Notater:

{geni:occupation} Queen Consort of England

{geni:about_me} Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel d'Este Princess of Modena

By marriage Queen Mary of England, Scotland and Ireland; 5 October 1658 X 7 May 1718.



She was a daughter of Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena and his wife, the former Laura Martinozzi.

The marriage had urgent dynastic and political aspects. James had two Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne, from his first marriage to Anne Hyde. A son by James's second marriage would be king one day, a Roman Catholic king. Though Mary was beautiful and charming X Charles II quickly came round to her X the people of England disliked her for her Roman Catholicism. She was lampooned in broadsheets under the name "Madame East." Rumours spread that she was anagent of the pope, Clement X, who had pressed her case as a suitable bride. During the "Popish Plot" (1678), in which her secretary, Coleman, was involved, she and James discreetly went abroad.

Their first male child was stillborn (1674), and numerous others died in infancy or early childhood. Following James's accession to the throne in 1685, the question of whether Mary would ever bear a son became more significant, because such a child would be brought up in the Roman Catholic faith and would be heir to the throne.

In 1688, Mary finally gave birth to a living son, James. The event caused much speculation. It was suggested that the child had been born dead and a changeling smuggled into the room in a warming pan in order to conceal the death, or that the Queen had never actually been with child. Broadsheets depicting the queen stuffing pillows into her gown or cuckolding her husband with her confessor were common. For political reasons, a royal birth was a very public event, and many people would have had to be privy to this unlikely conspiracy. Nevertheless the rumours were disquieting enough that James called two extraordinary sessions of his Privy Council to hear testimony proving that theyoung Prince of Wales was his son by the Queen, though James's daughters disputed the child's legitimacy.

Within a few months of the heir's birth, the Glorious Revolution erupted. Mary consented to escape to France (10 December 1688) with her son. James's elder daughter, Mary, with her husband, William III of Orange, had been invitedby the Whigs to take the throne.

In exile, as guests and dependents of Louis XIV at the Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mary gave birth to one more child, Princess Louisa Maria, who died of smallpox at the age of nineteen.

When James died on 6 September 1701, Mary succeeded in inducing Louis to recognize her son as king of England and Scotland, an act that accelerated English participation in the War of the Spanish Succession. She supported Jacobite exiles to the best of her ability.

Queen Mary died in Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris of breast cancer. Her tomb, in the abbey of Chaillot, was destroyed during the French Revolution.

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Mary of Modena (Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel; born Este; later Queen Mary of England, Scotland and Ireland; 5 October 1658 X 7 May 1718) was queen consort to James II of England.

Contents [hide]

1 Early life

2 Marriage

3 Revolution

4 Later life

5 Legacy

6 Titles, styles, honours and arms

6.1 Titles and styles

7 Issue

8 Ancestry

9 Notes and sources





[edit] Early life

She was a daughter of Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena and his wife, the former Laura Martinozzi.



[edit] Marriage

The marriage had urgent dynastic and political aspects. James had two Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne, from his first marriage to Anne Hyde. A son by James's second marriage would be king one day, a Roman Catholic king. Though Mary was beautiful and charming X Charles II quickly came round to her X the people of England disliked her for her Roman Catholicism. She was lampooned in broadsheets under the name "Madame East." Rumours spread that she was anagent of the pope, Clement X, who had pressed her case as a suitable bride. During the "Popish Plot" (1678), in which her secretary, Coleman, was involved, she and James discreetly went abroad.

Their first male child was stillborn (1674), and numerous others died in infancy or early childhood. Following James's accession to the throne in 1685, the question of whether Mary would ever bear a son became more significant, because such a child would be brought up in the Roman Catholic faith and would be heir to the throne.

In 1688, Mary finally gave birth to a living son, James. The event caused much speculation. It was suggested that the child had been born dead and a changeling smuggled into the room in a warming pan in order to conceal the death, or that the Queen had never actually been with child. Broadsheets depicting the queen stuffing pillows into her gown or cuckolding her husband with her confessor were common. For political reasons, a royal birth was a very public event, and many people would have had to be privy to this unlikely conspiracy. Nevertheless the rumours were disquieting enough that James called two extraordinary sessions of his Privy Council to hear testimony proving that theyoung Prince of Wales was his son by the Queen, though James's daughters disputed the child's legitimacy.



[edit] Revolution

Within a few months of the heir's birth, the Glorious Revolution erupted. Mary consented to escape to France (10 December 1688) with her son. James's elder daughter, Mary, with her husband, William III of Orange, had been invitedby the Whigs to take the throne.

In exile, as guests and dependents of Louis XIV at the Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mary gave birth to one more child, Princess Louisa Maria, who died of smallpox at the age of nineteen.



[edit] Later life

When James died on 6 September 1701, Mary succeeded in inducing Louis to recognize her son as king of England and Scotland, an act that accelerated English participation in the War of the Spanish Succession. She supported Jacobite exiles to the best of her ability.

Queen Mary died in Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris of breast cancer. Her tomb, in the abbey of Chaillot, was destroyed during the French Revolution.



[edit] Legacy

Dutchess County, New York was named in her honour while she was Duchess of York.

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and arms

Royal styles of

Mary of Modena

Queen Consort of England





Reference style Her Majesty

Spoken style Your Majesty

Alternative style Ma'am

[edit] Titles and styles

5 October 1658X30 September 1673: Princess Mary of Modena

30 September 1673X6 February 1685: Princess Mary, Duchess of York

6 February 1685X11 December 1688: Her Majesty The Queen

11 December 1688X7 May 1718: Her Majesty Queen Mary

Jacobite: Her Majesty The Queen

Mary's full style during James's reign was: "Her Majesty Mary, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland"



[edit] Issue

Name Birth Death Notes

Catherine Laura 10 January 1675 3 October 1676 died of convulsions.[1]

Isabel 28 August 1676 2 March 1681

Charles, Duke of Cambridge 7 November 1677 12 December 1677 died of smallpox[2]

Elizabeth 1678 c. 1678

Charlotte Maria 16 August 1682 16 October 1682 died of convulsions[3]

James, Prince of Wales Old Pretender 10 June 1688 1 January 1766 married 1719, Maria Klementyna Sobieska; had issue

Louise 28 June 1692 20 April 1712 died of smallpox


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Her uncle was Duke Rinaldo d'Este who ruled Modena at one point. Will was dated Aug. 12, 1702. She was buried among her beloved nuns.

Sources:

The book, 'Louis 14th, An Informal Portrait'

The book, 'The Oxford History of Ireland'

The book, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'

(plus many more)

"OF MODENA"

Mary giftet seg med James II VII Stuart, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland 21 Nov 1673, Dover, England. James (sønn av Charles I Stuart, King of England og Henriette Marie de Bourbon, princesse de France) ble født 14 Okt 1633 , St. James's Palace, London, England; ble døpt 24 Nov 1633 , St. James Palace, Westminster, Middlesex, England; døde 16 Sep 1701, Château of St. Germain-en-Laye; ble begravet , Chapel of St. Edmund, Church of the English Benectines. [Gruppeskjema] [Familiediagram]

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess

{geni:about_me} Sources:

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain'

The book, 'The Princes of Wales'

STILLBORN

5 unnamed children who died at birth or soon thereafter

Notater:

{geni:about_me} Source:

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain'

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess

STILLBORN

STILLBORN

STILLBORN

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Prince of Wales, Claimant to the thrones of Scotland, England, and Ireland

{geni:about_me} Prince James, Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 X 1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed James II and VII. As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France.



James Francis Edward, about 1703, portrait in the Royal Collection attributed to Alexis Simon BelleFrom the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning king, James II of England and VII of Scots, and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena, and as such was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay among other titles.

James II had two adult daughters from his first marriage who had been brought up in the Protestant faith. As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule as only a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange.

When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a "warming-pan" had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. On 10 December, within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena left London and took him to France for safety, while his father continued to fight (unsuccessfully) to retain his crown.

With his sister Louisa Maria, the prince was brought up in France. There, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement.



James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."On his father's death in 1701, he declared himself King, with the name of James III and VIII and recognised as such by France, Spain, the Papal States and Modena. All of these states refused to recognise William III, Mary II or Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign. As a result of this, he was attainted for treason, 2 March 1702, and his titles forfeited under British law.

Having been delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted an invasion, trying to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. His French ships were driven back by the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng.

Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have strengthened the existing support of Tory, pro-Restoration forces in England,[2] but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became KingXGeorge I of Great Britain.

French forces were defeated, and Louis XIV of France was forced to accept peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.

In the following year, the Jacobites started "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron,Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him a political embarrassment.

Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti in Rome as his residence, and he accepted. Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to the mediation of a close friend of his, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio, James was granted a life annuity of eight thousand Roman scudi. Such help enabled him to organise a Roman Jacobite court, where the Pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti of Siena, was the Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain).

On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702X35), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:

Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 X 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"

Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 X 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "the Young Pretender", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.

James died in Rome on 1 January 1766, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican. From 14 January the Papacy recognized the Hanoverian dynasty as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland.

Upon his father's deposition he lost his automatic titles as eldest son of the Sovereign (i.e. Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland). Thus he was Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter until his attainture for treason.

KG: Knight of the Garter, 1692 X 2 March 1702

--------------------

Prince James, Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 X 1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed James II and VII. As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. Following his death in 1766 he was succeeded by his son Charles Edward Stuart in the Jacobite Succession.

Contents [hide]

1 Birth and childhood

2 Struggle for the throne

2.1 Jacobite rising

2.2 The Fifteen

3 Life as the "Pretender"

3.1 Marriage

3.2 Bonnie Prince Charlie

3.3 Death

4 Titles and honours

4.1 Titles

4.2 Honours

4.3 Arms

5 Ancestry

6 See also

7 In Fiction

8 Notes and sources





[edit] Birth and childhood



James Francis Edward, about 1703, portrait in the Royal Collection attributed to Alexis Simon BelleFrom the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning king, James II of England (and VII of Scotland), and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena, and as such was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay among other titles.

James II had two adult daughters from his first marriage who had been brought up in the Protestant faith. As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule as only a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange.

When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a warming pan had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. On 10 December, within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena left London and took him to France for safety, while his father continued to fight (unsuccessfully) to retain his crown.

With his sister Louisa Maria, the prince was brought up in France. There, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement.



[edit] Struggle for the throne



James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."On his father's death in 1701, he declared himself King, with the name of James III and VIII and recognised as such by France, Spain, the Papal States and Modena. All of these states refused to recognise William III, Mary II or Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign. As a result of this, he was attainted for treason, 2 March 1702, and his titles forfeited under English law.[1]



[edit] Jacobite rising

Having been delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted an invasion, trying to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. His French ships were driven back by the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng.

Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have strengthened the existing support of Tory, pro-Restoration forces in England,[2] but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became KingXGeorge I of Great Britain.

In 1713 the Spanish War of Succession ended indecisively although the French forces and allies,(of which Spain was one) were in complete control they failed to retake Spanish European territories. Louis XIV of France accepted peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.



[edit] The Fifteen

In the following year, the Jacobites started "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron,Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him a political embarrassment.



[edit] Life as the "Pretender"

Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti in Rome as his residence, and he accepted. Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to the mediation of a close friend of his, Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio, James was granted a life annuity of eight thousand Roman scudi. Such help enabled him to organise a Roman Jacobite court, where the Pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti of Siena, was the Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain).



[edit] Marriage

On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702X35), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:

Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 X 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"

Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 X 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

[edit] Bonnie Prince Charlie

Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "the Young Pretender", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.



Tomb of James Francis Edward Stuart

[edit] Death

James died in Rome on 1 January 1766, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican. From 14 January the Papacy recognized the Hanoverian dynasty as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland.



[edit] Titles and honours

[edit] Titles

10 June X 4 July 1688: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall

4 July 1688 [3] X 2 March 1702: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales

2 March 1702 X 1 January 1766: James Francis Edward Stuart

Jacobite, 11 December 1688 X 16 September 1701: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales

Jacobite, 16 September 1701 X 1 January 1766: His Majesty The King

James's full titles before his father's deposition were: His Royal Highness Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.

Upon his father's deposition he lost his automatic titles as eldest son of the Sovereign (i.e. Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland). Thus he was His Royal Highness Prince James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter until his attainture for treason.[citation needed]



[edit] Honours

KG: Knight of the Garter, 1692 X 2 March 1702

[edit] Arms

As Prince of Wales, James bore a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points.[4]



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart
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Born on a Sunday at 10:00 am. Raised at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris. Christened Oct. 1688 in England & blessed by Papal Nuncio. Frequently called 'James Edward Stuart'. Aka 'The Pretender' to the throne, Jacabite 'James III'& the 'Chevalier de Saint George'. Tall & lean in figure, black hair/black eyes & dark complexion. He had been a sickly child (lack of oxygen as an infant & a rash). Burial ~ a marble tomb shared with his sons Charles Edward & Henry. It was paid for by King George III.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart

He was frequently called James Edward Stuart. He was a pretender to the
throne, also called James III, the Old Pretender, and the Chevalier de
Saint George; for more than half a century he was regarded by his Jacobite
followers as the rightful king of Great Britain.

When his father, King James II, was driven from England by the so-called
Glorious Revolution later the same year, James Edward was taken to the
French court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In 1701, on the death of James II,
Louis XIV of France proclaimed the young prince the rightful successor to
the English throne.

English sentiment was strongly against James Edward, however, because of
his Roman Catholicism. That same year the English Parliament, to prevent
the return of a Roman Catholic to the throne, passed the Act of
Settlement, and the following year it enacted a bill of attainder against
James Edward. In 1708, supported by the French and by a group of his
adherents known as Jacobites, James Edward attempted unsuccessfully to
invade Scotland and was driven back to France. In 1715 a rebellion was
launched by the Jacobites in Scotland and in December of that year James
Edward went to Scotland, where he was to be crowned. The movement failed,
however, in the face of superior forces under John Campbell, 2d duke of
Argyll, and James Edward again retired to France.

After 1719 James Edward lived in Rome, where he was given royal honors.
The struggle on behalf of the Stuart cause was renewed by his older son,
Charles Edward Stuart. James Edward's younger son, Henry Benedict Stuart,
Cardinal York, became the last of the Stuarts in the male line of
succession after his brother's death, and called himself Henry IX.

STYLED 13TH PRINCE OF WALES 1688; "OF ST. JAMES'S"; "THE OLD PRETENDER"
"CHEVALIER OF ST. GEORGE"; KG

DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE; KG

Notater:

{geni:about_me}

Links:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Teresa_Stuart

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=75074723


Sources:

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain'

The book, 'Royal Memorabilia'

The book, 'The Princes of Wales'

Notater:

{geni:occupation} Princess, Princess of England

STILLBORN