI), born on August 23, 1754, became second in line to the French throne after his father.

The death of her husband on the December 20, 1765, dealt Marie-Josèphe a devastating blow from which she never recovered, sinking into a deep depression for the rest of her life. To save her the torment of remaining with bittersweet memories of her dead husband, Louis XV allowed her to move her apartments at Versailles from those she had shared with her deceased spouse into the apartments of the late Madame de Pompadour, who had died in 1764. There, he visited her more than he had in the past and discussed with her the possible wedding of her son, the new dauphin. Marie-Josèphe was not taken with the idea of her eldest son marrying Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria. Soon, her health quickly declined. She suffered from the same illness as her late husband, lung tuberculosis. She died on March 13, 1767, and was buried in the royal crypt in Saint-Denis. The marriage of her son with the Austrian archduchess, who became Marie Antoinette, was carried out three years later on May 16, 1770.
[edit]Marriages and children

Marie-Josèphe married Louis, Dauphin of France, and they had eight children:
Marie-Zéphyrine (26 August 1750X1 September 1755).
Louis, Duc de Bourgogne (13 September 1751X22 March 1761).
Xavier, Duc de Guyenne (8 September 1753X22 February 1754).
Louis-Auguste, Duc de Berry, the future king Louis XVI (23 August 1754 X 21 January 1793) (guillotined).
Louis-Stanislas, Comte de Provence, the future king Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 X 16 September 1824).
Charles-Philippe, Comte d'Artois, the future king Charles X (9 October 1757 X 6 November 1836).
Marie-Clotilde (23 September 1759 X 7 March 1802), married King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Prince of Piedmont.
Élisabeth-Philippine (3 May 1764 X 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth (guillotined).

Maria giftet seg med Louis Ferdinand de Bourbon 9 Feb 1747, Versailles, France. Louis ble født 4 Sep 1729 , Château de Versailles; ble døpt , Bourbon - house of France; døde 20 Des 1765, Château de Fontainebleau; ble begravet cirka 1765, Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens. His '''heart''' was buried at Basiliqu. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Hertig i Kurland 1758-63

{geni:about_me} http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Krystian_Wettyn

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Saxony,_Duke_of_Courland

--------------------

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Saxony,_Duke_of_Courland

Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland

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Carl Christian Joseph

Duke of Courland and Semigallia

Reign 1758X1763

Predecessor Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Successor Ernst Johann von Biron

Spouse Franciscka of Corvin-Krasinska

Issue

Maria Christina, Princess of Carignan

Full name

German: Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xaver

House House of Wettin

Father Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony

Mother Maria Josepha of Austria

Born 13 July 1733(1733-07-13)

Dresden

Died 16 June 1796 (aged 62)

Dresden

Burial Marienstern Monastery, Mühlberg.

Prince Karl Christian Joseph of Saxony (13 July 1733 X 16 June 1796) was a German prince from the House of Wettin and Duke of Courland.

Born in Dresden, he was the fifth but third surviving son of Augustus III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and Maria Josepha of Austria.

Contents

[hide]

* 1 Life

o 1.1 Causes of his election as Duke of Courland

o 1.2 Duke of Courland and Semigallia

o 1.3 Renunciation of the Duchy and later life

* 2 Secret Marriage and Issue

* 3 Ancestry

[edit] Life

[edit] Causes of his election as Duke of Courland

The Duke of Courland and guardian of the Russian Tsar Ivan VI, Ernst Johann von Biron X because of his extravagances and autocratic government, was hated by the Russian aristocracy X was removed from the regency upon the agreement of the Tsar's mother Anna Leopoldovna in 1740 and arrested. The attempts of Anna Leopoldovna in making herself a popular regent failed and her Prime Minister Burkhard Christoph von Munnich Xwho had organized the conspiracy against BironX was dismissed because of political and personal differences between both. Afterwards, a plot surrounding the Grand Duchess Elisabeth Petrovna against the regent was a complete success: in 1741 Anna Leopoldovna, her son Ivan and the rest of their family were exiled to Riga.

Now, certainly, the Tsarina Elisabeth gave her pardon to Biron; however, because of fear that he could again return to great power such as he had obtained during his old reign, she refused to restore to him his old dignities and the Duchy of Courland. To occupy the new headship of the Duchy, the local knighthood Xunder pressure from Saxony and PolandX chose the favorite son of the Polish king Prince Karl Christian in 1758 as their new Duke. The young prince had previously travelled to St. Petersburg from which came the agreement of Tsarina Elisabeth, confirming these plans from their part.

[edit] Duke of Courland and Semigallia

Most of Evangelic Courland aristocracy had big doubts about Karl Xlargely because they feared a Roman Catholic Duke would drive back his influence in favor of the Polish-Roman Catholic StateX and tried to limit KarlXs means by a contract formulated electoral surrender. Before these negotiations could come to their conclusion, his father appointed him as Duke on 10 November 1758 and formally invested him on 8 January 1759 with the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. Thereupon Karl who had signed now only a very much generally regarded assurance to religious questions and aristocratic privileges traveled to Courland and, on 29 March 1759, he solemnly entered the capital of his duchy, Mitau. After the Courland Diet (Landtag) and the States had met, they lost their hope of wringing a statement from Karl, nevertheless, they still favored him. Appropriately many aristocrats refused to homage the dukeXs appointmenton 3 November 1759 and instead waged protest in Warsaw and St. Petersburg.

The Schloss Mitau looks over the Lielupe, build by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli.

The Duke was fond of life and lived in a remarkably splendid household on the Schloss Mitau. He amused the aristocracy with parties and courtly hunts with which he was able to increase his supporters. Also he took over the guidance of the Freemason's medal blossoming, at that time in Poland, and protected himself so with a lot of aristocrats whom knights of an order were in agreement. He left domestic politics, however, in the hands of his Country Controller (Landhofmeister) Otto Christoph von der Howen.

[edit] Renunciation of the Duchy and later life

When in July 1762 the Tsarina Catherine the Great Xwho had been unapproving of Duke Karl on the basis of his lacking interest in the mental education of his subjectsX took the Russian throne after a coup d'état. She allowed the now entirely rehabilitated Biron to return from his exile and exercised a substantial diplomatic pressure on Saxony with the purpose of restoring him to his old office as Duke. Finally, a sickly Augustus III Xnot only for his declined health but also by the consequences of the Seven Years' WarX accepted the fate of his son and denied his support to him. Without any support, Karl had to renounce the Duchy in 1763 and he then returned to Saxony.

His hopes to win back the Duchy of Courland scattered after the quick death of his father and the loss of the Polish Crown for the Saxon Electors. Thereupon Karl lived in Dresden; however, dedicated himself farther to the hunt inthe Annaburger Heath.

Karl died in Dresden at age sixty-two. He was buried in the Marienstern Monastery (Kloster Marienstern) of Mühlberg.

[edit] Secret Marriage and Issue

In Warsaw on 21 March 1760 Karl secretly married Franziska von Corvin-Krasinska, daughter of Count Stanislaus von Corvin-Krasinski. Because Franziska did not belong to a ruling dynasty or immediate noble family, the marriage was morganatic. In response to the persistence of Karl and the Saxon court, in June 1775 she received from Emperor Joseph II the title of Princess. The couple had only one daughter:

1. Maria Christina Albertina Carolina (born Dresden, 7 December 1770 - died Paris, 24 November 1851), married firstly on 24 October 1797 to Carlo Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Carignan, and after his death she was married on 1 February 1816 to Jules Maximilien Thibaut, Prince de Montléart.

Through his daughter's first marriage, Karl is an ancestor of the later Kings of Italy.

This page was last modified on 26 April 2010 at 12:10.

Karl giftet seg med Franciszka Corvin-Krasinska 25 Mar 1760, Warsaw, Poland. Franciszka ble født 9 Mar 1742 , Maleszow, Schlesien, Prussia; døde 30 Apr 1796, Dresden, Sachsen, Tyskland. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Abbess of Remiremont

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Albrecht Casimir August Herzog von Sachsen-Teschen
*Joint Viceroy of Hungary.
*Herzog von Sachsen-Teschen in 1766.
*Joint Stadtholder of the Netherlands between 1781 and 1793

'''Links:'''
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11210.htm#i112093 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=5142 Geneall]
*'''Duke of Teschen Reign 1766-1822 with [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000002188444318 Maria Christina]
'''Predecessor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/6000000004183001787 Joseph II]
'''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/people/index/3996690188820126654 Karl Ludwig]
*'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxony,_Duke_of_Teschen English ]
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kasimir_von_Sachsen-Teschen Deutsch]
* Prince Albert Casimir August of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (11 July 1738, Moritzburg near Dresden X 10 February 1822, Vienna) was a German prince from the House of Wettin who married into the Habsburg imperial family. He noted as an art collector and founded the Albertina in Vienna, the largest and finest collection of old master prints and drawings in the world.
* He was a younger son of king Augustus III of Poland (who was also Elector of Saxony) and Maria Josepha of Austria, a first cousin of empress Maria Theresa, being the eldest daughter of late Emperor Joseph I. Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen, was also one of the godparents to his namesake Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
* Young Albert was specifically chosen by Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria to be her husband. This was a special favour granted by her mother, the great empress Maria Theresa of Austria because marriages of imperial children were usually used for diplomatic purposes. Still, the betrothal and wedding had to wait until the death of her father Emperor Francis I and the wedding decorations were black because it occurred during the official mourning period after his death. From his father-in-law's estate, Albert received the territory of Teschen in Austrian Silesia and was accordingly given the title of Duke of Teschen. Since he became a member of the Habsburg-Lorraine family, the title Archduke was also given to him.
* The Silesian Duchy of Teschen had been inherited by Emperor Francis through his father's Gonzaga ancestry, as compensation for the lost Duchy of Montferrat, taken from them in favor of the dukes of Savoy. Archduchess Maria Christina the daughter of Francis of Lorraine received the duchy among her dowry. Prince Albert of Saxony thus became the Duke of Teschen, the only non-Habsburg to become such after the title passed into Habsburg control. Their marriage remained childless except a daughter dead as baby, and upon the death of the widowed Albert in 1822, Teschen was granted to their adopted son, Archduke Charles of Austria, who became Duke of Teschen and started the Habsburg-Lorraine branch of Dukes of Teschen.
* Albert was governor of Hungary from 1765 to 1780, with his seat at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bratislava_Castle_R01.jpg '''Bratislava Castle'''] and his summer residence in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HalbturnCastleAustria.JPG '''Halbturn Castle'''] at Neusiedl. He was then made governor of the Austrian Netherlands, with his seat at Brussels where he built Laeken palace (the present-day home of the Belgian royal family) as his seat. Therehe assembled the beginnings of his vast art collection which he took with him when the couple had to flee from Brussels to Vienna in 1793 due to the French Revolution and following his military defeat by invasion forces at the Battle of Jemappes.
* In Vienna a palace adjoining the Hofburg originally designed by Emanuel Teles Silva-Tarouca was enlarged for them by architect Louis Montoyer. That palace is today called the Albertina, after Albert, and houses the collection he started. Only two-thirds of his collection survives, because one of the cargo ships bringing it from Brussels sank en route. After his return to Vienna, he used as an advisor Adam von Bartsch , the Curator of the Imperial printscollection and the greatest prints scholar of his age.
* After the early death of his wife in 1798 of typhus, he lived only for his art collection, which he bequeathed to his (wife's) nephew and adopted son Archduke Charles of Austria.
* Next door to his palace, in the Augustinerkirche Albert had a famous memorial to his wife carved by Antonio Canova. The couple are buried in tombs 111 and 112 in the Tuscan Vault of the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, with their hearts in urns 40 and 28 in the nearby Herzgruft and their viscera in urns 75 and 63 of the Ducal Crypt in Vienna's cathedral.

Albert giftet seg med Maria Christina Johanna Josepha Antonia Habsburg-Lorraine, Herzogin von Sachsen-Teschen cirka 1765. Maria ble født 13 Mai 1742 , Wien, Österreich; døde 24 Jun 1798, Wien, Österreich; ble begravet cirka 1798. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Archbishop of Trier

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Abbess of Thorn and Essen

Notater:

{geni:about_me} * [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_I._%28Sachsen%29 '''de.wikipedia.org....'''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony '''en.wikipedia....'''],
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Castle about - '''Dresden Castle'''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_1896.jpg picture of - '''Dresden Castle'''] - where Frederick lived
* From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
* Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
* Frederick Augustus I (full name: Frederick Augustus Joseph Maria Anton Johann Nepomuk Aloys Xavier) (German: Friedrich August I.; b. Dresden, 23 December 1750 X d. Dresden, 5 May 1827) was King of Saxony (1805X1827) from the House of Wettin. He was also Elector Frederick Augustus III (Friedrich August III.) of Saxony (1763X1806) and Duke Frederick Augustus I (Polish: Fryderyk August I) of Warsaw (1807X1813). The Augustusplatz in Leipzig is named after him.
===Family Background===
* He was the second (but eldest surviving) son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony, and Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria, Princess of Bavaria. Because he was underage at the time of the death of his father in 1763, his mother served as Regent until 1768. His uncle Prince Franz Xavier functioned as his representative.[1]
===Renunciation of the Polish Throne===
* In 1765 Prince Franz Xavier ceded the Polish throne to StanisXaw August Poniatowski on behalf of the underage Elector. Frederick Augustus was named successor to Stanislaw, however, when a Polish Constitution was ratified by thelower House (Sejm) of the Polish Parliament. At the same time, the head of the Saxon Royal House was established as heir to the Polish throne (Article VII of the Polish Constitution). Frederick Augustus declined to accept the crown upon Stanislaw's death in 1798, because he feared becoming entangled in disputes with Austria, Prussia and Russia, who had begun to partition Poland in 1772.[2] As a matter of fact, a full partition of Poland among the neighboring powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia had already taken place by 1795.
===Foreign policy up to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire===
* In August 1791, Frederick Augustus arranged a meeting with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia at Pillnitz Castle that was intended partly to offer support for the French monarchy in the face of revolutionary agitation in France.[1] The Declaration of Pillnitz warned of the possibility of military action against the French revolutionary government, a provocation that provided it with grounds to declare war on Austria in April 1792. Frederick Augustus himself did not sign the Declaration.
* Saxony wanted nothing to do with the defensive alliance against France formed between Austria and Prussia. Nonetheless, a proclamation of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire issued in March 1793 obligated Frederick Augustus to take part. There was great concern in Saxony in April 1795 when Prussia suddenly concluded a separate peace with France in order to facilitate the partition of Poland. Saxony dropped out of the coalition against France in August 1796 after France had advanced east into the German lands and additional conditions for the Holy Roman Empire to conclude a separate peace were agreed to.
* Both the peace agreement with France and Saxony's participation in the Congress of Rastatt in 1797 served to demonstrate Frederick AugustusX loyalty to the conventional constitutional principles of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress of Rastatt was supposed to authorize the surrender of left bank areas of the Rhine to France in return for compensation for the rulers who were relinquishing their territories. Saxony refused to agree to territorial adjustments that were designed to benefit Bavaria, Prussia, Württemberg, and Baden at the Congress of Rastatt and in 1803 at the issuance of the Final Report of the Empire Delegation [the law of the Holy Roman Empire that laid out the new order of the Empire].
===Foreign policy until the peace with Napoleon===
* Frederick Augustus also did not participate in the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, which led to the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. With respect to the Prussian idea of a north German empire, within which Saxony was supposed to be raised to a kingdom, he appeared reserved. However, when Napoleon advanced as far as Thuringia after September 1806 in response to the Berlin Ultimatum, which demanded the withdrawal of French troops from the left bank of the Rhine, Frederick Augustus joined with Prussia. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt in 1806 the Prussian X Saxon troops suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Napoleon. Separated from Prussia, whose state and army leadership withdrew headlong to the east, left without any information concerning Prussian intentions, and with NapoleonXs troops about to occupy Saxony, Frederick Augustus had to conclude peace. On 11 December 1806 in Poznan a treaty was signed by authorized representatives of both sides. Saxony was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine and had to surrender areas of Thuringia to the recently organized Kingdom of Westphalia. As compensation, Saxony was given the area around Cottbus and was raised to the status of a kingdom alongside the Confederation states of Bavaria and Württemberg.
* Frederick Augustus was proclaimed king of Saxony on 20 December 1806. After the Treaty of Tilsit, which Frederick William III of Prussia and Czar Alexander I of Russia concluded with Napoleon in July 1807, Frederick Augustus was also named duke of Warsaw. Although he had rejected the offer of the kingdom of Poland in 1795 by the lower House of the Polish Parliament, he could not refuse a Polish title a second time.[1][2]
* The Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw, which Napoleon dictated to Saxony, joined the Duchy of Warsaw hereditarily to the Royal House of Saxony in Article V, which was linked to the Polish Constitution of 1791. Geopolitically the Duchy of Warsaw comprised the areas of the 2nd and 3rd Prussian partitions (1795), with the exception of Danzig (GdaXsk), which was made into the Free City of Danzig under joint French and Saxon "protection", and the district around BiaXystok, which was given to Russia. The area of Prussian control was made up of territory from the former Prussian provinces of New East Prussia, Southern Prussia, New Silesia, and West Prussia. In addition, the new statewas given the area along the NoteX river and the "Land of CheXmno".
* Altogether, the Duchy had an initial area of around 104,000 km², with a population of approximately 2,600,000. The bulk of its inhabitants were Poles.
* In 1809, Austria was successfully defeated by PolishXSaxon troops after it attempted to take possession of the Duchy and for its part had to cede to the Duchy of Warsaw Polish regions absorbed up to 1795, among them the old Polish royal city of Kraków. In July 1812 Frederick Augustus ratified a proclamation of the Polish Parliament that restored the Kingdom of Poland. Napoleon lodged a protest against this action.
===Events during the War of Liberation===
* In 1813 during the War of Liberation, Saxony found itself in a more difficult situation than many other warring states. The country was still solidly in NapoleonXs grip and at the same time had become the central arena of the war. In the autumn of 1813 at the start of the Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) the local population of Saxony, which tallied about 2 million, saw almost a million soldiers brought to its territories. Napoleon openly threatened to consider Saxony as enemy territory and treat it accordingly should Frederick Augustus change sides. Frederick AugustusX room for maneuver was consequently greatly limited. He did not want to put the countryXs well-being into play frivolously. At the same time, he still remembered vividly the way in which Prussia had simply abandoned him in 1806.
* In this difficult situation the King attempted to enter cautiously into an alliance with the Sixth Coalition in 1813 without risking a public break with Napoleon and a declaration of war. As the Prussian and Russian troops entered Saxony in the spring, the King first moved to the south in order to avoid a direct encounter and pursued an alliance with Austria secretly from Regensburg. The Saxon-Austrian Pact was concluded on 20 April and the King made the Prussian and Russian allies aware of it at the same time. Napoleon, from whom Frederick Augustus was not able to keep the diplomatic maneuvers concealed, summoned the King urgently to Saxony after he had defeated the Prussian-Russian troops at Lützen on 2 May. Frederick Augustus decided to comply with the ultimatum presented to him. With no prospect of concrete assistance from Austria, and in view of the defeat of the Prussian X Russian coalition, which now sent peace signals to France, he felt he had no choice.
* Frederick AugustusX decision brought the country scarcely any relief. Napoleon, angered at the near defection of the King and at the same time dependent upon the full mobilization of all available forces against the Coalition troops, harshly demanded the full resources of Saxony. In addition, the country suffered under the changing fortunes of war and associated movements and quartering. At the end of August the Allies failed again to defeat Napoleon atthe Battle of Dresden. Meanwhile Saxony became the principal arena of war and Dresden the mid-point of the French army movements. Not until 9 September in Teplice (in the present-day Czech Republic) did Austria conclude its alliance with Prussia and Russia. As NapoleonXs troops in Saxony formed up for the retreat before the expanded coalition, the first defectors from the Saxon army to the allies came in September.
* Frederick Augustus was mistrustful of Prussia in view of the experiences of the spring and arguably disappointed as well by Austria's decision not to join the Coalition immediately, especially while the country was exposed as before to French domination. Thus he chose not to break with Napoleon. At the Battle of Leipzig [Battle of Nations] the Saxon as well as the Polish troops fought on the side of Napoleon. In view of the apparent defeat of the French, even larger Saxon troop formations went over to the Coalition during the battle, whereas the Polish troops were largely annihilated.
===Settlement of Saxon affairs at the Congress of Vienna===
* At the deliberations of the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815, Frederick Augustus' position was doomed by his country's difficult geographic position, the changing fortunes of war, a lack of assistance from Austria, and his own hesitant attitude. The Prussian-Russian alliance had never had an honorable intention in bringing Saxony into the anti-Napoleon alliance in the first place. Even before Prussia declared war on France on 17 March 1813, it had agreed to an alliance with Russia to the detriment of Saxony and Poland at Kalisz on 22 February: the Duchy of Poland would predominantly come under Russian rule, whereas Prussia would be compensated for relinquished Polish territories with the annexation of Saxon territory. PrussiaXs appetite for the economically and culturally more developed territories of Saxony originated in the old dream of annexation that Frederick II had developed in his political testament of 1752 and had already tried to realize in the Seven Years' War. It did not originate from any necessity to overcome Napoleonic rule in central Europe.
* After the Battle of Leipzig the Prussian-Russian alliance showed no interest in an alliance with the Saxon king in the wider struggle against Napoleon irrespective of offers of support from Frederick Augustus. Rather, the King was taken into captivity to Friedrichsfelde near Berlin and placed under Russian-Prussian custody in the name of a XGeneral Government of High Allied Powers.X
* The forceful manner of Prussian minister Baron von Stein, not the government administered by Russian Prince Repnin until November 1814 or the subsequent Prussian occupying force that lasted to June 1815, were responsible for the low morale in Saxony at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. In contrast to the representatives of France, Frederick Augustus was denied participation at the Congress of Vienna as punishment for his supposed role as the quasi- deputyof his former ally Napoleon. Certainly nothing other than the intention of Prussia and Russia to carry out the annexation plans agreed to in Kalisz was responsible for this treatment of the Saxon king. That Saxony was not completely abandoned can be attributed to the fear of Austria and France of an overly-strengthened Prussia. Because the Saxon question threatened to break up the Congress, the allies finally agreed to divide Saxony (7 January 1815) with the mediation of the Czar.
===Acceptance of the post-war order of the Congress of Vienna===
* Frederick Augustus delayed his agreement to the division of his country after he was released from a Prussian prison in February 1815. Since the King had no choice, he finally gave in, and on 18 May consented to the peace treaty laid before him by Prussia and Russia. With the signing of the treaty on 21 May 1815, 57% of Saxon territory and 42% of the Saxon population was turned over to Prussia.
* Places and areas that had been connected to the Saxon landscape for hundreds of years became completely foreign, absorbed in part into artificially created administrative regions. Examples include Wittenberg, the old capital ofthe Saxon Elector State during the Holy Roman Empire, and seat of the National University made famous by Martin Luther and Melanchthon (which was already done away with in 1817 by means of a merger with the Prussian University ofHalle), and Torgau, birthplace and place of residence of the Elector Frederick the Wise, which was incorporated into one of the new hybrids created by Prussia under the name Province of Saxony. Lower Lusatia, which like Upper Lusatia had preserved its constitutional autonomy under Saxon rule, was incorporated into the Province of Brandenburg and ceased to exist as a state. Upper Lusatia was arbitrarily divided: the area assigned to Prussia, including Görlitz, was added to the Province of Silesia; these areas also lost their constitutional autonomy.
* On 22 May 1815 Frederick Augustus abdicated as ruler of the Duchy of Warsaw, whose territory was annexed mainly to Russia, but also partly to Prussia and Austria. In the area assigned to Russia, a Kingdom of Poland was created to join in a hereditary union with the Czars. The old royal city of Kraków no longer belonged to the new kingdom, and became a separate republic. The internal autonomy that it enjoyed at first was abolished in 1831 after the Polish Uprising.
* When Frederick returned home to Saxony in July 1815 he was greeted enthusiastically throughout the land. Numerous expressions of loyalty also reached the king from the ceded territories, where the populace regarded the new rulers coolly; shortly thereafter the notion of being Xmandatory-PrussianX began to circulate. In Liège, where the majority of the regiments of the Saxon Army had been stationed since the beginning of 1815, there was a revolt at the end of April. At the behest of the Prussian king, Blücher was to discharge the soldiers who came from the annexed territories, but Frederick AugustusX men had not yet made their departure, and the Saxon soldiers rioted over it. Blücher had to flee the city and was able to put down the revolt only by calling up additional Prussian troops.
* Public opinion in Saxony lay decisively on Frederick AugustusX side at the time of his return. There was a feeling that Prussian policies were too ruthless both against the country and the king. The avarice of special interestsin Berlin came across all too clearly as the rewards of the War of Liberation were distributed.
===Final years===
* The last twelve years of Frederick AugustusX government passed largely quietly.[1] The conservative character of the king, which in foreign policy up to 1806 had manifested itself in unconditional loyalty to Saxon interests, hardened even more after the experience of Napoleonic hegemony. With respect to political reform the King achieved little. Until his death in 1827, little was altered in the constitutional regulation of the Saxon state. To be sure, the king failed to do so out of respect for the rights of the remaining Lusatian upper classes. Just as little came of the desire of many people to transform the existing political system to accommodate a genuine parliament. Therewas scarcely any lessening of admiration for the old king who had overseen the destiny of Saxony for more than half a century. During his lifetime he gained the name XThe Just.X Resentment over the delayed economic and social rebuilding of the country was to be felt by his brother, King Anton.
* Frederick Augustus was entombed in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Dresden.[2]
===Marriage and issue===
* In Mannheim on 17 January 1769 (by proxy) and again in Dresden on 29 January 1769 (in person), Frederick Augustus married the Countess Palatine (Pfalzgräfin) Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, sister of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. During their marriage, Amalia gave birth to four children, but only one daughter survived to adulthood:
* Stillborn child (1771).
* Stillborn child (1775).
* Maria Augusta Nepomucena Antonia Franziska Xaveria Aloysia (b. Dresden, 21 June 1782 X d. Dresden, 14 March 1863).
* Stillborn child (1797).
* Without surviving male issue, Frederick Augustus was succeeded as King of Saxony by his younger brother Anton.
===Titles and styles===
===Golden Fleece - Knights: Spanish Branch===
23 December 1750 - 5 October 1763 His Serene Highness Prince Friedrich August of Saxony,
5 October 1763 - 17 December 1763 His Serene Highness The Electoral Prince of Saxony,
17 December 1763 - 20 December 1806 His Serene Highness The Elector of Saxony,
20 December 1806 X 5 May 1827 His Majesty The King of Saxony,




'''Links:'''

'''The Peerage:'''

'''Geneall:'''

'''Wikipedia:'''

'''English:'''

'''Deutsch:'''

Frederick Augustus I became the first King of Saxony, came to be known as the Just, ruled from 1806 to 1827. He was succeeded by his brother Anthony.

Notater:

{geni:about_me} *Unmarried and without issues

'''Links:'''
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p11154.htm#i111537 The Peerage
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=445482 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p115.htm#i1144 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=445483 Geneall]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} King of Saxony 1827-1836, Kung i Sachen

{geni:about_me} Name/title: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar Prince(Prinz) of Sachsen

König von Sachsen in 1827

'''Links:'''

'''The Peerage:''' http://thepeerage.com/p11154.htm#i111538

'''Geneall:''' http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=9417

'''Predecessor Frederick Augustus I:''' http://www.geni.com/people/Frederick-Augustus-I-king-of-Saxony/6000000002240806179

'''Successor Frederick Augustus II:'''

'''Wikipedia:'''

'''English:''' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony

'''Deutsch:''' http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_(Sachsen)

Anthony of Saxony succeeded his brother Frederick Augustus I as King of Saxony in 1827. He ruled until 1836, and was succeeded by John, brother of Frederick Augustus II.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duchess Consort of Zweibrücken

{geni:about_me} *Marie Amalie Anna Josephina Antonia Justina Augusta Xaveria Aloysia Johanna Nepomucena Magdalena Walpurgis Katharina princess of Saxony
*By marriage Duchess of Pfalz-Zweibrücken
*After the dead of her husband she became abess of St. Anna Damenstiftskirche in Munich


==Links:==
*[http://thepeerage.com/p11155.htm#i111543 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/D/per_page.php?id=18110 Geneall]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony Wikipedia]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Crown Prince of Saxony 1827-1830, Crown Prince of Saxony, Crown Prince of Saxony (May 5, 1827 - Sept. 1, 1830), 1827 - Sep. 1

{geni:about_me} * full name: Maximilian Maria Joseph Anton Johann Baptist Johann Evangelista Ignaz Augustin Xavier Aloys Johann Nepomuk Januar Hermenegild Agnellis Paschalis
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian,_Crown_Prince_of_Saxony '''http://en.wikipedia....''']
* Maximilian Prinz von Sachsen was born on 13 April 1759. He was the son of Friedrich Christian Leopold Kurfürst von Sachsen and Maria Antonia Prinzessin von Bayern. (1) He married, secondly, Maria Luisa Carlota di Borbone, Principessa di Parma, daughter of Luigi I di Borbone, King of Etruria and Maria Luisa de Borbón, Infanta de España, on 7 November 1825. He married, firstly, Carolina Maria di Borbone, Principessa di Parma, daughter of Ferdinando I di Borbone, Duca di Parma and Marie Amalie Erzherzogin von Österreich, on 9 May 1792.
* He died on 3 January 1838 at age 78.
* Maximilian Prinz von Sachsen gained the title of Prinz von Sachsen. (1)
* Children of Maximilian Prinz von Sachsen and Carolina Maria di Borbone, Principessa di Parma

-1. Marie Amalie Friederike Auguste Prinzessin von Sachsen b. 10 Aug 1794, d. 18 Sep 1870

-2. Marie Ferdinanda Amalie Prinzessin von Sachsen1 b. 27 Apr 1796, d. 3 Jan 1865

-3. Friedrich August II König von Sachsen1 b. 18 May 1797, d. 9 Aug 1854

-4. Clemens Prinz von Sachsen1 b. 1 May 1798, d. 4 Jan 1822

-5. Marie Anne Karoline Prinzessin von Sachsen+1 b. 15 Nov 1799, d. 24 Mar 1832

-6. Johann I König von Sachsen+1 b. 12 Dec 1801, d. 29 Oct 1873

-7. Marie Josepha Prinzessin von Sachsen1 b. 6 Dec 1803, d. 17 May 1829

===Forrás / Source:===
* [http://www.thepeerage.com/p11155.htm#i111545 '''thepeerage...''']

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Infanta of Spain, Princess of Naples and Sicily

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Infanta of Spain, Princess of Naples and Sicily

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Infanta of Spain, Princess of Naples and Sicily

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Infanta of Spain, Princess of Naples and Sicily

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Infanta of Spain

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

'''The Peerage:''' http://www.thepeerage.com/p10578.htm#i105775

'''Geneall:''' http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=5186



'''Wikipedia:'''

'''English:''' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain

'''Español:''' http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_de_Borb%C3%B3n

'''Deutsch:''' http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ludovica_von_Spanien

http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Ludovika_magyar_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9

"OF SPAIN"

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Duke of Calabria, Prince of Naples and Sicily, Infante of Spain

{geni:about_me} ====Golden Fleece - Knights: Spanish Branch====
* [http://gw5.geneanet.org/sanchiz?lang=en;p=maria+luisa;n=borbon+sajonia geneanet.org - '''Felipe Antonio de Borbón....''']

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Rey de España 1788-1808, King of Spain 1788-1808, Rey de España

{geni:about_me} Carlos IV, Rey de España

M, #103517, b. 12 November 1748, d. 19 January 1819

Last Edited=11 Mar 2007

Consanguinity Index=2.88%

Carlos IV, Rey de España was born on 12 November 1748 at Palazzo Reale, Pottici, Napoli, Italy. (2) He was the son of Carlos III de Borbón, Rey de España and Marie Amalie Prinzessin von Sachsen. He married Maria Luisa di Borbone,Principessa di Parma, daughter of Filippo di Borbone, Duca di Parma and Louise Elisabeth de Bourbon, on 4 September 1765 at San Ildefonso, Spain. (2)

He died on 19 January 1819 at age 70 at Rome, Italy. (2)

Carlos IV, Rey de España was a member of the House of Bourbon. He succeeded to the title of Rey Carlos IV de España in 1788. (3) He abdicated as King of Spain in 1808.

Children of Carlos IV, Rey de España and Maria Luisa di Borbone, Principessa di Parma

-1. Carlos de Borbón b. 19 Sep 1771, d. 7 Mar 1774

-2. Carlota Joaquina de Borbón, Infanta de España+ b. 25 Apr 1775, d. 7 Jan 1830

-3. Maria Luisa de Borbón b. 11 Sep 1777, d. 2 Jul 1782

-4. Maria Amelia de Borbón b. 10 Jan 1779, d. 1798

-5. Carlos Domingo de Borbón b. 5 Mar 1780, d. 11 Jun 1783

-6. Maria Luisa de Borbón, Infanta de España+ b. 6 Jul 1782, d. 13 Mar 1824

-7. Carlos Francesco de Borbón b. 5 Sep 1783, d. 11 Dec 1784

-8. Felipe Francesco de Borbón b. 5 Sep 1783, d. 18 Oct 1784

-9. Fernando VII, Rey de España+ b. 13 Oct 1784, d. 29 Sep 1833

-10. Carlos Maria de Borbón, Duques de Molina+ b. 29 Mar 1788, d. 10 Mar 1855

-11. Maria Isabel de Borbón, Infanta de España+2 b. 6 Jul 1789, d. 13 Sep 1848

-12. Marie Therese de Borbón b. 16 Feb 1791

-13. Felipe de Borbón b. 28 Mar 1792

-14. Francisco de Paula de Borbón, Duque de Cádiz+2 b. 10 Mar 1794, d. 13 Aug 1865

Forrás / Source:

http://www.thepeerage.com/p10352.htm#i103517

--------------------

Charles IV of Spain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808.

Early life

Charles was the second son of Charles III and his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony. He was born at Portici, while his father was king of the Two Sicilies. His elder brother don Felipe was passed over for the two thrones as mentally retarded and epileptic.

Charles had inherited a great frame and immense physical strength from the Saxon line of his mother, granddaughter of August II of Poland. When young he was fond of wrestling with the strongest countrymen he could find. He was considered by many to be intellectually sluggish and quite credulous.

His wife Maria Luisa of Parma, on the other hand, was seen by many (including by the painter Francisco Goya) as a vicious and coarse woman who thoroughly dominated the king. During his father's lifetime he was led by her into court intrigues which aimed at driving the king's favourite minister, Count of Floridablanca, from office, and replacing him by Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda, the chief of the "Aragonese" party.

Children

Charles IV married his first cousin Maria Luisa of Parma (daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma) in 1765. They had 14 children: including:

Infanta Carlota Joaquina

Infanta Maria Amalia

Infanta Maria Luisa

Ferdinand VII

Infante Carlos

Infanta Maria Isabel

Infante Francisco de Paula

Reign

After he succeeded to the throne in 1788 his one serious occupation was hunting. Affairs were left to be directed by his wife and her alleged lover Manuel de Godoy. Although Godoy essentially took over his wife and his office, the king was favourable towards him for all his life. When terrified by the French Revolution he turned to the Inquisition to help him against the party which would have carried the reforming policy of Charles III much further. But he never took more than a passive part in the direction of his own government. He simply obeyed the impulse given him by the queen and Godoy. In 1803, after smallpox had affected his daughter María Luísa, the king commissioned hisdoctor Francisco Javier de Balmis to bring the vaccine to the Spanish colonies on state expenses.

He had a profound belief in his divine right and the sanctity of his person. He thought it very important to seem a very powerful monarch, although his kingdom was treated as a mere dependency by France and his throne was dominated by the queen and her lover. Spain allied with France and supported the Continental Blockade, but withdrew after the Battle of Trafalgar. When Napoleon won from Prussia in 1807, Godoy returned to the French side, but France no longer considered Spain a worthy ally. But even the alliance with France, as it was, made Godoy's rule unpopular and fueled the partido fernandista, the supporters of Ferdinand, who favored a close relationship with Great Britain.

[edit]Abdication

When he was told that his son Ferdinand was appealing to the emperor Napoleon against Godoy, he took the side of the favourite. When the populace rose at Aranjuez in 1808 he abdicated on March 19, in favour of his son, to save the minister who had been taken prisoner. Ferdinand took the throne as Ferdinand VII, but was distrusted by Napoleon who had 100,000 soldiers in Spain by that time.

Charles IV found refuge in France, and became prisoner of Napoleon: the latter, posing as arbiter, summoned both Charles IV and his son to Bayonne in April and coaxed Charles (who found a difficult time restraining himself from assaulting his son) to retract his earlier abdication and abdicate, on May 5, 1808, in favour of Napoleon's brother Joseph[1][2][3].

Charles was then interned in Talleyrand's castle in Valençay[2][4]. He accepted a pension from the French emperor and spent the rest of his life between his wife and Godoy, staying briefly in Compiègne and more durably in Marseille, to finally settle in 1812 in Rome in the Palazzo Barberini (under the protection of pope Pius VII)[1][5][6][7]. He died in Rome on January 20, 1819.

References

^ a b http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_d%27Espagne

^ a b Napoleon I :: Blockade and the peninsular campaign - Britannica Online Encyclopedia

^ Articles: Period of Imperial Crisis (revised) - Historical Text Archive

^ http://pcombal.club.fr/bioanglaise.html X XThe Spanish affair&rqduo;

^ Manuel de Godoy#Exile

^ Worldroots.com

^ The Royal Favorite: Manuel Francisco Domingo de Godoy, Prince of the Peace

Historia del Reinado de Carlos IV, by General Gomez de Arteche (5 vols.), in the Historia General de España de la Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid, 1892, etc.).

PVD's 20th cousin 6 times removed.

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ====Golden Fleece - Knights: Spanish Branch====
Name/title: Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto Prince of Naples and Sicily, Prince(Infante) of Spain

==Links:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies Wikipedia....], [http://www.thepeerage.com/p10578.htm#i105778 The Peerage....], [http://www.geneall.net/I/per_page.php?id=5218 Geneall....],
*'''King of the Two Sicilies:''' Reign 12 December 1816 X 4 January 1825>'''Predecessor:'''[http://www.geni.com/people/Carlos-III/6000000007279420595 Charles] '''Successor:''' [http://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000002240794723 Francis I]

He was also as Ferdinand IV he was also king of Naples (1759-1806,
1815-25), and as Ferdinand III, king of Sicily (1806-15). In 1759
Ferdinand became king of Naples. He ruled for eight years under the
regency of his father's chief minister Bernardo Tanucci (1698-1783). In
1768 he married the daughter of Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, and
replaced Tanucci with John Francis Edward Acton (1736-1811), an
Englishman. Influenced by his wife and by Acton, Ferdinand allied Naples
with the coalition opposing France in the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars. The French captured Naples in 1799 and there set up the
Parthenopean Republic. Ferdinand found refuge in Palermo, Sicily, until an
army under Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo (1744-1827) recovered Naples later that
year. Ferdinand's return was marked by mass executions of Neapolitans who
had sided with the French. In 1806 he fled once more to Sicily before the
advance of Joseph Bonaparte, who had been made king of Naples by his
brother, Napoleon, and who captured Naples soon thereafter. Ferdinand's
authority was limited to Sicily from 1806 until 1815; his reign was
unpopular, and for a time (1812) his son acted for him as regent.
Ferdinand returned to Naples after Napoleon's overthrow in 1815. The
following year, against the will of most of his subjects, he reconstituted
the kingdom of the Two Sicilies along autocratic lines with the aid of
Austria. He was succeeded by his son, Francis I.

"OF NAPLES"

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Infante of Spain

{geni:about_me} ====Golden Fleece - Knights: Spanish Branch====
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spain wikipedia - '''Gabiel of Spain....''']
====Biography====
* Born at the Palace of Portici outside Naples, he was named Prince Gabriel Antonio Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Serafin Pascual Salvador of Naples and Sicily; he was the fourth son of King Charles VII and V and Maria Amalia of Saxony; his father was the King of Naples and Sicily as part of a personal union from 1735.
* Of all the sons of Charles III, Gabriel was the most intelligent and hardworking. He was very cultured, renown to be an excellent translator of Sallust and a true Maecenas. He had Antonio Soler as his music teacher, who composed several sonatas on harpsichord especially for his gifted pupil, as well as concerts for two organs to be interpreted together in the El Escorial church.
* Gabriel spent his childhood growing up in his fathers Neapolitan kingdom; at the age of seven, he moved with his parents and older siblings Infante Charles and Infanta Maria Luisa to live in Madrid. His uncle Ferdinand VI of Spain died in heirless in 1759 so his father became Charles III of Spain by default. In Naples he left his two other brothers Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria (who was disabled and thus excluded from succession to any of his fathersdomains) and the eight year old Ferdinand, King of Naples and Sicily; Ferdinand was put in the care of a Regency council which ran the Kingdom till 1767.
* While in Spain his brother married Maria Luisa of Parma in 1765; the couple did not have any issue until 1771; Gabriel was third in line to the Spanish Throne during that period. Prior to the marriage of King Ferdinand, Gabrielwas second in line to his throne from 1759 to 1775. He was later made the Grand Prior of the Orden Hospitalaria de San Juan in Castilla y León. In 1771 he instructed Juan de Villanueva to build the so called Casita del Infante.
* He had married Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal; she was the daughter of Maria I of Portugal and Peter III of Portugal. Mariana Victoria had a proxy ceremony on 12 April 1785 in Lisbon; they met for the first time at Aranjuez on 23 May. The couple had three children but only one survived infancy; their eldest child, Infante Peter Charles, was later made an Infante of Portugal by his grandmother who had him raised at her court at Royal Palace of Queluz.
* At the birth of his last child, Infante Charles, he and his wife were in residence at Gabriel's Casita del Infante at El Escorial. While there, Gabriel caught Smallpox and died at the Casita aged only 36. His wife succumbed to the illness also and died aged just 19 on 2 November; Infante Carlos died himself a week after his mother.
* The three were all buried at the El Escorial complex. Gabriel's death affected his father who soon also died.
====Issue====

Infante Pedro Carlos Antonio Rafael Jose Javier Francisco Juan Nepomuceno Tomas de Villanueva Marcos Marcelino Vicente Ferrer Raymundo of Spain (Royal Palace of Aranjuez, 18 June 1786 - Rio de Janeiro, 4 July 1812), married Infante Teresa, Princess of Beira; had issue;
Infanta Maria Carlota Josefa Joaquina Ana Rafaela Antonieta Francisca de Asis Agustina Madalena Francisca de Paula Clotilde Lutgarda Te of Spain (Casita del Infante, 4 November - Casita del Infante, 11 November 1787).
Infante Carlos José Antonio of Spain (Casita del Infante, 28 October - Casita del Infante 9 November 1788).

Notater:

{geni:about_me} ====Golden Fleece - Knights: Spanish Branch====
* [http://gw5.geneanet.org/sanchiz?lang=nl;p=francisco+javier;n=borbon+sajonia '''Francisco Javier Borbón Sajonia''']
* Geboren op 17 februari 1757 - Caserta
* Overleden op 10 april 1771 - Aranjuez , leeftijd bij overlijden: 14 jaar oud
====Ouders====
* Carlos III Borbón Farnesio, Rey España 1716-1788
* María Amalia Cristina Sajonia Habsburgo, Reina Consorte España 1724-1760
====Broers en zusters====
# María Isabel Antonia Borbón Sajonia 1740-1742
# María Josefa Borbón Sajonia 1742-1742
# María Isabel Ana Borbón Sajonia 1743-1749
# María Josefa Carmela Borbón Sajonia 1744-1801
# María Luisa Borbón Sajonia, Emperatriz Consorte Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico 1745-1792
# Felipe Antonio Borbón Sajonia, Duque Calabria 1747-1777
# Carlos IV Borbón Sajonia, Rey España 1748-1819
# María Teresa Borbón Sajonia 1749
# Fernando I Borbón Sajonia, Rey Dos Sicilias 1751-1825
# Gabriel Antonio Borbón Sajonia 1752-1788
# Ana María Borbón Sajonia 1754-1755
# Antonio Pascual Borbón Sajonia 1755-1817
# '''Francisco Javier Borbón Sajonia 1757-1771'''

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=mila54&id=I2424

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess of France, Fille de France

{geni:about_me} *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Z%C3%A9phyrine_of_France en.wikipedia.org...] ;
*Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France
*From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
*Marie Zéphyrine, Princess of France
*Father Louis Ferdinand of France
*Mother Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
*Born 26 August 1750(1750-08-26), Palace of Versailles, France
*Died 1 September 1755 (aged 5), Palace of Versailles, France
*Burial Royal Basilica of Saint Denis

Marie Zéphyrine de France, fille de France[1] (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) was a French Princess. The daughter of the Dauphin and Dauphine, Louis Ferdinand and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. She was the first of her parents' children to live to the age of five.
Contents

* 1 Biography
* 2 Ancestry
* 3 Titles, styles, honours and arms
>* o 3.1 Titles and styles
* 4 Notes
* 5 See also
===Biography===

Marie Zéphyrine de France was born at the Palace of Versailles to the Dauphin and Dauphine of France. Her curious name comes from Zephyrus, the Greek name for the west wind; it was given to her because she was born on August 26, the feast of St Zephyrinus.

Her birth was greeted with caution; in the previous two years, 1748 and 1749, Maria Josepha had suffered miscarriages and her health was of a fragile nature; Louis XV had hoped for a boy.

As the daughter of the Dauphin, she took the rank of Daughter of France and outranked the daughters of the king, her aunts. These included the Duchess of Parma, Madame Infante and her twin Madame Henriette among others. As a member of the Royal family, Marie Zéphyrine had the right to the style of Royal Highness but at court she was known as Madame Royale or la Petite Madame. Her mother had wanted her to marry her first cousin, Prince Anthony, Electoral Prince of Saxony[2].

She was raised by Marie Isabelle de Rohan.

Madame Royale was joined by a brother in September 1751, Louis, Duke of Burgundy.

Madame Royale was said to resemble her mother, despite not surviving childhood. In 1753 another brother joined Xavier de France, Duke of Aquitaine. He died in 1754. Her most famous brother the future Louis XVI of France was born on 23 August, 1754. The future Louis XVIII of France was born November 1755, two months after her death at Versailles.

Marie Zéphryine died at Versailles due an attack of convulsions. She died in the early hours of the morning of 1 September having been baptised just days before by the abbé de Chabannes, the aumonier du Roi.

Madame Royale was not even officially mourned; at Versailles a princess could only be mourned if she was over the age of 7.

Madame Royale was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside the capital of Paris.

This page was last modified on 20 July 2010 at 15:05.

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_France_%281751-1761%29
Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751X1761)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Louis of France (1751-1761))
Jump to: navigation, search
Louis Joseph Xavier
Duke of Burgundy
Louis wearing the L'Ordre du Saint-Esprit and the Order of the Golden Fleece
Father Louis Ferdinand de France
Mother Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
Born 13 September 1751(1751-09-13)
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France
Died 22 March 1761 (aged 9)
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France

Louis Joseph Xavier de France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September, 1751, Palace of Versailles - 22 March, 1761, Palace of Versailles) was a French Prince du Sang of the House of Bourbon.
Contents
[show]

* 1 Life
* 2 Siblings
* 3 Ancestors
* 4 Titles, styles, honours and arms
o 4.1 Titles and styles
* 5 Tiltes

[edit] Life

Louis Joseph Xavier de France, duc de Bourgogne was the third surviving child and eldest son of Dauphin Louis Ferdinand de France and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, and was thus the oldest brother to the future kings Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

He was put in the care of Marie Isabelle de Rohan, duchesse de Tallard.

Louis Joseph Xavier was given the title of Duke of Burgundy by his grandfather, Louis XV of France, and was next in line to the throne of France after his father. He was much loved by those who were close to him, especially his older sister Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France, who died at the age of five in 1755.

He died at the age of nine at Versailles after having fallen from a toy horse in 1760. He started limping and a tumour began to grow on his hip. This was operated on, but he never recovered the use of his legs. He was buried at the Basilica of St Denis.
[edit] Siblings

* Stillborn son in 1748
* Stillborn son in 1749
* Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 X 1 September 1755)
* Stillborn daughter in 1752
* Xavier of France (8 September 1753 X 22 February 1754)
* Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 X 21 January 1793)
* Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 X 16 September 1824)
* Stillborn son in 1756
* Charles X of France (9 October 1757 X 6 November 1836)
* Clothilde of France (23 September 1759 X 7 March 1802), married King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Prince of Piedmont
* Miscarriage of a son in 1762
* Princess Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 X 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth (guillotined)

This page was last modified on 11 July 2010 at 13:35.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Hertig i Aquitanien, Fils de France, Duke of Aquitaine

{geni:about_me} * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine en.wikipedia.org...] ;
*Xavier Marie Joseph de France
*Father Louis Ferdinand of France
*Mother Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
*Born 8 September 1753(1753-09-08), Palace of Versailles, France
*Died 22 February 1754 (aged 0), Palace of Versailles, France
*Buried Basilique Saint Denis, Saint-Denis, France
*Xavier de France, fils de France, Duke of Aquitaine (Xavier Marie Joseph; 8 September 1753 X 22 February 1754) was a French Prince du Sang of the House of Bourbon.
=== Biography===
*Xavier Marie Joseph de France, duc d'Aquitaine was the third surviving child and eldest son of Dauphin Louis Ferdinand of France and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. He was a brother to the future kings Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

He was put in the care of Marie Isabelle de Rohan, duchesse de Tallard.

He was given the title of Duke of Aquitaine by his grandfather, Louis XV of France.

He died at the age of six months at Versailles after a fit of convulsions. He was buried at the Basilica of St Denis.

This page was last modified on 11 July 2010 at 13:47

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Roi de France (1774-1792), King of France and Navarre 1774-1791, King of the French 1791-1792, Kung i Frankrike 1774-92, Duc de Berry, , Roi de France

{geni:about_me} '''Links:'''

*[http://thepeerage.com/p10207.htm#i102066 The Peerage]
*[http://www.geneall.net/F/per_page.php?id=5240 Geneall]
'''King of the French''' Reign 1 October 1791 X 21 September 1792
'''Predecessor'''[http://www.geni.com/people/index/5318307072010126343 Louis XV]
'''Successor:''' Monarchy abolished
Next reigning monarch in France was Napoleon I starting 1804.
>'''Wikipedia:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France English ][http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_de_France Francais]
*[http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/PIIS1872497310001602/ Louis is assumed to have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup G2a]
--------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France

===Descendance===

*Le 16 mai 1770, le dauphin Louis Auguste épouse lXarchiduchesse Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche2, fille cadette de François de Lorraine, grand-duc de Toscane et empereur souverain du Saint Empire romain germanique et de son épouse Marie-Thérèse, archiduchesse d'Autriche, duchesse de Milan, reine de Bohême et de Hongrie. Cette union est la concrétisation dXune alliance visant à améliorer les relations entre la Maison de Bourbon (France, Espagne, Parme, Napleset Sicile) et la Maison de Habsbourg-Lorraine (Autriche, Bohême, Hongrie, Toscane). Les époux bien qu'étant alors âgés de 14 et 15 ans ne consommeront réellement leur mariage que sept ans plus tard. De leur union, quatre enfants naissent, mais ils n'auront pas de descendance :

># Marie-Thérèse de France (19 décembre 1778 X 19 octobre 1851), dite « Madame Royale », qui épouse en 1799 son cousin germain le duc dXAngoulême (1775-1844) ;
># Louis Joseph Xavier François de France (22 octobre 1781 X 4 juin 1789), premier dauphin ;
># Louis Charles de France (27 mars 1785 X 8 juin 1795), duc de Normandie, second dauphin et futur Louis XVII, surnommé « l'Enfant du Temple » pendant sa captivité ;
># Sophie-Béatrice de France (29 juillet 1786 X 19 juin 1787).

Louis XVI (1754-93), king of France (1774-92), who lost his throne in the
French Revolution and was later beheaded by the revolutionary regime.

Louis was born at Versailles on August 23, 1754, the grandson of Louis XV.
The deaths of his two elder brothers and of his father, only son of Louis
XV, made the young prince the Dauphin of France in 1765. In 1770 he
married Marie Antoinette, youngest daughter of Archduchess Maria Theresa
of Austria. On Louis's accession, France was impoverished and burdened
with debts, and heavy taxation had resulted in widespread misery among the
French people. Immediately after he was crowned, aided by such capable
statesmen as Finance Minister Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, baron de
l'Aulne, Interior Minister Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes
(1721-94), and Foreign Minister Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes
(1717-87), Louis remitted some of the most oppressive taxes and instituted
financial and judicial reforms. Greater reforms were prevented, however,
by the opposition of the upper classes and the court. So strong was this
opposition that in 1776 Turgot was forced to resign and was replaced by
financier Jacques Necker.

After Louis granted financial aid (1778-81) to the American colonies
revolting against Great Britain in the New World, Necker proposed drastic
taxes on the nobility. He was forced to resign in 1781, and statesman
Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734-1802), appointed finance minister in
1783, borrowed money for the court until 1786, when the borrowing limit
was reached. The anger of the French people against taxes and the lavish
spending of the court resulted in 1788 in the recall of Necker, who,
however, could not prevent the bankruptcy of the government. In 1788 Louis
was forced to call for a meeting of the representative governmental body
called the Estates-General, the first gathering of that assembly in 175
years. Once in session, the Estates-General assumed the powers of
government. On July 14, 1789, the Parisian populace razed the Bastille,
and a short time later imprisoned the king and royal family in the palace
of the Tuileries. In 1791 the royal family attempted to escape to Austria,
but they were caught and brought back to Paris. Louis swore obedience to
the new French constitution in 1791, but continued secretly to work
against the revolution and to plot intrigues with France's enemies. In
1792, when the National Convention, the assembly of elected French
deputies, declared France a republic, the king was tried as a traitor and
condemned to death. Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793, in the
Place de la Révolution (now Place de la Concorde) in Paris.

Historians consider Louis XVI a victim of circumstances rather than a
despot similar to the former French kings Louis XIV and Louis XV. He was
weak and incapable as king and not overly intelligent. He preferred to
spend his time at hobbies, such as hunting and making locks, rather than
at his duties of state, and he permitted his wife to influence him unduly.

KING OF FRANCE 1774-1793 (ACCEDED 5/10/1774, CROWNED AT RHEIMS 6/11/1775);
GUILLOTINED

Louis XVI, grandson of King Louis XV, came to the throne of France in 1774. His eighteen year reign ended at the guillotine in 1792. His son, Louis XVII later regained the throne in 1793 to 1795.

After the end of the French Revolution, and the reign of the Bonaparte Family of France, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVIII became the King of France in 1814. His reign ended in 1830. He was succeeded by his brother, Charles X.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Comte de Provence puis Roi de France (1814-1824), King of France 1795-1824 (de jure), 1814-March 1815 & July 1815-1824 (de facto), Kung i Frankrike 1814-24, Petit-fils de France, King of France & Navarre

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France (open link for English version; also below after French version)

Louis XVIII, né Louis Stanislas Xavier, fut roi de France de 1814 à sa mort en 1824. Né le 17 novembre 1755 à Versailles, il est le quatrième fils du dauphin Louis-Ferdinand et de sa seconde épouse Marie-Josèphe de Saxe; Il est le frère cadet de Louis Auguste, futur Louis XVI et le frère aîné de Charles-Philippe, futur Charles X. Il est le petit-fils de Louis XV.

Petit-fils de France, il est dXabord titré « comte de Provence ». Tout comme son frère aîné, il passe son enfance au château de Versailles. Il y reçoit une éducation solide, comme le veut son rang. Il reçoit ensuite le palais du Luxembourg, auquel il fit de gros travaux.

Louis XVIII meurt le 16 septembre 1824 à Paris, sans descendance, et est inhumé à la basilique Saint-Denis. Son frère, le comte dXArtois, chef des ultras, lui succède sous le nom de Charles X.

Sommaire

1 Épouse

2 Maîtresses, favorite et favoris

3 Le rapprochement avec le Languedoc

4 Émigré

4.1 Les années 1804-1807

4.2 Les années 1808-1812

4.3 Le mandat de Mgr de La Fare

5 La Restauration

6 Notes et références

7 Sources

8 Liens externes





Épouse

1771 Marie-Joséphine de Savoie, la « reine velue » (1753X1810) connue pour ses amours lesbiennes, fille du roi Victor-Amédée III de Sardaigne et de Marie-Antoinette Ferdinande dXEspagne (elle-même arrière-petite-fille du roi Louis XIV de France par la branche paternelle). Elle est la sXur de Marie-Thérèse (X1805), épouse du roi Charles X de France, frère cadet de Louis XVI et de Louis XVIII.



Maîtresses, favorite et favoris

Anne Nompar de Caumont la Force, comtesse de Balbi

Louise de Polastron

Zoé Talon, comtesse de Baschi et du Cayla (1785-1850)

Le comte puis duc dXAvaray

Le duc de Blacas

Élie, duc Decazes et de Glucksbierg

Le rapprochement avec le Languedoc

Son état de frère du Roi ne l'empêche pas de critiquer la politique de celui-ci. Mécontent et inquiet de la politique royale, il cherche à se tailler dans la province de Languedoc un fief, et ainsi se ménager une action directe et distincte de celle de son royal ainé. En 1775, il sollicite en vain le titre de gouverneur du Languedoc. Il avait même acheté l'année précédente le Comté de l'Isle-Jourdain qui lui assurait par la forêt de Bouconne, accès et influence jusque dans Toulouse. Au printemps 1777, un voyage l'amène à Toulouse. Il assiste le 21 juin, à une séance de l'Académie des Jeux Floraux et entend la lecture de trois odes. En son honneur, les parlementaires de la ville organisent une réception chez le Comte de Riquet-Caraman. Il s'embarque ensuite au Port Saint-Sauveur et continue son périple sur le Canal du Midi. À chaque étape, les auberges et maisons sont décorées suivant les ordres des Caraman-Riquet, concessionnaires du Canal. La décoration de la maison du receveur du canal à Agde est tout particulièrement soignée pour la réception de Monsieur.



Émigré

Après avoir agité la Cour de Louis XVI en facilitant la chute des ministres réformateurs Turgot, Necker, Calonne, il réclame pour le Tiers le doublement du nombre de députés aux États Généraux. Le dérapage de ces derniers le pousse à « émigrer » le 20 juin 1791, en même temps que son frère aîné Louis XVI, qui lui fut arrêté à Varennes (leur benjamin, le comte dXArtois, futur Charles X, avait quitté la France dès le lendemain de la prise de la Bastille).

Il se réfugie ainsi à Bruxelles puis Coblence, capitale de lXÉlectorat de Trêves, dont un de ses oncles maternels est lXarchevêque et le souverain. Il rencontre lXempereur Léopold II et lui inspire la déclaration de Pillnitz dXaoût 1791 qui galvanise la Révolution française. Il refuse de reconnaître lXautorité du roi et se voit déchu de ses droits de prince du sang par la Législative en janvier 1792. Il tente de rentrer en France à la tête dXune armée de 14X000 hommes mais doit rebrousser chemin après la bataille de Valmy et se réfugie à Hamm en Westphalie. En 1793, ayant appris lXexécution de son frère aîné, il se proclame « régent » pour le dauphin, qui demeure aux mains des révolutionnaires à Paris, et le proclame « Louis XVII ». À la déclaration de la mort de lXenfant, en 1795, il devient dépositaire de la couronne de France et prend le nom de Louis XVIII, mais lXavènement de Napoléon détruit une nouvelle fois ses espérances.



Les années 1804-1807

En 1804, à la suite de plaintes de Napoléon, le roi de Prusse Frédéric-Guillaume se résout à se séparer dXhôtes aussi incommodes que compromettants; Louis XVIII et tous les émigrés composant sa petite cour reçurent lXordre de quitter immédiatement le territoire prussien. Ce fut à Kalmar que cet ordre parvint au prétendant. Louis XVIII y rencontra le comte dXArtois, son frère quXil nXavait pas vu depuis près de douze ans, une certaine froideur ayant toujours existé entre eux. LXentrevue de Kalmar ne les rapprocha pas ; ils se quittèrent après dix-sept jours de conférences, assez mécontents lXun de lXautre : le futur Charles X reprit le chemin de Londres et Louis revint attendre à Riga la réponse du Cabinet de Saint-Pétersbourg à propos dXun nouvel asile sur le sol russe. Le nouvel Empereur, Alexandre Ier de Russie, qui succédait à son père le tsar Paul Ier, donna une suite favorable à sa demande et il revint à Mittau (Lettonie actuelle) où une minuscule cour d'une centaine de derniers fidèles dont le vieux marquis de Beaucorps le suivirent[1].

Une fois réinstallé dans sa demeure, Louis XVIII rédigea son dernier manifeste public pendant son séjour à lXétranger. La proclamation quXil avait envoyée à Pichegru, quelques semaines avant le 18 fructidor, ne contenait que des promesses de réforme à lXancienne Monarchie (Lois fondamentales du royaume de France). Il se décida, cette fois, à accepter nettement la Révolution et ses suites. Non seulement il admettait lXamnistie entière pour tous les votes antérieurs à 1804, ainsi que lXengagement de conserver à chaque Français ses grades, ses emplois et ses pensions ; il garantissait, en outre, la liberté et lXégalité pour les personnes, le maintien de toutes les propriétés et la protection de tous les intérêts sans exception.

Au sein de la mer Baltique, en face et sous la protection du ciel, fort de la présence de notre frère, de celle du duc dXAngoulême, notre neveu, de lXassentiment des autres princes de notre sang, qui tous partagent nos principes et sont pénétrés des mêmes sentiments qui nous animent, nous le jurons ! jamais on ne nous verra rompre le nXud sacré qui unit nos destinées aux vôtres, qui nous lie à vos familles, à vos cXurs, à vos consciences ; jamais nous ne transigerons sur lXhéritage de nos pères, jamais nous nXabandonnerons nos droits. Français ! Nous prenons à témoin de ce serment le Dieu de saint Louis, celui qui juge toutes les justices !

Donné à Mittau, le 2 décembre de lXan de grâce 1804, et de notre règne le dixième.

Signé : Louis.

(A noter que sur tous les documents officiels, Louis XVIII se considéra roi depuis 1795 et fit le décompte des années de son règne en conséquence. Néanmoins, juridiquement, il ne sera pas roi avant la Restauration en 1814.)

Cette déclaration, imprimée à Hambourg, au nombre de dix mille exemplaires, fut répandue sur tout le continent et envoyée en France, par la poste, à toutes les autorités constituées, ainsi quXaux plus notables habitants de chaquedépartement.

Le second séjour à Mittau du prétendant ne dura que trois ans. Les défaites dXAusterlitz, dXEylau et de Friedland, obligèrent le tsar à devenir lXallié de Napoléon. Alexandre laissa entendre à Louis XVIII que sa présence à Mittauen Courlande pourrait gêner son nouvel allié. Louis XVIII comprit quXil devait chercher un nouvel asile. Il nXavait plus à choisir quXentre le Nouveau Monde et lXAngleterre. Il se décida pour lXhospitalité britannique. Vers le milieu dXoctobre 1807, depuis Göteborg en Suède, il avertit le comte dXArtois de sa prochaine arrivée, ce qui nXétait pas pour lui plaire. Les confidents du comte réussirent à persuader un des membres du Cabinet britannique, Lord Canning (1770-1827), quXil était nécessaire, dans lXintérêt même du gouvernement britannique dXéloigner Louis XVIII de Londres et de le confiner en Écosse. Le Royaume Uni était à cette époque la seule puissance qui fut encore en lutte avec la France impériale et elle refusait à Louis XVIII le titre de roi, en lui signifiant quXà aucune époque le rétablissement de sa famille, nXavait semblé moins plausible. Après de longues tractations Louis XVIII accepta de débarquer en Angleterre, en tant que simple particulier sous le nom de comte de L'Isle-Jourdain (que ses contemporains transformeront en « comte de Lille »X) et en promettant de ne pas faire dXaction politique.



Les années 1808-1812

Louis XVIII avait fixé sa résidence à Gosfield Hall à la fin de 1807; il ne quitta ce château quXau bout de quatre ans, au commencement de 1811, peu de temps après la mort de Marie-Joséphine de Savoie, sa femme, décédée le 13 novembre 1810. Il vint alors habiter Hartwell House propriété du baronnet sir Henry Lee dans le comté de Buckingham, près de Londres. Ses revenus, à cette époque, sXélevaient à 600X000 francs environ (soit 4,8 millions dXeuros) que lui payaient le gouvernement britannique et la cour du Brésil. Mais il devait mener un train de vie réduit puisque cette somme était répartie entre ses protégés, les agents dans les différentes cours dXEurope (pour être au courant des politiques menées) et que la guerre entraînait une inflation de prix qui nXétaient pas, au départ, bas. Lors des Cent-Jours il se réfugia à Gand, dXoù le jeu de mot : « Notre Père de Gand » !



Le mandat de Mgr de La Fare

En 1795, Louis XVIII confia à Mgr de La Fare, ancien évêque de Nancy (1752 - X 1829), la direction de ses intérêts auprès de la cour de Vienne. Il le constitua également son correspondant dans toute cette partie de lXEurope, fonction quXil remplit durant vingt ans. Il fut en même temps chargé dXautres missions pour lXensemble de la famille royale.

En 1807, toutes les communications du continent avec lXAngleterre étaient interdites : personne ne pouvait plus recourir à Londres pour y toucher du gouvernement britannique leurs pensions alimentaires. LXévêque reçut, à lXinsu de Louis XVIII, la mission dXordonnancer et de vérifier le paiement de ces pensions pour assurer la subsistance de ses compatriotes, ce qui lui valut la disgrâce du prétendant. Les versements étaient faits par la banque du Baron J.J. de Boesner, banquier de Vienne et aussi par des banques de Gênes, au profit de la famille royale, les princes et princesses de France et notamment Messeigneurs les ducs dXAngoulême et de Berry pour lXentretien de leurs Maisons et la solde des militaires de leur armée.

Mgr de La Fare exerça cet emploi fastidieux et ingrat jusquXà lXépoque du retour de Louis XVIII dans ses États, à la Restauration.



La Restauration

Au fur et à mesure des guerres napoléoniennes, et spécialement à partir de 1810, les coalisés semblent reprendre lXavantage, éveillant en lui lXespérance du retour. Après la défaite de Napoléon, en 1814, les coalisés réunis au Congrès de Vienne hésitent encore sur le successeur à choisir à Napoléon. Désireux dXinstaller sur le trône de France un allié, mais aussi un chef légitime, ils hésitent entre Louis XVIII, dont lXimpopularité est problématique, lX« Aiglon », fils de Napoléon, mais aussi le maréchal Bernadotte ou encore Eugène de Beauharnais, voire une république. Talleyrand emporte finalement lXopinion des Alliés en faveur de Louis XVIII.



Porté par les Coalisés, le 24 avril 1814, il débarque à Calais. Octroyant une Charte constitutionnelle restaurant la monarchie à ses sujets, il devient roi de France. Les termes "octroyer" et "roi de France" sont importants en droit, puisquXils signifient que la souveraineté appartient au roi, et non au peuple ou à la nation (cXest lui qui octroie la Charte aux Français et non les Français qui décident dXune constitution ; contrairement à un roi des Français qui serait roi parce que les Français lXont mis sur le trône, un roi de France est souverain de droit divin). Il nie donc la théorie révolutionnaire de la souveraineté nationale, voire de la souveraineté populaire.



Une "robe à dix-huit remplis" portée par une royaliste, 1815.Lors des Cent-Jours, il tente dXorganiser avec la noblesse la résistance à Napoléon. Son échec le conduit à sXexiler de nouveau. Seule la défaite de Waterloo le réinstalle sur le trône de France.

Son règne est consacré à la lourde tâche de concilier les héritages révolutionnaires et napoléoniens avec ceux de lXAncien Régime. Il défend ces derniers (il nomme ainsi, comme aumônier de la Cour, monseigneur Jean-Louis d'Usson de Bonnac, un des derniers évêques dXAncien Régime survivants et surtout lXun des premiers à avoir refusé de prêter serment à la Révolution, ainsi quXà avoir refusé de démissionner comme lXexigeait Napoléon), sans pour autant accéder aux excès de ses propres partisans, les ultras. Il mit un point dXhonneur à toujours constituer un ministère issu de la majorité parlementaire, ce à quoi rien ne le contraignait.

Ses opposants demeurent trop faibles et divisés pour menacer en quoi que ce soit la position royale. Il dissout ainsi une première Chambre ultra en 1816 (la célèbre Chambre introuvable). Une autre vague de contestation commence avec la mort de son neveu duc de Berry, fils du comte dXArtois. Louis XVIII apparaît comme un roi modéré, menant une vie bourgeoise, sans fastes excessifs, trop fades aux yeux de certains. DXautres nXoublient pas que cXest un émigré, ramené sur le trône de France par des étrangers.



Cependant, malgré cette apparente faiblesse, il a réussi non seulement à maintenir un équilibre entre ultras et libéraux, mais aussi à ramener la prospérité dans une nation épuisée par les dernières guerres napoléoniennes. Louis XVIII avait donc une certaine force de caractère et il pouvait dXailleurs être à lXoccasion capable de traits dXhumour féroces, comme le montre lXanecdote suivante :

Parmi les prérogatives du roi de France, figurait la capacité dXanoblir tout sujet méritant. Louis XVIII se trouvait ainsi assiégé par une horde de quémandeurs qui estimaient à tort ou à raison être de bons candidats à lXanoblissement. Parmi ceux-ci, lXun des plus acharnés, au moins par le nombre de libelles quXil déposait régulièrement, était un philosophe nommé Antoine Quatremère. Pour calmer un peu ces quémandeurs et leur donner une bonne leçon, Louis XVIII décida dXaccorder au sieur Quatremère un titre et la particule associée (le "de"), mais à la condition expresse quXil la porte après son nom et non pas avant ! Le pauvre philosophe sXen tira comme il put, en achetant une terre près du village de Quincy et en ajoutant ce nom à la fin du sien.[réf. nécessaire]

On a cité une anecdote similaire concernant le publiciste Genoud, qui insistait pour être rassuré sur le fait que sa lettre dXanoblissement mentionnerait bien une particule devant son nom. Louis XVIII répondit à son entourage « Eh bien ! puisquXil veut tant une particule, on va lui en mettre une devant et une derrière ! » et le solliciteur se fit anoblir sous le nom de Monsieur de Genoude.[réf. nécessaire]

Louis XVIII souffrait dXune goutte qui empira avec les années et lui rendait tout déplacement extrêmement difficile à la fin de son règne. Dans ses dernières années, le roi était souvent déplacé en fauteuil roulant dans ses appartements. À cause de cette maladie il ne put être sacré roi de France, car il nXaurait pu supporter le cérémonial du sacre des rois de France.



--------------------

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France

Louis XVIII of France

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Louis XVIII

King of France and of Navarre

Louis XVIII, in his coronation robes, by Antoine Jean Gros

Reign De jure 8 June 1795 X

16 September 1824

De facto 11 April 1814 X

20 March 1815; then

8 July 1815 X

16 September 1824

Coronation none

Predecessor Napoleon I

De facto and by law predecessor as Emperor of the French.

Legitimate predecessor was Louis XVII

Successor Charles X

Spouse Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy

Full name

Louis Stanislas Xavier de France

Father Louis, Dauphin of France

Mother Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony

Born 17 November 1755(1755-11-17)

Palace of Versailles, France

Died 16 September 1824 (aged 68)

Paris, France

Burial Basilica of St Denis, France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier de France; 17 November 1755 X 16 September 1824) was King of France and Navarre from 1814 to 1824, omitting the Hundred Days in 1815. Louis XVIII spent twenty-three years in exile, from 1791 to1814, due to the French Revolution, and was exiled again in 1815, for 100 days, upon the return of Napoleon Bonaparte from Elba. During exile he lived in several countries, including Prussia, the United Kingdom and Russia.[1]

The French Republic abolished the monarchy and deposed King Louis XVI on 21 September 1792.[2] Although the monarchy had been disestablished, Louis XVIII succeeded his nephew, Louis XVII, as titular King, when the latter died in prison in June 1795.[3]

For 23 years, revolution and war excluded the Bourbon line from the throne of France until 1814, when coalition armies captured Paris from Napoleon Bonaparte. Louis XVIII was restored to what he and other Royalists considered hisrightful place. Louis XVIII ruled as King for slightly less than a decade, during the so-called Bourbon Restoration period. The Bourbon Restoration was a constitutional monarchy (unlike the Ancien Régime, which was absolute). As a constitutional monarchy, Louis XVIII's royal prerogative was reduced substantially by the Charter of 1814, France's new constitution.

Louis had no children; therefore, upon his death, the crown passed to his younger brother, Charles, comte dXArtois.[4] Louis XVIII was the last French monarch to die while reigning.

Contents

[show]

* 1 Early life

* 2 At his brother's court

o 2.1 The outbreak of the French Revolution

* 3 Exile

o 3.1 The early years

o 3.2 1796 X 1807

o 3.3 England

* 4 Bourbon Restoration

o 4.1 Restoration I

o 4.2 Hundred days

o 4.3 1815 X 1824

o 4.4 Death

* 5 Ancestors

* 6 In fiction

* 7 References

o 7.1 Notes

o 7.2 Sources

* 8 External links

[edit] Early life

Louis Stanislas Xavier was born on 17 November 1755 in the Palace of Versailles, the son of Louis, Dauphin of France, and his wife, Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. He was the grandson of the reigning King Louis XV, and as such,a Petit-fils de France. Louis Stanislas was christened Louis Stanislas Xavier six years after his birth, in accordance with Bourbon family tradition, being nameless before his baptism. The name of Louis was bestowed because it was typical of a Prince of France; Stanislas after his great-grandfather King StanisXaw LeszczyXski of Poland; and Xavier for Saint Francis Xavier. His mother's family held Francis Xavier as one of their patron saints.[5]

At the time of his birth, Louis Stanislas was fourth in line to the throne of France, behind his father, the Dauphin (or crown prince), and his two elder brothers, Louis Joseph Xavier, duc de Bourgogne and Louis Auguste, duc de Berry.

The former died after a horrific illness in 1761, leaving Louis Auguste as heir apparent in the next generation until the Dauphin's own premature death in 1765. The two deaths elevated Louis Stanislas to second in the line of succession, while Louis Auguste, acquired the title of Dauphin.[6]

Louis Stanislas found comfort in his governess, the comtesse de Marsan, as he was her favourite out of all her charges (Louis Stanislas' brothers and sisters).[7] Louis Stanislas was taken away from his beloved governess when he turned seven, the age generally acknowledged as the end of infancy and the beginning of boyhood. Women could not govern a boy after they attained this age, so the role was then assumed by a male, known as a governor, duc de la Vauguyon, a friend of his father's.

The comte de Provence and his brother Louis Auguste, duc de Berry, depicted in 1757 by François-Hubert Drouais.

Louis Stanislas was an intelligent boy, excelling in classics and literature. His education was of the same quality and consistency as that of his older brother, Louis Auguste, despite the fact that Louis Auguste was heir and Louis Stanislas was not.[7] Louis Stanislas' education was quite religious in nature, several of his teachers being ecclesiastics. Vauguyon drilled into young Louis Stanislas and his brothers the way he thought princes should "know how to withdraw themselves, to like to work," and "to know how to reason correctly".

In April 1771, Louis Stanislas's education was formally concluded, and his own independent household was established,[8] which astounded contemporaries with its extravagance: in 1773, the number of servants reached 390.[9] In thesame month his household was founded, Louis was granted several titles by his grandfather, Louis XV: duc d'Anjou, comte du Maine, comte de Perche and comte de Senoches.[10]

On 14 May 1771, Louis Stanislas married Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy. Marie Joséphine (as she was known in France) was a daughter of the then Prince and Princess of Piedmont, future king Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

A luxurious ball followed the wedding on 20 May.[11] The new comtesse de Provence (Louis bore the courtesy title comte de Provence) was considered to be ugly, tedious and ignorant of the court at Versailles. Louis Stanislas was repulsed by his new wife, as was his brother the comte d'Artois, who married her sister, Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy. The marriage remained unconsummated; biographers disagree about the reason, maintaining that it was due to Louis Stanislas' alleged impotence (according to biographer Antonia Fraser) or his unwillingness to sleep with his wife, due to her poor personal hygiene. She never brushed her teeth, plucked her eyebrows, or used any perfumes.[12] At the time of his marriage, Louis Stanislas was obese and waddled instead of walked. He never exercised and continued to eat enormous amounts of food.[13]

Despite the fact that Louis Stanislas was not infatuated with his wife, he boasted that the two enjoyed vigorous conjugal relations X such declarations were held in low esteem by courtiers at Versailles. He also proclaimed his wife to be pregnant, merely to spite Louis Auguste and his wife Maria Antonia, Archduchess of Austria, who had not yet consummated their marriage.[14] The Dauphin and Louis Stanislas did not enjoy a harmonious relationship, and often quarrelled,[15] as did their wives.[16] Louis Stanislas impregnated his wife in 1774, having conquered his aversion to Marie Joséphine. However, the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.[17]

On 27 April 1774, Louis XV fell ill after having contracted smallpox, and died the following 4 May.[18]

[edit] At his brother's court

Louis Stanislas,comte de Provence, during the reign of Louis XVI of France.

Marie Joséphine, comtesse de Provence, Louis Stanislas' wife, by Jean-Baptiste-André Gautier d'Agoty, 1775.

The Dauphin, Louis Auguste, succeeded his grandfather as King Louis XVI.[19] Louis Stanislas longed for political influence. He attempted to gain admittance to the KingXs council in 1774, ultimately failing. Louis Stanislas was left in a political limbo that he called "a gap of 12 years in my political life".[20] Louis XVI granted Louis Stanislas revenues from the Duchy of Alençon in December 1774. The duchy was given to enhance Louis Stanislas' prestige,however his appanage turned over only 300,000 livres (livres were the currency of France from Charlemagne, to the Revolution) per annum. This much lower than it had been at its peak in the fourteenth century.[10] Louis Stanislas also embarked on a tour of France in 1774. He toured with his sister Madame Clotilde to meet her bridegroom Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, heir to the throne of Sardinia, at Chambéry. In 1775, Louis Stanislas visited Lyon and his spinster aunts, Madame Adélaïde and Madame Victoire, while they were enjoying the waters at Vichy.[9] Louis Stanislas took more tours of France than anyone else in the royal family, who rarely left the Île-de-France. The four provincial tours that Louis Stanislas took before the year 1791 amounted to a total of three months.[21]

On 5 May 1778, Dr. Lassonne confirmed Marie Antoinette's pregnancy.[22] On 19 December 1778, the Queen gave birth to a daughter, who was named Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France, and given the honorific title Madame Royale. The birth of a girl came as a relief to the comte de Provence, who kept his position as heir to Louis XVI, since Salic Law excluded women from acceding to the throne of France.[23][24] However, Louis Stanislas was not heir to the thronemuch longer. He was dislodged from the position when Marie Antoinette gave birth to a long wished-for son, Louis Joseph, on 22 October 1781. Louis Stanislas and his youngest brother, the comte dXArtois, served as godfathers by proxy for the Holy Roman Emperor, the QueenXs brother.[25] In 1780, a new lady, Anne Nompar de Caumont de La Force, comtesse de Balbi, entered the service of Marie Joséphine. Contemporaries judged the comtesse de Balbi to be witty and amusing, though also poorly educated and, some thought, rude. Louis Stanislas soon fell in love with his wife's new lady-in-waiting, and installed her as his mistress,[26] which resulted in Marie Joséphine's and Louis Stanislas' already small affection for each other to cool entirely.[27] Louis Stanislas commissioned a pavilion for his mistress on a parcel that became known as the Parc Balbi, near the Pièce dXEau des Suisses and the Potager du Roi at Versailles.[28]

Louis Stanislas lived a quiet and sedentary lifestyle at this point, not having a great deal to do since his self-proclaimed political exclusion in 1774. He kept himself occupied with his vast library of over 11,000 books at Balbi's pavilion. There he read for several hours each morning.[29] However, Louis Stanislas racked up astronomical debts, and when he asked Louis XVI to pay off his debt of 10 million livres in the early 1780s, Louis XVI obliged.[30]Louis Stanislas slid further down the line of succession when Marie Antoinette gave birth to her second son, Louis Charles, in March 1785.[31]

An Assembly of Notables (the members consisted of magistrates, mayors, nobles and clergy) was convened in February 1787 to ratify the financial reforms sought by the Controller-General of Finance Charles Alexandre de Calonne. This provided Louis Stanislas, who abhorred the radical reforms proposed by Calonne, the opportunity he had long been waiting for to establish himself in politics.[32] The reforms proposed a new property tax,[33] and new elected provincial assemblies that would have a say in local taxation.[34] Calonne's proposition was rejected outright by the notables, and, as a result, Louis XVI dismissed him. The Archbishop of Toulouse, Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, acquired Calonne's ministry. Brienne attempted to salvage Calonne's reforms, but ultimately failed to convince the notables to approve them. A frustrated Louis XVI dissolved the assembly.[35]

Louis had a venture in hard-paste porcelain, which was called "Porcelaine de Monsieur", 1780.

Brienne's reforms were then submitted to the Parlement de Paris in the hopes that they would be approved. (A parlement was responsible for ratifying the KingXs edicts. Each province had its own parlement, but the parlement de Paris was the most significant of all.) The Parlement de Paris refused to accept BrienneXs proposals, and pronounced that any new taxation would have to be approved by an Estates-General (the nominal parliament of France). Louis XVI and Brienne took a hostile stance against the parlement's rejection, and Louis XVI had to implement a Lit de justice (which automatically registered an edict in the Parlement de Paris) to ratify the desired reforms. On 8 May, Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil and Goislard de Montsabert, two of the leading members of the Parlement de Paris were arrested. There was rioting in Brittany, Provence, Burgundy and Béarn in reaction to their arrest. This unrest was engineered by local magistrates and nobles, who enticed the people to revolt against the Lit de Justice, which was quite unfavourable to the nobles and magistrates. The clergy also joined the provincial cause, and condemned Brienne's tax reforms. Brienne conceded defeat in July and agreed to calling the Estates-General to meet in 1789. He resigned from his post in August and was replaced by the Swiss magnate Jacques Necker.[36]

In November 1788, a second Assembly of Notables was convened by Jacques Necker, to consider the makeup of the next Estates-General.[37] The Parlement de Paris recommended that the Estates should be the same as they were at the last assembly, in 1614 (this would mean that the clergy and nobility would have more representation than the Third Estate).[38] The notables rejected the "dual representation" proposal. Louis Stanislas was the only notable to vote to increase the size of the Third Estate.[39] Necker disregarded the notables' judgment, and convinced Louis XVI to grant the extra representation X Louis duly obliged on 27 December.[40]

[edit] The outbreak of the French Revolution

Main article: French Revolution

The Estates-General were convened in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms.[41] Louis Stanislas favoured a stalwart position against the Third Estate and its demands for tax reform. On 17 June, the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly, an Assembly not of the Estates, but of the People.

Louis Stanislas urged the King to act strongly against the declaration, while the King's popular minister, Jacques Necker, intended to compromise with the new assembly. Louis XVI was characteristically indecisive. On 9 July, the assembly declared itself a National Constituent Assembly, that would give France a Constitution. On 11 July, Louis XVI dismissed Jacques Necker, which led to widespread rioting across Paris. On 12 July, the sabre charge of Charles-Eugène de Lorraine, prince de Lambesc's cavalry regiment, the Royal-Allemand, on a crowd gathered at the Tuileries gardens, sparked the Storming of the Bastille two days later.[42][43]

On 16 July, the comte dXArtois left France with his wife and children, along with many other courtiers.[44] Artois and his family took up residence in Turin, the capital city of his father-in-lawXs Kingdom of Sardinia, with the Condé family.[45]

Louis Stanislas decided to remain at Versailles.[46] When the royal family plotted to abscond from Versailles to Metz, Louis Stanislas advised the King not to leave, to which the latter duly agreed.[47]

The royal family was ripped away from their Palace at Versailles, the day after the 5 October 1789 women's march on Versailles.[48] In Paris, the Comte and his wife lodged in the Luxembourg Palace, while the rest of the royal family stayed in the Tuileries Palace.[49] In March 1791, the National Assembly created a law outlining the regency of Louis Charles in case his father died while he was still too young to reign. The law created the potential regencyas follows: Louis Charles' nearest male relative in France (presently the comte de Provence Louis Stanislas), and after him, the regency would be given to the duc dXOrléans, and if he were unavailable, the regency would go to election.[50]

The comte de Provence and his wife fled to the Austrian Netherlands in conjunction with the royal familyXs failed Flight to Varennes in June 1791.[51]

[edit] Exile

[edit] The early years

When the comte de Provence arrived in the Low Countries, he proclaimed himself de facto regent of France. Louis Stanislas was exploiting a document that he and Louis XVI had written[52] before the latter's failed escape to Varennes. The document gave Louis Stanislas the regency in the event of his brother's death, or inability to perform his role as King. Louis Stanislas would join the other princes-in-exile at Coblenz soon after his escape. It was there that the comte dXArtois, the Condés and the comte de Provence, proclaimed that their objective was to invade France. Louis XVI was greatly annoyed by his brothers' behaviour. Provence sent emissaries to various European courts asking for financial aid, soldiers, and munition. Artois secured a castle for the court in exile in the Electorate of Trier, where their maternal uncle, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, was the Archbishop-Elector. Louis Stanislas' rallying bore fruit when the rulers of Prussia and Austria gathered at Dresden. They released the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791, which urged Europe to intervene in France if Louis XVI or his family were threatened. Provence's endorsement of the declaration was not well received in France, by the people, or by Louis XVI.[53]

In January 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared that all the émigrés were traitors to France. Their property and titles were confiscated.[54] The monarchy of France was abolished by the National Convention on 21 September 1792.[55]

Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. This left his young son, Louis Charles, as titular King Louis XVII of France. The princes-in-exile proclaimed Louis Charles "King Louis XVII". Louis Stanislas now unilaterally declared himself regent for his nephew, who was too young to be head of the House of Bourbon (since the French monarchy had been abolished for several months, Louis XVII never actually ruled, and any claim to regency would have been in name only.)[56]

Young Louis XVII's reign did not last long as he died in June 1795, survived by his sister Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France, Madame Royale. On 16 June, the princes-in-exile declared the comte de Provence "King Louis XVIII". The new King accepted their declaration soon after.[57] Louis XVIII busied himself drafting a manifesto in response to Louis XVII's death. The manifesto, known as "The Declaration of Verona" was Louis XVIII's attempt to introduce the French people to his politics (after all, he had just been declared King by the exiles). The Declaration of Verona beckoned France back into the arms of the monarchy, "which for fourteen centuries was the glory of France".[16]

Louis XVIII negotiated Marie-ThérèseXs release from her Paris' prison in 1795. Louis XVIII desperately wanted Marie-Thérèse to marry her first cousin, Louis Antoine, duc dXAngoulême, the son of the comte d'Artois. Louis XVIII deceived his niece by telling her that her parents' last wishes were for her to marry Louis Antoine, and Marie-Thérèse duly agreed to her uncle-king's wishes.[58]

Louis XVIII was forced to abandon Verona when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Republic of Venice.[59]

[edit] 1796 X 1807

Jelgava Palace, Louis XVIII's residence from 1798 to 1801, and from 1804 to 1807.

Louis XVIII had been vying for the custody of his niece Marie-Thérèse since her release from the Temple Tower in December 1795. Louis succeeded when Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor agreed to relinquish custody of Marie-Thérèse in 1796. She had been staying in Vienna with her Habsburg relatives since January 1796.[59] Louis XVIII moved to Blankenburg in Duchy of Brunswick [Braunschweig] after his departure from Verona. He lived in a modest two-bedroom apartment over a shop.[60] Louis XVIII was forced to leave Blankenberg when King Frederick William II of Prussia died. In light of this, Marie-Thérèse decided to wait a while longer before reuniting with her uncle.[61]

In 1798, Emperor Paul I of Russia offered Louis the use of Jelgava Palace in Courland (now Latvia). Paul I also guaranteed Louis's safety and bestowed upon him a generous pension,[60] however, the Emperor later disregarded this allowance.[62] Marie-Thérèse finally joined Louis XVIII at Jelgava in 1799.[63] In the winter of 1798X1799, Louis XVIII wrote a biography on Marie Antoinette, titled Réflexions Historiques sur Marie Antoinette. King Louis attemptedto recreate the court life of Versailles at Jelgava, where many old courtiers lived, reestablishing all the court ceremonies, including the lever and coucher (these ceremonies were for waking and bedding respectively).[64]

Marie-Thérèse married her cousin Louis Antoine on 9 June 1799, at Jelgava Palace. Louis XVIII ordered his wife to attend the marriage proceedings in Courland without her long-time friend (and rumoured lover) Madame de Gourbillon.Queen Marie Joséphine lived apart from her husband in Schleswig Holstein. Louis XVIII was trying desperately to display to the world a united family front. The Queen refused to leave her friend behind and drama ensued, rivalling the wedding in notoriety.[65] Louis XVIII knew that his nephew Louis Antoine was not compatible with Marie-Thérèse. Despite this, he still rallied for their marriage, which proved to be quite unhappy and produced no children.[66]

Louis XVIII attempted to strike up a correspondence with Napoleon Bonaparte (First Consul of France) in 1800. Louis XVIII besought Bonaparte to restore the Bourbons to their throne, but the future emperor was immune to Louis's requests and continued to consolidate his position as ruler of France.[67]

Louis XVIII encouraged his niece to write her memoirs, as he wished them to be used as Bourbon propaganda. Louis also used the diaries of Louis XVI' final attendants in the same way, in 1796 and in 1803.[64] In January 1801, TsarPaul told Louis XVIII that he could no longer live in Russia. The court at Jelgava was so low on funds that they had to auction some of their possessions to afford the journey out of Russia. Marie-Thérèse even sold a diamond necklace that the Emperor Paul had given her as a wedding gift.[62]

Marie-Thérèse convinced Queen Louise of Prussia to give her family refuge in Prussian territory. Louise consented, but the Bourbons were forced to assume pseudonyms. With Louis XVIII using the title Comte d'Isle (named after his estate in Languedoc), he and his family assumed residence in Warsaw in the Lazienki Palace from 1801 to 1804, after an arduous voyage from Jelgava.[68] It was very soon after their arrival that they learned of the death of Paul I.Louis hoped that Paul's successor, Alexander I of Russia, would repudiate his father's banishment of the Bourbons. Louis XVIII then intended to set off to the Neapolitan court. The comte dXArtois asked Louis to send his son, Louis Antoine, and daughter-in-law, Marie-Thérèse, to him in Edinburgh. Louis was distressed by Artois' request, as Louis Antoine and his wife were all that he had, while Charles had an allowance from King George III of Great Britain.Louis XVIII's court in exile was being spied on by French police.[69] Louis greatly valued his niece's advice.[70] The court-in-exile was being financed by interest owed from Francis II on valuables his aunt, Marie Antoinette, had removed from France. The comte d'Artois in England also sent money. They had to cut their expenses significantly.[71]

In 1803, Napoleon tried to force Louis XVIII to renounce his right to the throne of France, but Louis refused.[72] In May 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor of the French. Louis XVIII and his nephew departed for Sweden in July for a Bourbon family conference, where Louis XVIII, the comte dXArtois, and the duc d'Angoulême issued a statement condemning Napoleon's decision to declare himself emperor.[73] The King of Prussia issued a proclamation saying that Louis XVIII would have to leave Prussian territory, which meant leaving Warsaw. Alexander I of Russia invited Louis XVIII to resume residence in Jelgava. Louis XVIII had to live under less generous conditions than those enjoyed under Paul I, and he intended to embark for England as soon as possible.[74]

Louis XVIII created another policy in 1805; a declaration that was far more liberal than his former ones. It repudiated his Declaration of Verona, promised to abolish conscription, keep Napoleon I's administrative and judicial system, reduce taxes, eliminate political prisons, and guarantee amnesty to everyone who did not oppose a Bourbon Restoration. The opinions expressed in the declaration were largely those of the comte dXAvaray (Louis's best friend in exile).[75]

Louis XVIII was forced once again to leave Jelgava when Alexander of Russia informed him that his safety could not be guaranteed on continental Europe. In July 1807, Louis boarded a Swedish frigate to Stockholm, bringing with himonly the duc d'Angoulême. Louis did not stay in Sweden for long, and arrived in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England, in November 1807. He took up residence in Gosfield Hall, leased to him by the Marquess of Buckingham[76]

[edit] England

Hartwell House, Louis XVIII's court-in-exile from 1808 until the Restoration.

Louis brought his wife and Queen, Marie Joséphine, from the continent in 1808. Louis's stay at Gosfield Hall did not last long, and he moved to Hartwell House in Buckinghamshire, where over one hundred courtiers were housed.[77] The King paid £500 in rent each year to the proprietor, Sir George Lee. The Prince Regent of the United Kingdom was very charitable to the exiled Bourbons, granting them permanent asylum and giving them extremely generous allowances.[78]

The comte d'Artois did not join the court-in-exile in Hartwell, continuing his frivolous life in London. Louis' friend the comte d'Avaray left Hartwell for Madeira in 1809, and died there in 1811. Louis replaced Avaray with the Comte de Blacas. Louis XVIII's wife, Queen Marie Joséphine, died on 13 November 1810.[79] That same winter, Louis suffered a particularly severe case of gout, which was a recurring problem for him at Hartwell, and he had to be put in a wheelchair.[80]

Napoleon I embarked on an invasion of Russia in 1812. This war would prove to be the turning point in his fortunes, as the expedition failed miserably and Napoleon was forced to retreat with an army in tatters.

In 1813, Louis XVIII issued another declaration while at Hartwell. "The Declaration of Hartwell" was more liberal than his "Declaration of 1805", asserting that all those who served Napoleon or the Republic would not have repercussions for their acts, and that the original owners of the Biens nationaux (lands confiscated from the nobles and clergy during the Revolution) were to be compensated for their losses.[81]

Allied troops entered Paris on 31 March 1814.[82] Louis was, however, unable to walk, and so sent the comte d'Artois to France in January 1814. Louis XVIII issued letters patent appointing Artois Lieutenant General of the Kingdomin the event of the Bourbons being restored. Napoleon I abdicated on 11 April, five days after his Senate had invited the Bourbons to re-assume the throne of France.[83]

[edit] Bourbon Restoration

Main article: Bourbon Restoration

Allégorie du retour des Bourbons le 24 avril 1814 : Louis XVIII relevant la France de ses ruines, by Louis-Philippe Crépin

[edit] Restoration I

The comte d'Artois ruled as Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, until his brother's arrival in Paris on 3 May. Upon his return, the King displayed himself to his subjects by creating a procession through the city. He took up residence in the Tuileries Palace the same day. His niece, the duchesse d'Angoulême, fainted at the sight of the Tuileries.[84]

Napoleon's senate called Louis XVIII to the throne on the condition that he would accept the new constitution, which entailed recognition of the Republic and the Empire, a bicameral parliament elected every year, and the tri-colour flag of the aforementioned regimes.[85] Louis XVIII opposed the senate's constitution, and stated that he was "disbanding the current senate in all the crimes of Bonaparte, and appealing to the French people". The senatorial constitution was burned in a theatre in royalist Bordeaux, and the Municipal Council of Lyon voted for a speech that defamed the senate.[86]

The armies occupying Paris demanded that Louis XVIII implement a constitution.[87] The Charter of 1814 that Louis created entailed all that Saint-Ouen wished for and more: Freedom of Religion, a legislature composed of the Chamber of Deputies[88] and the Chamber of Peers,[89] the press would enjoy a degree of freedom, the biens nationaux,[90] would remain in the hands of their current owners.[91] The constitution had 76 articles. Taxation was to be voted on by the chambers.

Catholicism was the official religion of France. To be eligible for election to the Chamber of Deputies, one had to pay over 1,000 francs per year in tax, and be over the age of forty. The King appointed peers to the Chamber of Peers on a hereditary basis, or for life at his discretion. Deputies were elected every five years, with one fifth of them up for election each year.[92] There were 90,000 citizens eligible to vote.[93]

Louis XVIII signed the Treaty of Paris on 30 May 1814. The treaty gave France her 1792 borders, which extended east of the Rhine. She had to pay no war indemnity, and the occupying armies of the Sixth Coalition withdrew instantlyfrom French soil. These generous terms would be reversed in the next Treaty of Paris after the Hundred Days (Napoleon's return to France in 1815).[94]

It did not take Louis XVIII long to go back on one of his many promises. He and his Controller-General of Finance Baron Louis were determined not to let the exchequer fall into deficit (there was a 75 million franc debt inheritedfrom Napoleon I), and took fiscal measures to ensure this. Louis XVIII assured the French that the unpopular tax on tobacco, wine and salt would be abolished when he was restored, but he failed to do so, which led to rioting in Bordeaux. Expenditure on the army was slashed in the 1815 budget X in 1814, the military had accounted for 55% of government spending.[95]

Gold Coin of Louis XVIII, struck 1815

Obverse: (French) LOUIS XVIII, ROI DE FRANCE, in English: "Louis XVIII, King of France" Reverse: (French) PIECE DE 20 FRANCS, 1815, in English: "20 Franc Piece, 1815."

Louis XVIII admitted the comte d'Artois and his nephews, the duc d'Angoulême, and the duc de Berry into the King's council in May 1814, upon its establishment. The council was informally headed by the Prince de Talleyrand.[96] Louis XVIII took a large interest in the goings-on of the Congress of Vienna (set up to redraw the map of Europe after Napoleon's demise). Talleyrand represented France at the proceedings. Louis was horrified by Prussia's intention to annex the Kingdom of Saxony, to which he was attached because his mother was born a Saxon princess, and he was also concerned that Prussia would dominate Germany. He also wished the Duchy of Parma to be restored to the Parmese Bourbons, and not to Empress Marie Louise of France, as was being suggested by the Allies.[97] Louis also protested the Allies' inaction in Naples, where he wanted the Napoleonic usurper Joachim Murat removed in favour of the Neapolitan Bourbons, who had ruled for centuries.

On behalf of the Allies, Austria agreed to send a force to the Two Sicilies to depose Murat in February 1815, when it became apparent that Murat corresponded with Napoleon I, which was explicitly forbidden by a recent treaty. Murat never actually wrote to Napoleon, but Louis, intent on restoring the Neapolitan Bourbons at any cost, forged the correspondence, and subsidised the Austrian expedition with 25 million francs.[98]

Louis XVIII succeeded in getting the Neapolitan Bourbons restored immediately. Parma was bestowed upon Empress Marie Louise for life, and the Parmese Bourbons were given the Duchy of Lucca until the death of Marie Louise.

[edit] Hundred days

Main article: Hundred Days

Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.

On 26 February 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte escaped his island prison of Elba and embarked for France. He arrived with about 1,000 troops near Cannes on 1 March. Louis XVIII was not particularly worried by Bonaparte's excursion, as such small numbers of troops could be easily overcome. There was, however, a major underlying problem for the Bourbons: Louis XVIII had failed to purge the military of its Bonapartist troops. This led to mass desertions from the Bourbon armies to Bonaparte's. Furthermore, Louis XVIII could not join the campaign against Napoleon in the south of France because he was suffering from another case of gout.[99] Minister of War Marshall Soult dispatched Louis Philippe d'Orléans, the comte d'Artois and Marshall MacDonald to apprehend Napoleon.[100]

Louis XVIII's underestimation of Bonaparte proved disastrous. On 19 March, the army stationed outside Paris defected to Bonaparte, leaving the city vulnerable to attack.[101] That same day, Louis XVIII quit the capital with a small escort at midnight. Louis decided to go first to Lille, and then crossed the border into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, staying in Ghent.[102] Other leaders, most prominently Alexander I of Russia, debated that in case of a second victory over the French Empire, the First Prince of the Blood Louis Philippe d'Orléans should be proclaimed king instead of Louis XVIII.[103]

However, Napoleon did not rule France again for very long, suffering a decisive defeat at the hands of the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo on 15 June. Leaders came to the consensus that Louis XVIII should be restoredto the throne of France.[104]

[edit] 1815 X 1824

Louis XVIII in robes du sacre by François Gérard.

Old Bumblehead the 18th trying on the Napoleon Boots X or, Preparing for the Spanish Campaign, by George Cruikshank, mocked the French Intervention in Spain.

The Royal Family. From left to right: Charles, comte d'Artois, Louis XVIII, Marie Caroline, duchesse de Berry, Marie Thérèse, duchesse d'Angoulême, Louis Antoine, duc d'Angoulême and Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry.

Louis XVIII returned to France promptly after Napoleon's defeat, to ensure his second restoration "in baggage train of the enemy", i.e. with Wellington's troops.[105] The Duke of Wellington used King Louis' person to open up the route to Paris, as some fortresses refused to surrender to the Allies, but agreed to do so for their King. King Louis arrived at Cambrai on 26 June, where he released a proclamation stating that all those who served the Emperor inthe Hundred Days would not be persecuted, except for the "instigators". It was also acknowledged that Louis XVIII's government might have made mistakes during the First Restoration.[106] On 29 June, a deputation of five from the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Peers approached Wellington about putting a foreign Prince on the throne of France. Wellington rejected their pleas outright, declaring that "[Louis XVIII is] the best way to preserve the integrity of France".[107] Wellington ordered the deputies to espouse King Louis' cause.[108] Louis XVIII entered Paris on 8 July to a boisterous reception: the Tuileries Palace gardens were thronged with bystanders, and, according to the Duke of Wellington, the acclamation of the crowds there were so loud that evening, that he could not converse with the King.[109]

Louis XVIII's role in politics from the Hundred Days onward was voluntarily diminished, he resigned most of his duties to his council. He and his ministry embarked on a series of reforms through the summer of 1815. The King's council, an informal group of ministers that advised Louis XVIII, was dissolved and replaced by a tighter knit privy council, the "Ministère de Roi". Artois, Berry and Angoulême were purged from the new "ministère", and Talleyrand was appointed as the first Président du Conseil, i.e. Prime Minister of France.[110] On 14 July, the ministry dissolved the units of the army deemed "rebellious". Hereditary peerage was re-established to Louis' behest by the ministry.[111]

In August elections for the Chamber of Deputies returned unfavourable results for Talleyrand. The ministry wished for moderate deputies, but the electorate voted almost exclusively for ultra-royalists, resulting in the Chambre introuvable. The duchesse d'Angoulême and the comte d'Artois pressured King for the dismissal of his obsolete ministry. Talleyrand tendered his resignation on 20 September. Louis XVIII chose Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, duc de Richelieu to be his new Prime Minister. Richelieu was chosen because he was accepted by Louis' family and the reactionary Chamber of Deputies.[112]

Anti-Napoleonic sentiment was high in Southern France, and this was prominently displayed in the White Terror. The White Terror saw the purge of all important Napoleonic officials from government, and the execution of others. Thepeople of France committed barbarous acts against some of these officials. Guillaume Marie Anne Brune (a Napoleonic marshal) was savagely assassinated, and his remains thrown into the Rhône River.[113] Louis XVIII deplored such illegal acts, but vehemently supported the prosecution of those marshals that helped Napoleon I in the Hundred Days.[114][115] Louis XVIIIXs government executed Napoleon's Marshal Ney, Prince de la Moskowa, in December 1815 for treason. His confidants the Marquis de Bonnay and the Duc de la Chatre advised him to inflict firm punishments on the XtraitorsX.

The King was reluctant to shed blood, and this greatly irritated the ultra-reactionary chamber of deputies, who felt that Louis XVIII was not executing enough.[116] The government issued a proclamation of amnesty to the XtraitorsX in January 1816, but the trials that had already begun were finished in due course. That same declaration also banned any member of the House of Bonaparte from owning property in, or entering, France.[117] It is estimated that between 50,000 X 80,000 officials were purged from the government during what was known as the Second White Terror.[118]

In November 1815, Louis XVIIIXs government had to sign another Treaty of Paris, formally ending NapoleonXs hundred days. The previous treaty had been quite favourable to France, but this one took a hard-line. FranceXs borders were retracted to their extent at 1790. France had to pay for an army to occupy her, for at least five years, at a cost of 150 million francs per year. France also had to pay a war indemnity of 700 million francs to the allies.[119]

In 1818, the Chambers passed a military law, which increased the size of the army by over 100,000. In October of the same year, Louis XVIIIXs foreign minister, the Duc de Richelieu, succeeded in convincing the powers to withdraw their armies early, in exchange for a sum of over 200 million francs.[120]

Louis XVIII chose many centrist cabinets, as he wanted to appease the populace. Much to the dismay of his brother, the ultra-royalist comte dXArtois,[121] he always dreaded the day he would die, believing that his brother, and heir, Artois, would abandon the centrist government for an ultra-royalist autocracy, which would not bring favourable results.[122]

King Louis disliked the First Prince of the Blood, Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, and took every opportunity to snub him.[123] King Louis' nephew, the duc de Berry, was assassinated at the Paris Opera, on 14 February 1820. The royal family was grief-stricken[124] and Louis XVIII broke an ancient tradition to attend his nephew's funeral, as previous Kings of France could not have any association with death.[125]

Berry was the only member of the family thought to be able to beget children. His wife gave birth to a posthumous son in September Henri, duc de Bordeaux.[124] The future of the Bourbons as kings of France was in still doubt. TheChamber of Deputies proposed amending the Salic law to allow the Duchesse dXAngoulême to accede to the throne.[126] On 12 June 1820, the Chambers ratified legislation that increased the number of deputies from 258 to 430. The extra deputies were to be elected by the wealthiest quarter of the population in each department. These individuals now effectively had two votes.[127] Around the same time as the Xlaw of the two votesX, Louis XVIII began to receive visits every Wednesday from a lady named Zoé Talon, comtesse du Cayla, and ordered that nobody should disturb him while he was with her. It was rumoured that he inhaled snuff from her breasts,[128] which earned her the nickname oftabatière (snuffbox).[129] In 1823, France embarked on a military intervention in Spain, where a revolt had occurred against the King Ferdinand VII. France succeeded in crushing the rebellion,[130] which the duc dXAngoulême headed.[131]

[edit] Death

Louis XVIII's grave, at the Basilica of St Denis, Paris.

Louis XVIII's health began to fail in spring 1824. He was suffering from obesity, gout and gangrene, both dry and wet, in his legs and spine. Louis died on 16 September 1824, surrounded by the extended royal family and some government officials. He was succeeded by his youngest brother, the comte dXArtois, as Charles X.[132]

Louis XVIII was the only French monarch of the 19th century to die while still ruling. He was interred at the Basilica of St Denis, the necropolis of French kings.

In fiction

Louis XVIII appears briefly in the novel The Count of Monte Cristo, by Alexandre Dumas. The comte de Provence was portrayed by Sebastian Armesto in the 2006 film Marie Antoinette, a biographical film written and directed by SofiaCoppola, based on the book, Marie Antoinette: The Journey by Lady Antonia Fraser. In contradiction with historical facts, he is portrayed in the film as having a son. In the 1970 film Waterloo, Louis XVIII was portrayed by Orson Welles.

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Fraser, Antonia, Marie Antoinette: The Journey, ORION, London 2002, ISBN 978-0-7538-1305-8, p. 532.

2. ^ Hibbert, Christopher, The French Revolution, Penguin Books (London), 1982, ISBN 978-0-14-004045-9, pp. 331-332

3. ^ Nagel, Susan, Marie-Thérèse: Child of Terror Bloomsbury, USA, Reprint Edition 2008, ISBN 1-59691-057-7, pp. 152-153

4. ^ Fraser, 532

5. ^ Mansel, 10

6. ^ Fraser, 41

7. ^ a b Mansel, 11

8. ^ Mansel, 12

9. ^ a b Mansel, 20

10. ^ a b Mansel, 24

11. ^ Mansel, 3

12. ^ Mansel, 13-14

13. ^ Fraser, 114

14. ^ Fraser, 115

15. ^ Fraser, 120

16. ^ a b Mansel, 111

17. ^ Mansel, 14-15

18. ^ Fraser, 136-138

19. ^ Fraser, 143

20. ^ Mansel, 16

21. ^ Mansel, 21

22. ^ Castelot, André, Madame Royale, Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1962, p. 15, ISBN 2-262-00035-2, (French).

23. ^ Fraser, 199

24. ^ Fraser, 201

25. ^ Fraser, 221 X 223

26. ^ Mansel, 28

27. ^ Mansel, 30

28. ^ Mansel, 29

29. ^ Mansel, 34

30. ^ Fraser, 178

31. ^ Fraser, 224 X225

32. ^ Hibbert, p 38

33. ^ Mansel, 40

34. ^ Mansel, 41

35. ^ Hibbert, 39

36. ^ Hibbert, 40

37. ^ Mansel, 44

38. ^ Hibbert, 329

39. ^ Mansel, 45

40. ^ Hibbert, 44

41. ^ Fraser, 326

42. ^ Le Petit Robert 2, Dictionnaire universel des noms propres, Dictionnaires Le Robert, Paris, 1988, p. 1017.

43. ^ Lever, Evelyne, Louis XVI, Fayard, Paris, 1985, p. 508.

44. ^ Fraser, 338

45. ^ Nagel, 65

46. ^ Fraser, 340

47. ^ Fraser, 342

48. ^ Fraser, 357

49. ^ Fraser, 361X362

50. ^ Fraser, 383

51. ^ Fraser, 412

52. ^ Nagel, 113

53. ^ Nagel 113 X 114

54. ^ Nagel, 118

55. ^ Hibbert, 180

56. ^ Nagel, 136

57. ^ Nagel, 152X153

58. ^ Nagel, 165

59. ^ a b Nagel, 190

60. ^ a b Nagel, 203

61. ^ Nagel, 201

62. ^ a b Nagel, 216

63. ^ Nagel, 206

64. ^ a b Nagel, 213

65. ^ Nagel, 210X211

66. ^ Nagel, 208

67. ^ Mansel, 128

68. ^ Nagel 218X219

69. ^ Nagel, 220

70. ^ Nagel, 221

71. ^ Nagel, 222

72. ^ Nagel, 223

73. ^ Nagel, 227 - 228

74. ^ Nagel, 228X229

75. ^ Mansel, 119

76. ^ Nagel, 233X234

77. ^ Nagel, 235

78. ^ Nagel, 243

79. ^ Nagel, 241

80. ^ Mansel, 147

81. ^ Mansel, 162

82. ^ Price, Munro, The Perilous Crown, Pan Books, 2 May 2008,ISBN 978-0-330-42638-1, p. 143

83. ^ [1], [2]

84. ^ Price, 113

85. ^ Mansel, 175

86. ^ Mansel, 176

87. ^ Price, 52

88. ^ The Chamber of Deputies is comparable to the House of Commons. To have the right to vote for the Chamber of Deputies, one had to be an adult male and pay 300 francs a year in tax.

89. ^ The Chamber of Peers was the upper house of the legislature, and was akin to the UK House of Lords.

90. ^ The biens nationaux were estates and goods, including art works, that the Republic confiscated from the clergé, noblesse and émigrés during the Revolution. Those who lost their estate and/or other valuables would later becompensated in the reign of Louis XVIIIXs brother, Charles X.

91. ^ Price, 53

92. ^ Price, 54

93. ^ Price, 55

94. ^ Price, 69

95. ^ Mansel, 190

96. ^ Mansel, 192

97. ^ Mansel, 196

98. ^ Mansel, 197

99. ^ Price, 75

100. ^ Mansel, 222

101. ^ Price, 79

102. ^ Price, 80

103. ^ Price, 81

104. ^ Price, 82 X 83

105. ^ Price, 83

106. ^ Mansel, 253

107. ^ Mansel, 254

108. ^ Mansel, 255

109. ^ Mansel, 256

110. ^ Mansel, 260

111. ^ Mansel, 261

112. ^ Mansel, 266

113. ^ Lever, Évelyne, Louis XVIII, Fayard, Paris, 1988, p. 417.

114. ^ Price, 84

115. ^ Mansel, 424

116. ^ Mansel, 425

117. ^ Mansel, 426

118. ^ Mansel, 427

119. ^ Price, 89

120. ^ Price, 95-96

121. ^ Price, 93

122. ^ Price, 94

123. ^ Price, 98

124. ^ a b Price, 106-107

125. ^ Mansel, 194

126. ^ Nagel, 287

127. ^ Price, 108

128. ^ Price, 109

129. ^ Lever, Louis XVIII, 537

130. ^ Price, 110

131. ^ Nagel

132. ^ Nagel, 297X298

[edit] Sources

* Lever, Évelyne, Louis XVIII, Fayard, Paris, 1988. (paperback, ISBN 2-213-7801-01 (French)

* Mansel, Philip. Louis XVIII. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1999 (paperback, ISBN 0-7509-2217-6).

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis XVIII of France

* Louis XVIII at NNDB.COM

* Quotes of Louis XVIII

This page was last modified on 21 July 2010 at 12:51.
--------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France

Louis XVIII (1755-1824), king of France (1814-15, 1815-24); he ascended
the throne when the monarchy was restored after the overthrow of Napoleon
and ruled as a constitutional sovereign. Born in Versailles, he was the
brother of Louis XVI of France and in early life was known as the comte de
Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution
in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After Louis XVI's
execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his
brother's heir, Louis XVII, in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He
lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after
Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in
1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium; later the same year he was
restored to the throne after Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo. The
Charter, or constitution, that he promulgated in 1814 established a
bicameral legislature, property qualifications for voters, and limitations
on freedom of the press. Beginning in 1816, Louis, influenced by his
liberal minister Élie Decazes (1780-1860), experimented with extending the
franchise and easing censorship. After 1820 he was increasingly dominated
by the reactionary Ultras, led by his brother, who succeeded to the throne
as Charles X on Louis's death.

CALLED TO THE THRONE 4/6/1814, REIGNING UNTIL HIS DEATH (EXCEPT FOR THE
"HUNDRED DAYS")

After the end of the French Revolution, and the reign of the Bonaparte Family of France, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVIII became the King of France in 1814. His reign ended in 1830. He was succeeded by his brother, Charles X.

Louis XVI, grandson of King Louis XV, came to the throne of France in 1774. His eighteen year reign ended at the guillotine in 1792. His son, Louis XVII later regained the throne in 1793 to 1795.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Comte d'Artois puis Roi de France (1824-1830), King of France 1824-1830, Kung i Frankrike 1824-30, abdikerade 1830, Count of Artois, King of France & Navarre, King of France (1824-30), abdicated 2.8.1830

{geni:about_me} Charles de Bourbon
Member of the House of Bourbon.
Comte d'Artois on 9 October 1757.
In July 1789 he left France.
Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom on 28 January 1793. 12 April 1814 he re-entered Paris.
Roi Charles X de France in 1824.
Crowned King of France on 29 May 1825 at Rheims, Champagne, France.
Comte d'Artois on 2 August 1830.
Abdicated as King of France on 2 August 1830.

Links:
The Perrage: http://www.thepeerage.com/p10155.htm#i101542

Geneall: http://www.geneall.net/F/per_page.php?id=5266

Predecessor Louis XVIII:
Successor Louis-Philippe I:

Wikipedia:
English: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France
Francais: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_de_France
--------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France
Charles X of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

"Charles X" redirects here. For the King of Sweden, see Charles X Gustav of Sweden, for the Catholic claimant of 1589, see Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon.

Charles X
King of France and of Navarre
King Charles X in coronation robes,
by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1829.
Reign 16 September 1824 X 2 August 1830 (&0000000000000005.0000005 years, &0000000000000320.000000320 days)
Coronation 28 May 1825 (aged 67)
Predecessor Louis XVIII
Successor Louis-Philippe I
as King of the French
Spouse Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy
Issue
Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry
Father Louis-Ferdinand, Dauphin of Viennois
Mother Marie-Josèphe of Saxony
Born 9 October 1757(1757-10-09)
Palace of Versailles, France
Died 6 November 1836 (aged 79)
Gorizia, Austrian Empire (now in Italy)
Burial Kostanjevica Monastery, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

Charles X (9 October 1757 X 6 November 1836) ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.[1] A younger brother to Kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile and eventually succeeded him. His rule of almost six years came to an end in 1830 due to the July Revolution, which ignored his attempts to keep the crown in the senior branch of the House of Bourbon and instead elected Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans as King of the French. Once again exiled, Charles died in Gorizia, Austria.[2]
Contents
[show]

* 1 Childhood and adolescence
* 2 Marriage and private life
* 3 Crisis and Revolution
* 4 Life in exile
* 5 The Bourbon Restoration
* 6 The King's brother and heir
* 7 Reign
o 7.1 Internal policies
o 7.2 Conquest of Algeria
o 7.3 The July Revolution
* 8 Second exile and death
* 9 Ancestry
* 10 Marriage and issue
* 11 References
* 12 External links

[edit] Childhood and adolescence

Charles Philippe de France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the Dauphin Louis Ferdinand, and his wife, the Dauphine Marie Josèphe, at the Palace of Versailles. Charles was created Count of Artois at birth by his grandfather,the reigning King Louis XV.[3] As the youngest male in the family Charles seemed unlikely ever to become king. His eldest brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy died unexpectedly in 1761 which moved Charles up one place in the line of succession.

He was raised by Madame de Marsan, the Governess of the Children of France.

At the death of his father in 1765, Charles' oldest surviving brother, Louis-Auguste, became the new Dauphin, the heir-apparent to the French throne. Their mother, Marie Josèphe, who had never recovered from the loss of her husband, died in March 1767 from tuberculosis.[4] This left Charles an orphan at the age of nine, along with his siblings Louis-Auguste, Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence, Clotilde (Madame Clotilde), and Élisabeth, (Madame Élisabeth).

Louis XV fell ill on 27 April 1774, a week after the premiere of the celebrated composer Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera, Iphigénie en Aulide, and died on 10 May of smallpox at the age of sixty-four.[5] His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King Louis XVI of France.
[edit] Marriage and private life
Charles as Count of Artois

In November 1773, Charles married Princess Marie Thérèse of Savoy. The marriage, unlike that of Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste, however, was consummated almost immediately.[6]

In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to a boy, Louis-Antoine, who was created Duke of Angoulême by Louis XVI. Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the King and the Count of Provence had not fathered anychildren yet, causing the Parisian libellistes (pamphleteers who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics) to lampoon Louis XVI's alleged impotence.[7] Three years later, in 1778, Charles's second son, Charles Ferdinand, was born and was given the title of a Duke of Berry.[8]. In the same year Queen Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, quelling any rumours that she could not bear children.

Charles was thought of as the most attractive in his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather, Louis XV.[9] and as his wife was considered quite ugly by most contemporaries, he looked for company elsewhere. Accordingly, his extramarital affairs became numerous. According to the Count of Hezecques, "few beauties were cruel to him." Later, he embarked upon a life-long love affair with the beautiful Louise de Polastron (1764X1804), the sister-in-law of Marie Antoinette's closest companion, the Duchess of Polignac.

Charles also struck up a firm friendship with his sister-in-law, Queen Marie Antoinette, whom he had first met at her arrival in France in April 1770 when he was twelve.[9] The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused of having seduced Marie Antoinette by Parisian rumour mongers. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, Charles often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, the Petit Trianon. They were both said to be very talented amateur actors; with Marie Antoinette playing milkmaids, shepherdesses and country ladies, and Charles playing lovers, valets and farmers.

A famous story concerning the two involves the construction of the Château de Bagatelle. In 1775, Charles purchased a small hunting lodge in the Bois de Boulogne. He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. Charles engaged the neoclassical architect François-Joseph Bélanger to design the building. He won his bet, with Bélanger completing the house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two million livres. Throughout the 1770s, Charles spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts, totalling 21 million livres. In the 1780s, King Louis XVI paid off the debts of both his brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois.[10]

Also around 1775, Louis Philippe, the future Duke of Orléans, schemed to create a rift between the King and his youngest brother. Louis Philippe introduced Charles to gambling and the brothels at the Palais-Royal, the ancestral home of Louis Philippe's family. Louis Philippe wanted Charles to catch a venereal disease, either dying, or becoming sterile[citation needed], thereby increasing his own chances of one day gaining the throne of France (as first prince of the blood, Louis Philippe would have been fourth-in-line to the throne, after the Counts of Provence, Artois and Angoulême) as Charles was the only member of his family to produce any children, so far.[11]

In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy for the Emperor Joseph II at the christening of his godson, the Dauphin Louis Joseph.[12]
[edit] Crisis and Revolution

Charles' political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (the Seven Years War, and the American War of Independence) and needed fiscal reform to survive. Charles supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either the Church or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without the monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition."

King Louis XVI eventually convened the Estates General, which hadn't been assembled for over 150 years, to meet in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Along with his sister Madame Élisabeth, Charles was the most conservative member of the family[13] and opposed the Third Estate's (representing the commoners) demand to increase their voting power. This prompted criticism from his brother, who accused him of being "plus royaliste que le roi" ("more royalist than the King"). In June 1789, the Third Estate declared themselves a National Assembly intent on providing France with a new constitution.[14]

In conjunction with the baron de Breteuil, Charles had political alliances arranged to depose the liberal minister of finance, Jacques Necker. These plans backfired when Charles attempted to secure Necker's dismissal on 11 July without Breteuil's knowledge, much earlier than they had originally intended. It was the beginning of a decline in his political alliance with Breteuil, which ended in mutual loathing.

Necker's dismissal provoked the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. At the insistence of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Charles and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers, including the duchesse de Polignac, the QueenXs favourite.[15]
[edit] Life in exile
Blue plaque at 72 South Audley Street, London, his home between 1805 and 1814.

Charles and his family decided to seek refuge in Savoy, Marie Thérèse's native country[16], where they were joined by some of the Condé family.[17]

Meanwhile in Paris, Louis XVI was struggling with the National Assembly, which was committed to radical reforms and had enacted the Constitution of 1791. In March 1791, the Assembly also enacted a regency bill which provided for the case of the King's premature death. While his heir Louis-Charles was still a minor, the Count of Provence, the Duke of Orléans or, if either was unavailable, someone chosen by election should become regent, completely passing over the rights of Charles who, in the royal lineage, stood between the Count of Provence and the Duke of Orléans.[18]

Charles meanwhile left Turin and moved to Trier, where his uncle, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony was the incumbent Archbishop-Elector. Charles prepared for a counter-revolutionary invasion of France but after a letter by Marie Antoinette postponed it to after the royal family had escaped France.[19] After the attempted flight was stopped at Varennes, Charles moved on to Koblenz, where he, the recently escaped Count of Provence and the Princes of Condé jointly declared their intention to invade France. The Count of Provence was sending dispatches to various European sovereigns for assistance, while Charles set up a court-in-exile in the Electorate of Trier. On 25 August, the rulers of Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which called on other European powers to intervene in France.[20]

On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all emigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands.[21], followed by the suspension and eventually the abolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned in the Temple, and eventually put to death[22] or, as in the case of the young Dauphin died of illnesses and neglect.[23]

When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain, where King George III of Great Britain gave him a generous allowance. Charles lived in Edinburgh and London with his mistress Louise de Polastron[24] His older brother, dubbed Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated to Verona and then to Jelgava Palace, Mitau, where Charles's son, Louis-Antoine, married Louis XVI's only surviving child, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte on 10 June 1799. In 1802, Charles supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, Louis XVIII moved to Great Britain.[25]
[edit] The Bourbon Restoration
Main article: Bourbon Restoration
Louis XVIII of France and Navarre

In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join the Coalition forces in southern France. Louis XVIII, by then wheelchair-bound, supplied Charles with letters patent creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom. On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later Napoleon I abdicated. The Senate declared Louis XVIII restored. Charles arrived in the capital on 12 April[26] and acted as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom until Louis XVIIIarrived from England. During his brief tenure as regent, Charles created an ultra-royalist secret police, that reported directly back to him without Louis XVIII's knowledge. It operated for over five years.[27]

Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy the Tuileries Palace.[28] His brother, the Count of Artois, lived in the Pavillon de Mars, the Duke of Angoulême in the Pavillon de Flore, which overlooked the River Seine.[29] The duchesse d'Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on 10 August 1792.[28]

According to the advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII drafted a liberal constitution, the Charter of 1814, which entailed a bicameral legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men and freedom of religion.[30]

Following the Hundred Days, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815[31], the White Terror swept across France, when 80,000 Napoleonic officials and generals were removed from their positions and some even killed, most notably the Marshalls Ney, who was executed for treason, and Brune, who was murdered.[32]
[edit] The King's brother and heir

While the King retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as Jules de Polignac, the writer François-René de Chateaubriand and Jean-Baptiste de Villèle[33] and on several occasions, Charles voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministries and threatened to leave the country unless Louis XVIII dismissed them.[34] Louis, in turn, feared his brother's and heir-presumptive's ultra-royalist tendencies would send the family into exile once more.

On 14 February 1820, Charles' younger son, the Duke of Berry was assassinated at the Paris Opera. This loss not only devastated the family but also put the continuation of the Bourbon dynasty in jeopardy, as the Duke of Angoulême's marriage had not produced any children. Parliament debated the abolition of the salic law, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, Caroline of Naples and Sicily, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux.[35] His birth was hailed as "godgiven" and the people of France bought him the Château de Chambord in celebration of his birth.[citation needed]
[edit] Reign
Charles X, by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin
[edit] Internal policies

Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824.[36] Suffering from both dry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year. His brother succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X of France.[37]

In his first act as King, Charles attempted to unify the House of Bourbon by granting the style of Royal Highness to his cousins of House of Orléans, who had been deprived of this by Louis XVIII because of the former Duke of Orléans' role in the death of Louis XVI.

In the first few months of his reign, Charles' government passed a series of laws that bolstered the power of the nobility and clergy.[clarification needed] Charles gave his Prime Minister, Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, lists of lawsthat he wanted ratified every time he opened parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation, proposed by Louis XVIII but implemented only after his death, that paid an indemnity to nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the Revolution. The law gave government bonds to those who had lost their lands, in exchange for their renunciation of their ownership, costing the state approximately 988 million francs. In the same month, the Anti-Sacrilege Act was passed. Charles' government attempted to re-establish male only primogeniture for families paying over 300 francs in tax, but the measure was voted down in the Chamber of Deputies.[38]
Consecration of Charles X, by François Gérard
Charles X in Coronation robes by Gérard

On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral of Reims, the traditional site of consecration of French Kings which however had been unused since 1775 as Louis XVIII had foregone the ceremony to avoid controversy.[39]

That Charles was not a popular ruler became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the King's review of the National Guard. In retaliation, the National Guard was disbanded but, as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat.[39]

After losing his parliamentary majority in an general election in November 1827, Charles dismissed Prime Minister Villèle on 5 January 1828 and appointed Jean-Baptise de Martignac, a man the King disliked and thought of only as provisional. On 5 August 1829, Charles dismissed Martignac and appointed Jules de Polignac, who, however, lost his majority in parliament at the end of August, when the Chateaubriand faction defected. To stay in power, Polignac would not recall the Chambers until March 1830.[40]
[edit] Conquest of Algeria

On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to put an end to the threat the Algerian pirates posed to Mediterranean trade and also increase the government's popularity by a victory. The reason given for the war was that the viceroy of Algeria, angry about French failure to pay its debts stemming from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, had struck the French ambassador with the handle of his fly swat. .[40] Frenchtroops invaded Algiers on 5 July.[41]
[edit] The July Revolution
Main article: July Revolution

The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, as planned, but Charles' opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill demanding that the King's ministers should have the backing of the Chambers. On 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority by 30, voted in favour of the bill. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections and thus the chamber was suspended on 19 March.[42]

Elections were held on 23 June, but did not produce a majority favourable to the government. Therefore, on 6 July, the King and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for by Article 14 of the Charter in case of an emergency, and on 25 July, from his residence in Saint-Cloud, issued four ordinances, known as Ordonnances de Saint-Cloud, which censored the press, dissolved the newly elected chamber, altered the electoral system and called for elections in September.[41]

When the official government newspaper, Le Moniteur Universel, published the ordinances on Monday, 26 July, Adolphe Thiers, journalist at the opposition paper Le National, published in his newspaper a call to revolt, which was signed by forty-three journalists[43]:

The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun... Obedience ceases to be a duty![44]

In the evening, crowds assembled in the gardens of the Palais-Royal, shouting "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Vive la Charte". As the police closed off the gardens during the nights, the crowd re-grouped in a nearby street, where they shattered the street lamps.[45]

The next morning, 27 July, police raided and shut down the newspapers that continued to publish (including Le National). When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they attacked soldiers withmissiles, prompting them to shoot. By the evening, the city was dominated by violence and shops were looted.

On 28 July, the rioters began to erect barricades in streets. Marshal Marmont, who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive against the rioters, but some of his men defected to the rioters andby the afternoon he had to retreat to the Tuileries Palace.[46]
Louis Philippe, King of the French (1830-1848)

The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the King to revoke the ordinances and thus assuage the anger of the protesters. Subsequently, on Marmont's request the prime minister intervened with the King, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed all of his ministers that afternoon, realising the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at Jacques Laffitte's house and decided that Louis Philippe d'Orléans should take the throne from King Charles. They printed posters endorsing Louis Philippe and distributed them throughout the city. By the end of the day, the government's authority was trampled.[47]

A few minutes after midnight in the early hour of 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were scheming to attack the residence, Charles X decided to leave Saint-Cloud and seek refuge in Versailles with his family, andthe Court, with the exception of the duc dXAngoulême who stayed behind with the troops, and the duchesse dXAngoulême who was taking the waters at Vichy. Meanwhile in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General ofthe Kingdom.[48]

The road to Versailles was filled with disorganised troops and deserters. The marquis de Vérac, governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royal cortège entered the town, to tell him that the palace was not safe as the Versailles national guards wearing the tricolor were occupying the Place d'Armes. Charles X then gave the order to go to Trianon. It was five in the morning.[49]

Later on in the day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême who had left Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles X ordered the departure for Rambouillet where they arrived shortly before midnight. In the morning of 1 August, theduchesse dXAngoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of the events, arrived at Rambouillet.

The following day, 2 August, bypassing his son the Dauphin, Charles X abdicated in favor of his grandson, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême refused to countersign the documentby which he was made to renounce his rights to the throne of France. According to the duchesse de Maillé, Xthere was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room.X Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned the (following) document[50].

XMy cousin, I am too deeply pained by the ills that afflict or could threaten my people for not having found the means to avoid them. Therefore, I have taken the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux. The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew. Therefore, you will have, within your power as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, to proclaim the accession of Henri V to the throne. Furthermore, you will take all the measures that concern you in order to set up the forms of government during the new kingXs minority. Here, I only want my dispositions to be known: it is a means to avoid further ills. You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will let me know as soon as possible the proclamation by which my grandson will be recognised as king under the name of Henri V.X

[51]

Louis Philippe ignored the document and on 9 August had himself proclaimed King of the French by the members of the Chamber.[52]
[edit] Second exile and death

When it became apparent that a mob of 14,000 people was preparing to attack, the Royal Family was forced to leave Rambouillet and, on 16 August, embarked on packet steamers provided by Louis Philippe, to the United Kingdom. Informed by the British Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, that they needed to arrive in England as private citizens, all adopted pseudonyms, with Charles X assuming the name of a "Count of Ponthieu". The Bourbons were greeted coldly by the English, who upon their arrival mockingly waved the newly adopted tri-colour flags at them.[53]

Charles X was quickly followed to Britain by his creditors, who had loaned him vast sums during his first exile and were yet to be paid back in full. However, the family could use money Charles' wife had stocked away in London.[53]

The Bourbons were allowed to reside in Lulworth Castle in Dorset, but quickly moved to Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh[53], where the Duchess of Berry also lived at Regent Terrace[54]

Charles' relationship with his daughter-in-law proved uneasy, as the Duchess claimed the regency for her son, Henri, whom the abdications of Rambouillet had left the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Charles at first denied her demands, but in December acquiesced[55], and only once she had landed in France.[54] Soon afterwards, the Duchess by way of the Netherlands, Prussia and Austria made her way to her Italian relatives.[54] Finding little support there, she arrived in Marseilles in April[54], made her way to the Vendée, where she tried to instigate an uprising against the new regime, and was imprisoned, much to the embarrassment of her father-in-law.[55] He was further dismayed when after her release the Duchess married the Count de Lucchesi Palli, a minor Neapolitan noble. As a result of this morganatic match, Charles banned her from seeing her children.[56]

On the invitation of Emperor Francis I of Austria, the Bourbons moved to Prague in winter 1832/33 and were given lodging at the Hradschin Palace by the Emperor.[55] In September 1833, Bourbon legitimists gathered in Prague to celebrate the Duke of Bordeaux's thirteenth birthday. They expected grand celebrations but Charles X merely proclaimed his grandson's majority. On the same day, after much cajoling by Chateaubriand, Charles agreed to a meeting with his daughter-in-law, which took place in Leoben on 13 October 1833. The children of the Duchess refused to meet with her after they had learnt of her second marriage. Charles refused the various demands by the Duchess, but after protests from his other daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Angoulême, gave in again. In the summer of 1834, he again allowed the Duchess of Berry to see her children.[57]

Upon the death of Emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Hradschin Palace as the new Emperor Ferdinand wished to use the palace for his coronation. the Bourbons first moved to Teplitz, but as Ferdinand wanted to use Hradschin on a more permanent basis, they purchased Kirchberg Castle. Moving there was postponed due to an outbreak of cholera in the locality. In the meantime, Charles left for the warmer climate on Austria's Mediterranean coast in October 1835. Upon his arrival at Gorizia he caught cholera and died on 6 November 1836. The townspeople draped their windows in black to mourn him. Charles was interred in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady, in the Franciscan Kostanjevica Monastery (now in Nova Gorica, Slovenia).[58]
Tombs of Charles X and Louis XIX at the Kostanjevica Monastery


The remains of Charles X are in a crypt with that of the other members of the exiled French Royal Family. Above his sarcophagus, made of marble, there is a black stone on which is inscribed:

Ici repose très haut et très puissant excellent prince Charles X de nom roi, par la grâce de Dieu, de France et de Navarre

[59]

("Here lies very high and powerful excellent prince Charles X by name king, by the grace of God, of France and of Navarre")

Marriage and issue

Charles X married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain, on 16 November 1773. The couple had four children:

1. Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 X 3 June 1844) Louis Antoine d'Artois
2. Sophie (5 August 1776 X 5 December 1783) Sophie d'Artois
3. Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 X 13 February 1820) Charles Ferdinand d'Artois
4. Marie Thérèse (1783) Marie Thérèse d'Artois

[edit] References

1. ^ Mary Platt Parmele, A Short History of France. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1894), p. 221.
2. ^ Munro Price, The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions, Macmillan, p. 185-187.
3. ^ nndb.com
4. ^ Évelyne Lever, Louis XVI, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris (1985), p. 43
5. ^ Antonia Fraser, Marie Antoinette: the Journey, p. 113X116.
6. ^ Fraser, p. 128-129.
7. ^ Fraser, p. 137X139.
8. ^ Fraser, p. 189.
9. ^ a b Fraser, p. 80-81.
10. ^ Fraser, p. 178.
11. ^ Susan Nagel, Marie Thérèse: Child of Terror, p. 11-12.
12. ^ Fraser, p. 221.
13. ^ Fraser, p. 326.
14. ^ Fraser, p. 274X278.
15. ^ Fraser, p. 338.
16. ^ Fraser, p. 340.
17. ^ Nagel, p. 65.
18. ^ Fraser, p. 383.
19. ^ Nagel, p. 103.
20. ^ Nagel, p. 113.
21. ^ Nagel, p. 118.
22. ^ Fraser, p. 399, 440, 456; Nagel, p. 143.
23. ^ Nagel, p. 152-153.
24. ^ Nagel, p. 207.
25. ^ Nagel, p. 210, 222, 233-235
26. ^ Nagel, p. 153.
27. ^ Price, p. 11-12.
28. ^ a b Nagel, p. 253-254.
29. ^ Price, p. 50.
30. ^ Price, p. 52-54.
31. ^ Price, p. 72, 80-83
32. ^ Price, p. 84.
33. ^ Price, p. 91-92.
34. ^ Price, p. 94-95.
35. ^ Price, p. 109.
36. ^ Lever, Évelyne, Louis XVIII, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1988, p. 553. (French).
37. ^ Price, p. 113-115.
38. ^ Price, p. 116-118.
39. ^ a b Price, p. 119-121.
40. ^ a b Price, p. 122-128.
41. ^ a b Price, p. 136-138.
42. ^ Price, p. 130-132.
43. ^ Castelot, André, Charles X, Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1988, p. 454 ISBN 2-262-00545-1
44. ^ Le régime légal est interrompu; celui de la force a commencé... L'obéissance cesse d'être un devoir!
45. ^ Price, p. 141-142.
46. ^ Price, p. 151-154, 157.
47. ^ Price, p. 158, 161-163.
48. ^ Price, p. 173-176.
49. ^ Castelot, Charles X, p. 482.
50. ^ Castelot, Charles X, p. 491
51. ^ Charles X's abdication: XMon cousin, je suis trop profondément peiné des maux qui affligent ou qui pourraient menacer mes peuples pour nXavoir pas cherché un moyen de les prévenir. JXai donc pris la résolution dXabdiquer la couronne en faveur de mon petit-fils, le duc de Bordeaux. Le dauphin, qui partage mes sentiments, renonce aussi à ses droits en faveur de son neveu. Vous aurez donc, en votre qualité de lieutenant général du royaume, à faire proclamer lXavènement de Henri V à la couronne. Vous prendrez dXailleurs toutes les mesures qui vous concernent pour régler les formes du gouvernement pendant la minorité du nouveau roi. Ici, je me borne à faire connaître ces dispositions : cXest un moyen dXéviter encore bien des maux. Vous communiquerez mes intentions au corps diplomatique, et vous me ferez connaître le plus tôt possible la proclamation par laquelle mon petit-fils sera reconnu roi sous le nom de Henri V. »
52. ^ Price, p. 177, 181-182, 185.
53. ^ a b c Nagel, p. 318-325
54. ^ a b c d A.J. Mackenzie-Stuart, A French King at Holyrood, Edinburgh (1995).
55. ^ a b c Nagel, p. 327-328.
56. ^ Nagel, pp. 322, 333.
57. ^ Nagel, p. 340-342.
58. ^ Nagel, p. 349-350.
59. ^ Castelot, Charles X, p. 577

This page was last modified on 20 July 2010 at 06:58.
--------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France

During the 2nd reign of the House of Bourbon, Charles X succeeded his brother Louis XVIII in 1824. His reign ended in 1830. He was succeeded by Louis-Philippe, the citizen King.

SUCCEEDED HIS BROTHER LOUIS XVIII AS KING, CROWNING HIMSELF WITH FULL PANOPLY
AT RHEIMS 5/29/1825; ABDICATED 8/2/1830; LAST KING OF FRANCE

Charles X (1757-1836), king of France (1824-30). He was the grandson of
Louis XV and younger brother of kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII. Charles
was known as Charles Philippe, comte d'Artois, until he became king.
During the French Revolution he was one of the leaders of the émigrés. He
subsequently lived (1795-1814) in Great Britain. After the accession
(1814) of Louis XVIII to the French throne, Charles returned to France,
where he headed the ultraroyalist party of reaction. His favoritism during
his reign toward the Roman Catholic church and the aristocracy aroused
great opposition, leading to the revolution of July 1830. Charles was
forced to abdicate and again went into exile in Great Britain. Later he
lived on the Continent.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen of Sardinia 1796-1802, Princess of France, Petite-Fille de France, Queen of Sardinia

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotilde_de_France
Clotilde de France
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Jump to: navigation, search
Clotilde de France
Queen consort of Sardinia
Tenure 1796-1802
Spouse Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
Full name
Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière de France
House House of Savoy
House of Bourbon
Father Louis, Dauphin of France
Mother Maria Josepha of Saxony
Born 23 September 1759(1759-09-23)
Died 7 March 1802 (aged 42)
Burial Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia

Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière de France [1] (23 September 1759 X 7 March 1802) was a French princess who became Queen consort of Sardinia in 1796. She was the younger sister of Louis XVI of France.
Contents
[show]

* 1 Biography
* 2 References
* 3 Ancestry
* 4 Titles, styles, honours and arms
o 4.1 Titles and styles
* 5 See also

[edit] Biography

Born in Versailles, Clotilde was the elder daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, the only son of King Louis XV, and of the Dauphin's wife, Princess Marie-Josèphe of Saxony. As the granddaughter of the king, she was a Petite-Fillede France. Upon the death of their grandfather in May 1774, Clotilde's oldest brother, Louis Auguste, became king Louis XVI of France.

Because she was overweight, Clotilde was nicknamed Gros Madame in her youth. She and her younger sister, Élisabeth were raised by Madame de Marsan after the death of their father in 1765 and their mother in 1767.

Since she married and left France soon after Louis XVI acceded to the throne, Clotilde did not have enough time to form a close relationship with her sister-in-law, Queen Marie Antoinette.

On 27 August 1775, Louis XVI married his sister Clotilde in Versailles by procuration to Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, the eldest son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and of his wife Maria Antonietta of Spain. Then Clotilde traveled to Turin, met her husband on the way at Pont-de-Beauvoisin and finally her father-in-law and the rest of the Sardinian court at Chambéry, where the real wedding ceremony took place.

Charles Emmanuel's younger sister, Marie Josèphe, had married Clotilde's older brother, the comte de Provence in 1771. In 1773, another of Charles Emmanuel's sisters, Marie Thérèse, had married Clotilde's youngest brother, the comte d'Artois.
Clotilde as the Princess of Piedmont. C.1780.

Although the union was arranged for political reasons, Clotilde and Charles Emmanuel became devoted to each other, united in their piety and a strong belief in the Roman Catholic faith. The marriage, however, was to stay without children.

She was close to her sisters-in-law, the Duchess of Aosta and the Duchess of Chablais.

After her marriage, Clotilde, never returned to France. The French Revolution proved to be a disaster for her family. Her oldest brother, King Louis XVI, his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, and her younger sister, Madame Élisabeth were all guillotined. Her youngest brother, the comte d'Artois, escaped from France in 1789 and fled to Turin to stay under the protection of her father-in-law, the king of Sardinia.

Clotilde also harboured her aunts, Madame Adélaïde and Madame Victoire, after they too managed to escape.

In 1796, upon the accession of her husband to the throne, Clotilde became the Queen of Sardinia. On 6 December 1798, the French First Republic declared war on Sardinia. Charles Emmanuel was forced to abdicate all his territories on the Italian mainland and to withdraw to the island of Sardinia. As Charles Emmanuel took little interest in the rule of what was left of his kingdom, he and Clotilde lived in Rome and then in Naples as guests of the wealthy Colonna family.

On 7 March 1802, Clotilde died from disease. Charles Emmanuel was so moved by her death that he abdicated on 4 June 1802 in favour of his younger brother, Victor Emmanuel.

Clotilde de France was buried in the Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia in Naples.

Pope Pius VII, who had personally known Clotilde, declared her venerable on 10 April 1808, the first step to her beatification.

When the House of Bourbon, was restored after the fall of Napoleon in 1814, her two surviving brothers acceded to the throne of France: the comte de Provence as King Louis XVIII from 1814 to 1824, and the comte d'Artois as King Charles X from 1824 to 1830.
[edit] References

1. ^ Achaintre, Nicolas Louis, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon, Vol. 2, (Publisher Mansut Fils, 4 Rue de l'École de Médecine, Paris, 1825), 168.

Titles and styles

* 23 September 1759 - 27 August 1775 Her Royal Highness Princess Clotilde of France, Petite-fille de France
* 27 August 1775 - 16 October 1796 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Piedmont
* 16 October 1796 - 7 March 1802 Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia

This page was last modified on 21 July 2010 at 12:56.

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess of France, Petite-Fille de France

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_de_France
Princess Élisabeth of France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Élisabeth de France)
Jump to: navigation, search
Élisabeth
Princess Élisabeth of France
Full name
Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène
Father Louis, Dauphin of France
Mother Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony
Born 3 May 1764(1764-05-03)
Palace of Versailles, France
Died 10 May 1794 (aged 30)
Paris, France
Burial Cimetière des Errancis, Paris, France, (first)

Catacombs of Paris (final)
Madame Elisabeth by Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.

Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France[1], Fille de France (Daughter of France), known as Madame Élisabeth, (3 May 1764 X 10 May 1794), was the youngest sister of King Louis XVI of France. Having lived through the French Revolution beside the king and his family, she was executed during the Reign of Terror in Paris.
Contents
[show]

* 1 Life
o 1.1 Early life
* 2 Revolution
o 2.1 Trial and execution
* 3 Assessment
* 4 References
* 5 Sources
* 6 External links
o 6.1 Primary source
* 7 Ancestors
* 8 See also

[edit] Life
[edit] Early life
Élisabeth as a child by François-Hubert Drouais, 1770

Élisabeth was born on 3 May 1764 in the Palace of Versailles in France, the youngest child of Louis, Dauphin of France, and his wife, Marie-Josèphe of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were King Louis XV of France and his consort, Queen Maria LeszczyXska. As the granddaughter of the king, she was a Petite-Fille de France. Her maternal grandparents were King Augustus III of Poland, also the Elector of Saxony, and his wife, the ArchduchessMaria Josepha, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I.

Orphaned at the age of three, she was brought up by Madame de Mackau and resided in Montreuil, where she is said to have given many proofs of a benevolent character. She was raised by Marie Louise de Rohan, comtesse de Marsan andGoverness of the Children of France and sister of the Prince of Soubise, her grandfathers companion. She was given a good education, said to have been higher than that of her sister-in-law Marie Antoinette. She is described as a skillfull rider, and was interested in art; several of her paintings are still preserved.

Élisabeth was deeply religious, affected by her aunts, but was also described as an independent woman. She was devoted to her brother the king, and refused all offers of marriage so that she might remain by his side: in 1777, a marriage was suggested to Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), but she declined with her brother's consent.
[edit] Revolution

Élisabeth and her brother, Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois, were the staunchest conservatives in the royal family. Unlike Artois, however, Élisabeth refused to emigrate when the gravity of the events set forth by the French Revolution became clear. After the march of women to Versailles on 5 October 1789, and the transfer of the royal family to Paris, she chose to reside in the Tuileries Palace with the king and his family, rather than with her aunts at Bellevue. She corresponded with her exiled brother, Comte d'Artois, and one of her letters where intercepted by the national assembly, where she expressed her wiev, that a foreign intervention by the exiled French royalists and foreign monarchys where necessary to restore the old regime, as her brother signed any reform that was put before him: she is described as a loyal but also independent woman, who did have political conflicts with the royal couple asshe was unvilling to all compromises in the limitation to the powers of the curch and the monarchy.

She chose not to emigrate with her aunts, but accompanied the royal family on their unsuccessfull escape attempt of 20 June 1791, was arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris with them. During the storming of the Tuileries, sheshowed herself to the crowd, who mistook her for the queen.

Madame Élisabeth was present at the Legislative Assembly session when Louis XVI was suspended. She was imprisoned in the Temple Tower with the royal family. With the execution of the former king (21 January 1793), and the removalof her nephew, the young "Louis XVII" (3 July), Élisabeth was left alone with the former queen, Marie Antoinette, and the king and queen's daughter, Princess Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Madame Royale, in the tower. The former queen was taken to the Conciergerie on 2 August 1793, and was executed the following 16 October. Marie Antoinette's last letter, written in the early hours of her execution day, was addressed to Élisabeth, but never reached her; Élisabeth and Marie-Thérèse were kept in ignorance of the Marie Antoinette's death.
[edit] Trial and execution

Élisabeth was not regarded as dangerous by Robespierre, and the original plan had been to banish her from France. On 9 May 1794, however, Élisabeth was transferred to the Conciergerie and hauled before the Revolutionary Tribunal.She was accused of assisting the king's flight, of supplying émigrés with funds, and of encouraging the resistance of the royal troops during the events of 10 August 1792. Furthermore, she was also accused of molesting her nephew, the former dauphin. This charge, supposedly extracted from the child under duress, actually helped invoke sympathy for Élisabeth from the public[citation needed]. During the trial, she replied, when addressed as "The Sister of aTyrant"; "If my brother had been what you call him, you would not have been where you are, nor I where I am". She was condemned to death and guillotined the following day.

All the men and women to be executed with Madame Élisabeth bowed to her and kissed her; she in turn blessed them. She was made to sit closest to the guillotine but was executed last and thus had to hear the blade fall on the necks of all the people before her. It is said that when she was strapped to the board, her shawl fell off, exposing her shoulders, and she cried to the executioner "In the name of decency, Monsieur, cover my bosom!", just as she was guillotined.[2]

Her body was buried in a common grave at the "Errancis" cemetery (cimetière des Errancis) in Paris.[3] After the Revolution, her remains, with that of other victims, were placed in the Catacombs of Paris. A medallion represents her at the Basilica of Saint Denis.
[edit] Assessment

Élisabeth, who had turned thirty one week before her death, was executed essentially because she was a sister of the king. However, the general consensus of the French revolutionaries was that she was a supporter of the ultra-right royalist faction. There is much evidence to suggest that she actively supported the intrigues of her brother, the comte d'Artois, to bring foreign armies into France to crush the Revolution. In monarchist circles, her exemplaryprivate life elicited much admiration. Élisabeth was much praised for her charitable nature, familial devotion and devout Catholic faith. There can be no question that she saw the Revolution as the incarnation of evil on earth[citation needed] and viewed civil war as the only means to drive it from the land.

Royalist literature often represents her as a Catholic martyr, while left-wing historians severely criticise her for extreme conservatism, which seemed excessive even to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette[citation needed]. Several biographies have been published of her in French, while extensive treatment of her life is given in Antonia Fraser's biography of Marie Antoinette and Deborah Cadbury's investigative biography of Louis XVII.
[edit] References

1. ^ Achaintre, Nicolas Louis, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon, Vol. 2, (Rue de L'Ecole de Medecine, 1824), 168.
2. ^ Balde, Jean, Madame Elisabeth, princesse martyre, Spes, 1934
3. ^ de Rochegude, Félix, Promenades dans toutes les rues de Paris, VIIIe arrondissement, Hachette, Paris, 1910, p. 46.

[edit] Sources

* This page is a translation of its French equivalent.

[edit] External links
[edit] Primary source

* (French) Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple (from the autograph manuscript; see in particular Part 3)
* Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple, (1823 English translation of a slightly redacted French edition; see in particular Part 3)

This page was last modified on 24 July 2010 at 22:26.

Notater:

{geni:about_me} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Christina_of_Saxony_%281770%E2%80%931851%29

--------------------

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Christina_of_Saxony_%281770%E2%80%931851%29

Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (1770X1851)

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Maria Christina

Princess of Montléart

Princess of Carignan

Spouse Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan

Julius Maximilian de Montléart, Prince of Montléart

Issue

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia

Maria Elisabeth, Archduchess of Austria

Full name

Maria Christina Albertina Carolina

Father Charles of Saxony

Mother Countess Franziska von Corvin-Krasinski

Born 7 December 1770(1770-12-07)

Dresden

Died 24 November 1851 (aged 80)

Paris

Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (Maria Christina Albertina Carolina; 7 December 1770 X 24 November 1851) was a Princess of Saxony and Duchess of Courland. She was the only child of Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland, and his morganatic wife, Franziska von Corvin-Krasinska.

Maria Christina was the daughter of Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, himself son of August III of Poland, and his morganatic wife Franziska von Corvin-Krasinski. Her parents married secrely in Warsaw in 1760. Her mother was created a princess (Princess Franziska von Corvin-Krasinski) in her own right due to her marriage.

She married on 24 October 1797 in Turin Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano.

They had two children:

* Charles Albert (1798 X 1849), Prince of Carignan, and King of Sardinia and had issue.

* Maria Francesca Elisabetta Carlotta Giuseppina (1800 X 1856), married Archduke Rainer of Austria and had issue.

Charles Emmanuel died three years after his marriage in a French prison.

On 1 February 1816 she was remarried in Paris to Julius Maximilian de Montléart, Prince of Montléart (1787-1865). They had no children.

Maria Christina died in Paris on 24 November 1851 at age 80.

This page was last modified on 22 July 2010 at 13:55.